- Intonga yomhlaba esetyenziswa kwicandelo elithile isebenzisa izihlanganisi ezinemisonto ukudibanisa amacandelo ayi-1.2 m, nto leyo evumela ukufakwa kube yi-3 m, 6 m, 10 m nangaphezulu ngaphandle komqhubi wentonga olinganayo.
- Iintonga ezineqhekeza elinye zinqunyelwe bubude bokuthuthwa (1.2–3.0 m). Kwiindawo ezinganzulu kakhulu ziyasebenza; xa kutyibilika nzulu kumhlaba okwaziyo ukumelana nobunzima, ukhetho lodwa lukhetho olusetyenziswayo.
- Isixhumi sesona sidibanisi sibuthathaka. Isixhumi sethu sentsimbi esinemisonto emibini (≥580 N/mm2 tensile strength, ISO 9001:2008) sifakwe imisonto enemisonto emva kokuba silandele i-70% yokusilela kwentsimi ekudibaniseni imisonto.
- Iintonga zentsimbi ezigqunywe ngobhedu (ubhedu ≥0.254 mm, ubumsulwa ≥99.95%, ukuthe tye ≤1 mm/m) zifikelela kubomi benkonzo beminyaka engama-≥50 xa ibhondi iphumelela uvavanyo lwethu lokugoba lwe-180-degree.
- Kwiprojekthi yase-Abuja, eNigeria ka-2023, iintambo zethu zecandelo zifikelele kwi-4.2 ohms kubunzulu obuyi-6 m kumhlaba we-laterite olingana ne-800 ohm-m, zehla ukusuka kwi-28 ohms kwi-1.5 m ngeentambo zeqhekeza elinye.
- Eyona ngxaki inkulu esiyibonayo kukudibanisa i-coupler cross-threading kwiimeko ezinodaka. Uyilo lwethu olutsha lwe-chamfered-entry lunciphise eli zinga lokungaphumeleli nge-70% eqikelelweyo kuyo yonke idatha yethu yenkxaso ka-2022-2024.
Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, safumana umnxeba ovela kwikontrakta yombane e-Abuja, eNigeria. Wayeqhube iintonga ezine zomhlaba ezine-2.4 m ezigqunywe ngobhedu kumhlaba we-laterite kwindawo entsha yenqaba ye-telecom. Zonke ezine zazinomlinganiselo ongaphezulu kwama-25 ohms—ngaphezulu kakhulu kwethagethi ye-5 ohm eyayifuneka. Wayengenaso isixhobo sokuqhuba iintonga esinokuthwala nantoni na ende kune-3 m, kwaye umthengisi okufutshane weentonga ezinde wayeseLagos, kwiikhilomitha ezingama-700 ukusuka apho. Simthumelele izixhobo zentonga eziqediweyo kunye nee-couplers zethusi. Kwiiveki ezimbini kamva, iqela lakhe laliqhube iintonga ezifanayo ukuya kubunzulu obuziimitha ezi-6 sisebenzisa isando esijikelezayo esiqhelekileyo, kwaye ukumelana okulinganisiweyo kwakuyi-4.2 ohms. Loo projekthi yatshintsha indlela esicinga ngayo ngesigqibo sento enye ngokuchasene nenxalenye: asingombandela wokukhetha, ngumbandela wokuba umhlaba wakho, izixhobo zakho, kunye nokufikelela kwindawo yakho kuvumela ntoni.
- Inxalenye yeCandelo vs. iSiqwenga esinye: Isigqibo asikuko ukukhetha
- Kutheni Siyila Kabutsha I-Coupler Yethu Emva Kobhubhane Owenziwe Ngemisonto Ehlukeneyo
- Intsimbi Egqunywe Ngobhedu: Iinkcukacha Esizivavanyayo Neempazamo Esizibambayo
- Ukufakwa kweNtonga yeDeep Ground: Oko Sikufundileyo kwiimpazamo zasentsimini
- Iindlela ezine zokusilela kwiminyaka eli-17 yokuqalisa ukuvelisa iimveliso
- Idatha yoKuchasana koMhlaba evela kwiiProjekthi zokwenyani: Kutheni uBunzulu butshintsha yonke into
- Ixabiso lilonke elifakiweyo: Xa iCandelo libetha iSiqwenga esinye kwiNqanaba lakho eliphantsi
- Isiphelo
- Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Inxalenye yeCandelo vs. iSiqwenga esinye: Isigqibo asikuko ukukhetha
Ingxoxo yentonga yeqhekeza elinye ilula kwaye iyasebenza: ukungabikho kwamalungu kuthetha ukuba akukho zindawo zibuthathaka. Intonga enye egqunywe ngobhedu eyi-2.4 m ebethelelwe ngqo kudongwe olumanzi iya kuhlala ixesha elide kunesakhiwo sakho, kwaye ixabisa ngaphantsi kwendibano yecandelo enobude obufanayo. Sisathengisa iintonga zeqhekeza elinye ngaphezu kweekiti zecandelo ngobuninzi, kwaye ngesizathu esivakalayo: ngokufakelwa okunganzulu kumhlaba ongaxhathisi kakhulu, lukhetho olufanelekileyo.
