I te tīmatanga o te tau 2023, i tae mai he waea mai i tētahi kaimahi hiko i Abuja, Nigeria. I peia e ia ētahi tokotoko whenua parahi kotahi-wahi e whā, he 2.4 m te roa, ki roto i te oneone laterite i tētahi pourewa waea hou. Ko ngā tokowhā katoa i ine i runga ake i te 25 ohms—he nui ake i te whāinga 5-ohm i hiahiatia e tana whakaritenga. Kāore āna taraiwa tokotoko e kaha ki te whakahaere i tētahi mea roa atu i te 3 m, ā, ko te kaiwhakarato tata rawa atu o ngā tokotoko roa-roa i Lagos, 700 km te tawhiti. I tukuna atu e mātou ki a ia ngā kete tokotoko wāhanga me ngā hononga parahi. E rua wiki i muri mai, i peia e tana tīma ngā tokotoko kotahi ki te hohonutanga 6 m mā te whakamahi i tētahi hama hurihuri paerewa, ā, ko te ātete i inehia he 4.2 ohms. Nā taua kaupapa i whakarerekē te whakaaro mō te whakatau wāhanga-wahi me te wāhanga: ehara i te mea he mea e pai ana ki a koe, engari he mea e whakaaetia ana e tō oneone, e ō taputapu, me te urunga ki tō papaanga.

Wāhanga me te Wāhanga Kotahi: Ehara te Whakatau i te Manakohanga

He māmā noa iho, he tika hoki te tautohe mō te tokotoko kotahi-wahi: ki te kore he hononga, kāore he ngoikore. Ka roa ake te roa o te tokotoko kotahi, 2.4 m te roa, he parahi kua werohia tika ki te uku makuku, ā, he iti ake te utu i te huihuinga wāhanga o te roa ōrite. He nui ake ā mātou tokotoko kotahi-wahi e hoko ana i ngā kete wāhanga mā te rahinga, ā, he take pai: mō ngā whakaurunga papaku i roto i te oneone iti-ātete, koinei te kōwhiringa tika.

Engari i roto i ngā tau 17 o te hanga hua whenua, kua kite mātou i tētahi tauira pumau: ko ngā kaupapa e hoki mai ana ki a mātou me ngā raruraru ātete teitei he tata tonu ki te tāutanga kotahi-wahi i roto i te oneone maroke, toka, onepu rānei i reira ka panaia e te kaiwhakatū te tokotoko ki tōna roa katoa ka mutu—nā te mea kāore he ara hei haere hohonu atu. Atokotoko whenua wāhangaka whakakorea tēnei here. 1.2 m te roa o ia wāhanga, e honoa ana ehononga miro, ā, ka tāpiri tonu koe i ngā wāhanga kia tae rā anō ki raro iho i tō whāinga te mita ātete. He kiritaki ā mātou i Saudi Arabia kua huihui i ngā tokotoko wāhanga ki te 9 m i te onepu koraha, me ngā kiritaki i te Democratic Republic of Congo kua eke ki te 12 m i te laterite pārūrū.

TePaerewa IEEE 80Kāore te whenua o te teihana hiko e whakahau i tētahi hoahoa ki runga ake i tētahi atu. E tohu ana i te hua whakamutunga: he ātete whenua iti e tika ana hei whakarite i te haumaru i ngā wā o ngā iahiko hapa. Ko te huarahi e tutuki ai taua ātete he whakatau hangarau motuhake ki te wāhi, ehara i te mea he whakatau rapunga whakaaro.

Ko te pātai matua ehara i te "ko tēhea te mea pai ake" engari "he aha te mea ka puta ina kore e roa tō tokotoko kotahi-wahi?" I Abuja, ko te whakautu: e rua wiki ka ngaro i a koe te tiki tokotoko roa ake i Lagos. I Riyadh, ko te whakautu: ka tono koe i ngā kete wāhanga mai i a mātou, ā, ka haere tonu te taraiwa i taua rā anō. Mā te hoahoa wāhanga ka taea e koe te ngāwari, ā, i roto i ō mātou wheako, ko te ngāwari te mea e wehewehe ana i ngā kaupapa e tutuki ana i ā rātou whāinga ātete mai i ngā kaupapa kāore.

He aha i hangaia anō ai e mātou tā mātou hononga i muri i te mate urutā whakawhiti-miro

I te tau 2021, i kite tā mātou tīma tautoko i te pikinga ake o ngā amuamu e pā ana ki ngā hononga. I tuhia e mātou e 47 ngā aituā whakawhiti-miro puta noa i ngā whenua 14 i roto i te tau kotahi. He rite tonu te tauira: i mahi te kaiwhakauru i roto i te awa paru, i tīmata te miro hononga i te koki pakupaku, ā, i rerekē ngā miro parahi i mua i te rerekētanga o ngā miro tokotoko maitai. He ngohengohe ake te parahi i te hoahoa (e hiahia ana mātou kia hinga te hononga i mua i te tokotoko, kia taea ai te whakamahi anō i te tokotoko), engari nā tēnei kōwhiringa hoahoa i hanga he aratau rahunga kāore mātou i whakaaro.