Kodwa kwiminyaka eli-17 yokuvelisa iimveliso zokumisa umhlaba, sibone indlela ehambelanayo: iiprojekthi ezibuyela kuthi ezineengxaki zokumelana kakhulu phantse zihlala zifakelwa kwindawo enye kumhlaba owomileyo, onamatye, okanye onesihlabathi apho umakhi wayeqhuba intonga yakhe yonke aze ame—kuba babengenandlela yokungena nzulu.intonga yomhlaba yecandeloiyawususa lo mqobo. Icandelo ngalinye liyi-1.2 m ubude, lidibeneizihlanganisi ezinemisonto, kwaye uqhubeka wongeza amacandelo de imitha yokumelana ifundeke ngaphantsi kwethagethi yakho. Sinabathengi eSaudi Arabia abadibanise iintonga zecandelo ukuya kwi-9 m kwintlabathi yasentlango, kunye nabathengi kwiDemocratic Republic of Congo abafikelele kwi-12 m kwi-tropical laterite.
IUmgangatho we-IEEE 80Ukufakwa komhlaba kwisitishi esingaphantsi akunyanzelisi uyilo olunye ngaphezu kolunye. Icacisa isiphumo sokugqibela: ukumelana komhlaba okuphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngexesha leziganeko zangoku zempazamo. Indlela ofikelela ngayo kuloo kumelana sisigqibo sobunjineli esikhethekileyo kwindawo ethile, kungekhona esobulumko.
Umbuzo ophambili asikokuthi “yeyiphi engcono” kodwa “kwenzeka ntoni xa intonga yakho yenxalenye enye ingade ngokwaneleyo?” E-Abuja, impendulo yayikukuba: ulahlekelwa ziiveki ezimbini ufumana intonga ezinde eLagos. E-Riyadh, impendulo yayikukuba: u-odola izixhobo zokwahlulahlula kuthi uze uqhubeke nokuqhuba ngaloo mini inye. Uyilo lwentonga lukuthengela ukuguquguquka, kwaye kumava ethu, ukuguquguquka koko kwahlukanisa iiprojekthi ezifikelela kwiinjongo zazo zokuchasana neeprojekthi ezingafikeleliyo.
Kutheni Siyila Kabutsha I-Coupler Yethu Emva Kobhubhane Owenziwe Ngemisonto Ehlukeneyo
Ngowama-2021, iqela lethu lenkxaso laphawula ukwanda kwezikhalazo ezinxulumene nee-coupler. Sibhale iziganeko ezingama-47 zokudityaniswa kweentambo kumazwe ali-14 kunyaka omnye. Ipatheni yayifana: umfakeli wayesebenza kumsele onodaka, waqala umsonto we-coupler nge-engile encinci, kwaye imisonto yobhedu yatshintshatshintsha ngaphambi kokuba imisonto yentonga yentsimbi yenze njalo. Ubhedu luthambile ngokwendlela oluyilwe ngayo (sifuna ukuba i-coupler incame ngaphambi kwentonga, ukuze intonga ingasetyenziswa kwakhona), kodwa olu khetho loyilo lwenze indlela yokusilela ebesingayilindelanga.
Silandele unobangela wengxaki kwijiyometri yokungena kwentambo. Umsonto oqhelekileyo we-V kwinduku nakwi-coupler wawunomphetho obukhali wokungena owenza kube lula ukuqala umsonto kwi-engile, ingakumbi xa imisonto ingcoliswe ngumhlaba. Isisombululo sethu: sidibanise imisonto emibini yokuqala kwinduku nakwi-coupler, senza i-engile ebanzi yokungena ezimelana nejoyinti nokuba iqalwe ngendlela engalunganga. Sikwafake uphawu lokulungelelanisa olubonakalayo (umgca okrolwe nge-laser emzimbeni we-coupler) olubonisa umfakeli xa imisonto ilungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo.
Iziphumo bezibalulekile. Ngowama-2022, izikhalazo zokudibanisa imisonto zehla zaya kwi-19. Ngowama-2023, zaya kwi-11. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2024, zaya kwi-3. Oko kukunciphisa okudibeneyo malunga nama-70 ekhulwini, kwaye akusixabisi nto ngeyunithi nganye—i-chamfer lutshintsho lwezixhobo, hayi utshintsho olubonakalayo. Olu luhlobo lophuculo oluqhubekayo oluvumela ukuba ulwenze iminyaka eli-17 yengxelo yokwenziwa.
Izinto zokudibanisa ngokwazo zenziwe ngomatshini we-brass bar eqinileyo (ayifakwanga). Sikhethe i-brass kunentsimbi ngezizathu ezithathu. Okokuqala, i-brass ayidli emhlabeni ngendlela i-plain steel edla ngayo—siye sagrumba ii-couplers ezivela kwiindawo ezineminyaka eli-15 ubudala eSaudi Arabia ezazibonakala zintsha. Okwesibini, umahluko onokubakho phakathi kwe-galvanic potential phakathi kwe-brass kunye ne-copper-clad steel uncinci (ngaphantsi kwe-50 mV), oko kuthetha ukuba i-electrochemical corrosion kwi-interface ye-thread ayinamsebenzi. Okwesithathu, oomatshini be-brass baya kubekezelela imisonto ngakumbi kunentsimbi, nto leyo ebalulekileyo xa ufaka imisonto ngesandla kumsele onodaka kwaye ufuna i-joint ihambe kakuhle.
Amandla okutsalwa kwe-coupler yethu yobhedu (≥580 N/mm2) adlula amandla okuvelisa entsimbi engundoqo kwiindawo zentonga. Siyakuqinisekisa oku kuyo yonke ibhetshi yemveliso: sitsala iindibano ezintathu zesampulu ukuze zitshatyalaliswe kwi-hydraulic tensile tester. Intonga isoloko yaphuka malunga ne-25 mm ukusuka ebusweni be-coupler—akunakwenzeka kwi-coupler ngokwayo. Oku kwenziwa ngendlela eyiyo: sifuna intonga ingasebenzi ngaphambi kwe-coupler, kuba intonga engasebenziyo inokukhutshwa kwaye ithathelwe indawo, ngelixa i-coupler engasebenziyo inokushiya inxalenye ibambeke phantsi komhlaba.
Intsimbi Egqunywe Ngobhedu: Iinkcukacha Esizivavanyayo Neempazamo Esizibambayo
Wonke umenzi ubhala iinkcukacha ezifanayo: ubukhulu bekopolo, ubunyulu, amandla okutsalwa, ukuthe tye. Umahluko kukuba ezo nkcukacha ziyavavanywa okanye ziyacingelwa na. Kwifektri yethu eXinchang, sivavanya yonke imveliso, kwaye siyala izinto ezingaphumeleliyo. Nantsi into esiyivavanyayo, indlela esiyivavanya ngayo, kunye nento esiyibambileyo.
Ubukhulu bomaleko wekopolo: ≥0.254 mm. Le yiUL 467ubuncinci. Silinganisa nge-geyiji yobukhulu be-ultrasonic elinganisiweyo kwiindawo ezintathu ngentonga nganye (incam, embindini, kwisiseko). Umyinge wemveliso yethu yi-0.28 mm, kunye noluhlu oluphakathi kwe-0.254 ukuya kwi-0.32 mm. Ngo-2022, salahla yonke ibhetshi ye-cathode yobhedu evela kumthengisi omtsha xa uvavanyo lokuqala lwabonisa ubukhulu obuphakathi kwe-0.22 mm. Umthengisi wathi i-cathode idibene neenkcukacha ezithile; i-geyiji yethu ye-ultrasonic yathi ngenye indlela. Sitshintshe ababoneleli.
Ubumsulwa bekopolo: ≥99.95 ekhulwini. Siqinisekisa oku ngohlalutyo lwe-spark-OES (optical emission spectrometry) kwibhetshi nganye ye-copper cathode engenayo. Ukungcola okungaphezulu kwe-0.05%—ingakumbi i-sulfur kunye ne-phosphorus—kukhawulezisa ukugqwala kwimihlaba ene-asidi. Ngo-2023, iqela leintonga yentsimbi egqunywe ngobheduukusuka kumgca wethu wemveliso ovavanywe ngobumsulwa be-99.91%. Silandele le ngxaki kwi-anode yekopolo engcolileyo kwi-electroplating tank. Sikhuphe yonke ibhetshi (malunga neentonga ezingama-2,000) endaweni yokuthumela izinto eziza kubola ngaphambi kwexesha ebaleni.
Ukunyaniseka kwebhondi: uvavanyo lokugoba lwe-180-degree. Umaleko wobhedu akufuneki uqhekeke okanye uqhekeke xa intonga igobile kwiidigri ezili-180 kwi-radius ye-100 mm. Olu vavanyo lulinganisa amandla okubetha ngexesha lokuqhuba. Silwenza kuyo yonke indawo yokuvelisa. Ukuba ubhedu luyaxobuka, uxinano lwangoku lwe-electroplating beluphantsi kakhulu kwaye ibhondi yenziwe ngoomatshini, ayisebenzi nge-metallurgical. Siye sasilela kolu vavanyo kabini kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, zombini ezi zihlandlo zilandelelwe kukuhla kwevolthi kumgca we-electroplating obangelwe yibha yebhasi ebolileyo.
Ukuthe tye: ≤1 mm/m. Silungisa yonke intonga kwi-hydraulic press emva kokusebenzisa i-electroplating, size sijonge ngokuqengqeleka kwipleyiti yomphezulu wegranite ethe tyaba. Izintonga ezinokuphambuka okungaphezulu kwe-1 mm/m ziyaliwa. Olu lwazi lubaluleke ngaphezu kokuba abantu abaninzi becinga: intonga enesaphetha se-3 mm/m ayizukuqhubeleka ngokuthe tye, kwaye intonga ephambukayo ukusuka ethe nkqo ayizukufikela kubunzulu ekujoliswe kubo ngaphandle komngxuma wokuhlola. Sibone izintonga ezingenisiweyo ezivela kwabanye abavelisi ezinesaphetha se-4 ukuya kwe-5 mm/m, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zingasetyenziswa ekuqhubeni ngokunzulu.
Ukufakwa kweNtonga yeDeep Ground: Oko Sikufundileyo kwiimpazamo zasentsimini
Inkqubo yokufakela i-intonga yomhlaba yecandeloayinzima, kodwa inyathelo ngalinye lineendlela zokungaphumeleli esizifundileyo ngendlela enzima—ngeefowuni zabathengi, amabango ewaranti, kunye nokutyelela indawo.
Umngxuma wokuhlola: inyathelo eliye liqatshelwe ngabakhi abaninzi. Kumhlaba oxineneyo okanye onamatye, soloko uqala ngomngxuma wokuhlola usebenzisa isixhobo sokucoca umhlaba esincinci kancinci kunobubanzi bentonga. Ngowama-2022, umkhi eDammam, eSaudi Arabia, waqhuba iziqwenga ezintathu zentonga kwisanti yasentlango engenamngxuma wokuhlola. Incam yentonga yajika yaphuma kwilitye elingcwatyelweyo kwi-1.8 m, yagoba intonga ngama-degrees ali-15 ukusuka ngokuthe nkqo. Kwakufuneka akhuphe icandelo eligobileyo (umsebenzi wemizuzu engama-45 nge-jack) aze aqale kwakhona ngomngxuma wokuhlola. Umngxuma wokuhlola wathabatha imizuzu emi-5 kwaye wathintela zonke iingxaki zokugoba ezilandelayo.
I-torque yokudibanisa: i-torque engaqinanga ne-torque egqithisileyo zombini ziyasilela. Sichaza i-50 ukuya kwi-80 Nm kwiintonga ze-5/8-intshi kunye ne-60 ukuya kwi-100 Nm kwiintonga ze-3/4-intshi. Kwiprojekthi ka-2023 eDar es Salaam, eTanzania, abafaki baqinisa ii-couplers ngesandla ngaphandle kwesitshixo. Ngexesha lokuqhuba, ii-couplers ezimbini zakhululeka, kwaye iinxalenye zahlukana phantsi komhlaba. Inxalenye ephezulu yaqhubeka nokuqhuba, kodwa icandelo elisezantsi lahlala kubunzulu be-2 m. Kwafuneka bashiye zombini iinxalenye baze baqale umngxuma omtsha kwi-30 cm ukusuka apho. Ukususela ngoko, sifaka ikhadi leenkcukacha ze-torque kwibhokisi nganye yezixhobo zecandelo.
Ukucoca imisonto: Imizuzwana engama-20 ethintela ukudinwa kwemizuzu engama-20. Ngaphambi kokuba ufake imisonto kwi-coupler, susa umhlaba kwimisonto yentonga. Kwiimeko ezinodaka (ezixhaphakileyo kwiindawo ezishushu), umhlaba opakishwe kwimisonto usebenza njengento erhabaxa kwaye unokubangela ukuba i-coupler ibambeke phakathi. Sibe namabango amathathu ewaranti avela kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia apho umfakeli wanyanzelisa i-coupler epakishwe ngomhlaba waza wasusa imisonto yethusi. Ibrashi eqinileyo (esiyifaka ngoku kwikhithi yethu yokufaka) isombulula oku ngemizuzwana engama-20.
Uvavanyo lokuchasana: vavanya phambi kokuba uzibophelele kubunzulu obungaphezulu. Emva kokuba icandelo ngalinye lifakiwe, linganisa ukuchasana komhlaba ngomvavanyi onokwenzeka, ngokweI-NFPA 70 (Ikhowudi yoMbane yeSizwe)Iimfuneko. Ukuba sele ungaphantsi komlinganiselo ojolise kuwo, yeka ukuqhuba. Sibone abakhi baseNigeria beqhuba imoto ukuya kwi-7 m ngelixa i-4 m ibiya kwanela, bechitha amacandelo amathathu kunye nomsebenzi wokuwafaka. Indlela eqhubekayo—ukuvavanya, ukwenza isigqibo, ukuqhuba—yeyona nzuzo iphambili kwezoqoqosho yoyilo lwecandelo.
Iindlela ezine zokusilela kwiminyaka eli-17 yokuqalisa ukuvelisa iimveliso
Emva kokubonelela ngeemveliso zokumisa umhlaba kumazwe angaphezu kwama-60, sinomfanekiso ocacileyo wento engasebenziyo kweli candelo kunye nesizathu. Nazi iindlela ezine ezixhaphakileyo zokusilela, ezibekwe ngokwexesha kwidatha yethu yetikiti yenkxaso ukusuka ngo-2018 ukuya ku-2024.
Ukusilela 1: Ukudibanisa imisonto (47% yazo zonke iitikiti zenkxaso). Sele kuxoxiwe ngazo apha ngasentla. Uyilo olutsha lokungena kwe-chamfered lunciphise oku ukusuka kwiziganeko ezingama-47 ngo-2021 ukuya kwi-3 kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2024.
Ukusilela 2: Ukwahlukana kweCopper ngexesha lokuqhuba (23% yamatikiti). Ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi komaleko weCopper kunye neSteel core luyinto yoomatshini kunokuba lube yiMetallurgical, amandla okubetha aphindaphindwayo ngexesha lokuqhuba anokubangela ukuba iCopper ixobuke encamini. Oku kudala isiphumo sekhowa esithintela ukuqhuba ngakumbi kwaye siveze iSteel core kwi-corrosion. Uvavanyo lwethu lwe-180-degree bend lubamba oku kumzi-mveliso, kodwa sisakubona kwiintonga ezivela kwabanye abavelisi abathengi bethu abazithenge kwenye indawo kwaye bazixube neeCouplers zethu.
Ukusilela 3: Ukugoba kwentonga kumhlaba onamatye (18% yamatikiti). Nokuba i-600+ N/mm2 tensile core, intonga ebetha ilitye elingcwatyelweyo nge-engile iya kugoba. Nje ukuba igobe ngaphezu kweedigri ezimbalwa, intonga ayizukuyiqhuba ithe tye. Uthintelo: soloko usebenzisa umngxuma wokulinganisa kumhlaba orhanelwayo onamatye. Sibe nale sikhalazo kwiprojekthi zaseTurkey, eIran, nakwiindawo zeentaba zaseMpuma Afrika.
Ukusilela kwesi-4: Ukugqwala kwindawo yokudibanisa kumhlaba onetyuwa (12% yamatikiti). Kwiindawo ezikunxweme okanye ezinetyuwa, ujongano lwentambo lunokugqwala ngokukhawuleza kunomzimba wentonga ukuba izinto zokudibanisa azihambelani ne-galvanic. Ii-coupler zethu zebrass ziyawunciphisa lo mngcipheko kuba umahluko we-galvanic potential phakathi kwebrass kunye nentsimbi egqunywe yi-copper ungaphantsi kwe-50 mV. Kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu ezinetyuwa (elunxwemeni lwaseSaudi Arabia, eQatar, e-UAE), sikwabonelela ngokhetho lwe-coupler yentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Idatha yoKuchasana koMhlaba evela kwiiProjekthi zokwenyani: Kutheni uBunzulu butshintsha yonke into
Isizathu sokuqhuba nzulu kukuxhathisa umhlaba. Kwiintlobo ezininzi zomhlaba, ukuxhathisa kuncipha ngobunzulu kuba umhlaba onzulu unesixa esiphezulu sokufuma kunye neeminerali ezinyibilikileyo. Nazi amaxabiso okumelana nomhlaba alinganisiweyo kwiiprojekthi ezintathu zokwenyani apho sinikezele ngeekiti zentonga zecandelo:
I-Abuja, eNigeria (umhlaba we-laterite, i-800 ohm-m): 1.5 m intonga enye = 28 ohms. 3 m icandelo = 14 ohms. 6 m icandelo = 4.2 ohms. Umenzi wekontraka wayefuna ii-ohms ezi-5; bafike kuyo malunga ne-5.5 m ubunzulu ngenkqubo yecandelo.
IRiyadh, eSaudi Arabia (isanti yasentlango, i-1,200 ohm-m): 2.4 m intonga enye = 45 ohms. 3 m sectional = 32 ohms. 6 m sectional = 12 ohms. 9 m sectional = 6.8 ohms. Inkcazo yeprojekthi yayifuna i-10 ohms; bayifikelele kubunzulu obumalunga ne-7 m.
IDar es Salaam, eTanzania (udongwe-loam, 200 ohm-m): 1.5 m intonga enye = 8 ohms. Inkcazelo yayifuna ii-ohms ezi-5. Ulwandiso olunye lwe-1.5 m (3 m iyonke) luzise ukumelana kwi-4.8 ohms. Kule meko, umhlaba wawusebenza kakuhle kwaye kwakufuneka ulwandiso oluncinci lobunzulu.
II-IEEE Standard 142 (Incwadi Eluhlaza)Inika ifomula yokuqikelela ukumelana neentonga eziqhutywayo: R = (ρ / 2πL) × (ln(4L/a) – 1), apho u-ρ echasene nomhlaba, u-L ubude beentonga, kwaye u-a yi-radius yeentonga. Le fomula iqinisekisa oko kuboniswa yidatha yethu yentsimi: ukumelana kuhambelana ngokuphambeneyo nobude beentonga. Ukuphinda kabini ubunzulu kudla ngokunciphisa ukumelana ngama-40 ukuya kuma-60 ekhulwini, kuxhomekeke kulwahlulo lomhlaba.
Indlela esetyenziswayo ilula. Kumhlaba ongakwazi ukumelana nemithi (ngaphantsi kwe-300 ohm-m), intonga enye eyi-1.5 ukuya kwi-3 m idla ngokwanela. Kumhlaba ongakwazi ukumelana nemithi (300 ukuya kwi-1,000 ohm-m), ungadinga i-3 ukuya kwi-6 m, oko kuthetha ukuba i-sectional.Ulawulo loKhuseleko kunye neMpilo eMsebenzini (OSHA)ifuna abaqeshi baseke iinkqubo zokuqhuba izixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo kwiindawo zokwakha, ezibandakanya ukufakelwa kwe-electrode yokumisa umhlaba ngokufanelekileyo. Kumhlaba oxhathisa kakhulu (ngaphezulu kwe-1,000 ohm-m), ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufuna i-6 m okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye inkqubo yecandelo yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokufika apho.
Ixabiso lilonke elifakiweyo: Xa iCandelo libetha iSiqwenga esinye kwiNqanaba lakho eliphantsi
Ixabiso lezinto ezisetyenziswayo ngemitha nganye yenkqubo yecandelo liphezulu kunenxalenye enye, kuba uhlawulela ii-couplers kunye nokupakisha okongezelelweyo. Kodwa ixabiso lilonke elifakiweyo liquka abasebenzi, uthutho, inkunkuma, kunye nezixhobo, kwaye uthelekiso luyatshintsha lube luncedo kwinkqubo yecandelo njengoko ubunzulu bukhula.
Ukonga kwezothutho. Ngo-2023, umthengi eKampala, eUganda, wasixelela ukuba iindleko zokuthutha iintonga ezi-3 m ukusuka echwebeni ukuya kwindawo yeprojekthi (iikhilomitha ezingama-200 kwiindlela ezingagayiwanga) yayimalunga ne-40% yeendleko zeentonga, kuba ilori nganye yayinokuthwala iintonga ezingama-200 kuphela ngenxa yemida yobude. Xa batshintshela kwiinxalenye zecandelo eziyi-1.2 m, ilori efanayo yayithwala iinxalenye ezingama-500 ngohambo ngalunye. Ixabiso lokuthutha nge-rod-meter lehle ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha.
Ukunciphisa inkunkuma. Kumhlaba onamatye, iintonga ezineqhekeza elinye ezigobayo ngexesha lokuqhuba ziyinkunkuma. Abathengi bethu baseMbindi Mpuma baxela amazinga enkunkuma ayi-8 ukuya kwi-12 ekhulwini ngeentonga ezineqhekeza elinye kumhlaba wentlango onamatye, xa kuthelekiswa nangaphantsi kwe-2 ekhulwini kwiinkqubo zecandelo (kuba amacandelo amafutshane kulula ukuwalawula kwaye inyathelo lomngxuma wokuhlola lilandelwa rhoqo). Izinga lenkunkuma eli-10% kwiprojekthi yeentonga ezingama-200 lithetha iintonga ezingama-20 ezilahlekileyo kunye nomsebenzi wokuzikhupha.
Iindleko zezixhobo. Intonga enye ende kune-2.4 m ifuna umqhubi wentonga okhethekileyo one-chuck ende. Inkqubo yecandelo ingaqhutywa ngesando esijikelezayo esiqhelekileyo esine-adaptha ye-chuck—izixhobo uninzi lwabakhi bombane esele benazo. Ukonga ekuqeshisweni kwezixhobo kunokunciphisa iindleko zee-couplers kwiiprojekthi ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi.
Kwiindawo ezingaphantsi kakhulu (≤1.5 m), iintonga zeqhekeza elinye zibiza kancinci kwaye zikhawuleza. Kwi-1.5 ukuya kwi-3.0 m, uthelekiso luhambelana nendawo ethile. Kwinto enzulu kune-3.0 m, uyilo lwecandelo lolona khetho lusebenzayo, kwaye uthelekiso lweendleko alunamsebenzi.
Isiphelo
Ukukhetha phakathi kweentonga zomhlaba ezisetyenziswa kwicandelo elinye kunye nezisetyenziswa kwicandelo elinye akubhekiselele ekubeni yeyiphi engcono ngokwesishwankathelo. Kuxhomekeke ekubeni yeyiphi ehambelana neemeko zomhlaba wakho, ukumelana kwakho nokukhangela, kunye neendlela zakho zokusebenza. Iintonga zomhlaba ezisetyenziswa kwicandelo elinye zilula, zitshiphu, kwaye zinamandla ngemitha nganye ethe tyaba. Iintonga zomhlaba ezisetyenziswa kwicandelo elinye zezona zisombululo zisebenzayo kuphela xa kufuneka ungene nzulu ngaphezu kwe-3 m, xa uthutho lwakho luthintela ubude beentonga, okanye xa iimeko zomhlaba zingaqinisekanga kwaye ufuna ukuguquguquka kokongeza ubunzulu ngokwahlukeneyo.
Umgangatho we-coupler umisela ukuba inkqubo yecandelo isebenza njengoko yayilelwe. Emva kweziganeko ezingama-47 zokudityaniswa kwemisonto ngo-2021, sayila kwakhona i-coupler yethu ngee-chamfered thread entries kwaye sanciphisa izinga lokungaphumeleli ngama-70 ekhulwini. Olu luhlobo lophuculo oluphindaphindeneyo oluveliswa yiminyaka eli-17 yokwenziwa kunye namazwe angaphezu kwama-60 eengxelo zentsimi.
Apha eXinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd., senza izintoizixhobo zentonga yomhlaba ezisetyenziswa kwicandelo elithile, izihlanganisi ezinemisonto, iintonga zentsimbi ezigqunywe ngobhedu, kunye noluhlu olupheleleyo lwezixhobo zokukhusela umhlaba kunye nombane phantsi kwe-ISO 9001:2008. Qhagamshelana nathi ukuze uxoxe ngeemfuno zakho zeprojekthi.
Lo nguJane waseXinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd, umzi-mveliso wobuchwephesha wokuvelisa iimveliso zenkqubo yombane kunye nombane kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwe-17. Ndingumphathi wentengiso onamava eminyaka eli-12 kukhuseleko lombane kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle. Ndigxile ekuxhaseni abathengi bamanye amazwe ngokufumana iimveliso zokhuseleko lombane kunye nombane ezivela eTshayina, ndigubungela iinkonzo ezipheleleyo kubandakanya ukuhlolwa komgangatho, amalungiselelo ezinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nawo onke amaxwebhu okuthumela ngaphandle. Ndingakunceda nasekuthengeni ezinye iimpahla ezinxulumene nombane. Ndingochwephesha, ndithembekile kwaye kulula ukunxibelelana nawe, ndikulungele ukukunika izisombululo zokuthenga ezikwindawo enye.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Intonga yomhlaba eqeleleneyo yi-electrode yokumba eyenziwe ngeentonga ezininzi ezidityaniswe zii-couplers ezinemisonto. Sebenzisa enye xa ubunzulu bokufakelwa kwakho kujoliso budlula i-3.0 m, xa imida yokuthutha ithintela ukuphathwa kweentonga ezinde kwindawo, okanye xa iimeko zomhlaba zingaqinisekanga kwaye ufuna ukuguquguquka kokongeza ubunzulu ngokwandayo. Kwiprojekthi yethu yase-Abuja, eNigeria, iintonga zecandelo zifikelele kwi-4.2 ohms kubunzulu be-6 m kumhlaba we-laterite apho iintonga zeqhekeza elinye ezingama-2.4 m zilinganisa i-28 ohms.
I-threaded earth rod coupler (i-coupler) yi-brass fitting emfutshane enemisonto yangaphakathi kuzo zombini iziphelo. Ufaka i-segment enye yentonga kwisiphelo ngasinye uze uyiqinise ukuya kwi-50–80 Nm nge-wrench. I-coupler idlulisela amandla okuqhuba ukusuka kwisigaba esiphezulu ukuya kwesezantsi kwaye igcina umbane uqhubeka. Ii-coupler zethu zisebenzisa imisonto ye-metric (i-M16 x 2.0 yee-5/8-intshi rods, i-M20 x 2.5 yee-3/4-intshi rods) ene-chamfered entries ukuthintela i-cross-threading—uyilo olutsha olunciphise izinga lethu lokungaphumeleli kwe-cross-threading nge-70% emva kokuba sibhale iziganeko ezingama-47 ngo-2021.
Iintonga ezigqunywe ngekopolo zisebenzisa i-electroplating eqhubekayo edala i-metallurgical bond phakathi komaleko wekopolo kunye nesiseko sentsimbi. Iintonga ezigqunywe ngekopolo zingasebenzisa inkqubo yokubopha ngoomatshini. Kwindlela yokuqhuba nzulu, i-metallurgical bond iyamelana ngakumbi ne-demination xa itshayiswa. Sivavanya yonke indawo yemveliso ngovavanyo lokugoba lwe-180-degree (100 mm radius): i-copper akufuneki iqhekeke okanye i-deminate. Siye sasilela kolu vavanyo kabini kwiminyaka emithathu, zombini ezi zihlandlo zilandelelwe kukwehla kwe-voltage kumgca wethu we-electroplating.
Akukho mda wobunzulu bobuchwephesha logama nje umhlaba unokungeneka kwaye amakhonkco e-coupler agcina ukuthembeka. Abathengi bethu bafikelele kwi-12 m kwi-laterite yetropiki (iDemocratic Republic of Congo) kunye ne-9 m kwintlabathi yasentlango (eSaudi Arabia). Umda osebenzayo uhlala uluhlobo lomhlaba—umhlaba onamatye unokufuna umngxuma wokuhlola okanye indlela eyahlukileyo yokumisa umhlaba efana nee-electrodes zokumisa umhlaba ngeekhemikhali. Kwiiprojekthi ezininzi, i-3 ukuya kwi-6 m yanele ukufezekisa ukumelana komhlaba okufunekayo.
I-50 ukuya kwi-80 Nm yeentonga ze-5/8-intshi (14.2 mm); I-60 ukuya kwi-100 Nm yeentonga ze-3/4-intshi (17.2 mm). Soloko ucoca imisonto ngaphambi kokuba uyihlanganise kwaye usebenzise i-torque wrench elinganisiweyo ukuba ikhona. Ngo-2023, iprojekthi yaseDar es Salaam yalahlekelwa ziingceba ezimbini phantsi komhlaba xa abafaki be-couplers eziqiniswe ngesandla ngaphandle kwe-wrench—ii-couplers zakhululeka ngexesha lokuqhuba kwaye ii-sectional sectionals zahlukana. Ngoku sifaka ikhadi le-torque specification kwibhokisi nganye ye-sectional kit.
Ewe, le yinto eqhelekileyo. Qala ngentonga enye kwi-1.5 ukuya kwi-2.4 m yokuqala, uze wongeze amacandelo ahlukeneyo nge-coupler ukuba kufuneka ubunzulu obungaphezulu. Ububanzi bentonga kunye nohlobo lomsonto kufuneka zihambelane ne-coupler. Ii-coupler zethu zihambelana neentonga zentsimbi ezisemgangathweni ze-5/8-intshi kunye ne-3/4-intshi ezifakwe ubhedu ezisebenzisa indlela efanayo ye-metric thread, nokuba ngumvelisi.
Zonke iimveliso zenziwe phantsi kwe-ISO 9001:2008. Iintonga zethu zentsimbi ezigqunywe ngobhedu ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zobukhulu bobhedu be-UL 467 (≥0.254 mm). Sinikezela ngeengxelo zovavanyo zamandla okutsalwa, ubukhulu bobhedu, ubumsulwa bobhedu, kunye nokuthembeka kwebhondi xa kuceliwe. Kwiiprojekthi ezifuna iziqinisekiso ezithile zomntu wesithathu, sisebenza neelebhu zovavanyo ezivunyiweyo ukubonelela ngamaxwebhu afunekayo.
Nxibelelana noJane Yang ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha zemveliso, iisampulu, kunye nesicatshulwa seprojekthi ethile. Amava okuvelisa angaphezu kweminyaka eli-17, isiqinisekiso se-ISO 9001:2008, ukuthumela kumazwe angaphezu kwama-60.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-28-2026