I rapua e mātou te pūtake o te take ki te āhua o te whakaurunga o ngā miro. He koi te taha whakaurunga o te miro-V paerewa i runga i te tokotoko me te hononga, ā, he māmā ake te tīmata i te miro i te koki, inā koa kua poke ngā miro i te oneone. Ko tā mātou whakatikatika: i whakapikohia e mātou ngā miro tuatahi e rua i runga i te tokotoko me te hononga, kia whānui ake ai te koki whakaurunga e whakapūmau ana i te hononga ahakoa ka tīmatahia i te iti o te he o te tūnga. I tāpirihia hoki e mātou he tohu tūnga tirohanga (he rārangi whakairo-reera i runga i te tinana hononga) e whakaatu ana i te kaiwhakauru kua tika te tūnga o ngā miro.

He mea nui ngā hua. I te tau 2022, i heke ngā amuamu mō ngā miro whakawhiti ki te 19. I te tau 2023, ki te 11. I te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2024, ki te 3. He whakahekenga tāpiri tēnei o te 70 ōrau pea, ā, kāore he utu mō ia waeine—he panonitanga taputapu te chamfer, ehara i te panonitanga rauemi. Koinei te momo whakapainga ā-pūmau ka taea e koe te mahi i roto i ngā tau 17 o te urupare hangahanga.

Ko te rauemi hononga tonu he mea hanga mai i te parahi totoka (ehara i te mea whakarewa). E toru ngā take i whiriwhiria ai e mātou te parahi i te maitai. Tuatahi, kāore te parahi e waikura i roto i te oneone pērā i te maitai noa—kua keria e mātou ngā hononga mai i ngā whakaurunga 15-tau te pakeke i Saudi Arabia, ā, he āhua hou tonu. Tuarua, he iti noa te rerekētanga pūmanawa karawaka i waenga i te parahi me te maitai parahi-kapi (iti iho i te 50 mV), ko te tikanga he iti noa te waikura hiko i te atanga miro. Tuatoru, he pai ake te kaha o ngā mīhini parahi ki ngā taunga miro i te maitai, he mea nui tēnei ina miro ā-ringa koe i roto i te awa paru, ā, me pai te hononga.

Ko te kaha kume o tā mātou hononga parahi (≥580 N/mm2) e nui ake ana i te kaha tuku o te matua maitai i roto i ngā wāhanga tokotoko. Ka manatokohia tēnei e mātou i ia puranga whakaputa: ka kumea e mātou kia toru ngā huihuinga tauira ki te pakaru i runga i te whakamātautau kume waipēhi. Ka whati tonu te tokotoko i te 25 mm pea mai i te mata o te hononga—kāore rawa i te hononga tonu. Nā te hoahoa tēnei: ​​e hiahia ana mātou kia pakaru te tokotoko i mua i te hononga, nā te mea ka taea te tango me te whakakapi i te tokotoko kua pakaru, engari ka waiho pea e te hononga kua pakaru he wāhanga kua mau ki raro i te whenua.

Rino Parahi-Kākahu: Ngā Āhuatanga e Whakamātautauhia ana e Mātou me ngā Rahunga e Kitea ana e Mātou

He rite tonu ngā whakaritenga a ia kaihanga: te matotoru o te parahi, te parakore, te kaha kume, te tika. Ko te rerekētanga ko te mea kua whakamatautauria, kua whakaarohia rānei aua whakaritenga. I tō mātou wheketere i Xinchang, ka whakamatautauria e mātou ia puranga whakaputa, ā, ka whakakorehia e mātou ngā rauemi kāore e eke. Anei ngā mea ka whakamatautauria e mātou, me pēhea te whakamātautau, me ngā mea kua mau i a mātou.

Te matotoru o te paparanga parahi: ≥0.254 mm. Koinei teUL 467iti rawa. Ka ine mātou ki tētahi ine matotoru ultrasonic kua whakatikatikaina i ngā pūwāhi e toru mō ia tokotoko (pito, waenganui, turanga). Ko te toharite whakaputanga o tā mātou ko 0.28 mm, me te whānuitanga o te 0.254 ki te 0.32 mm. I te tau 2022, i whakakahoretia e mātou tētahi puranga katote parahi katoa mai i tētahi kaiwhakarato hou i te wā i whakaatuhia ai e te whakamātautau tuatahi he matotoru toharite 0.22 mm. I kī te kaiwhakarato kua tutuki te katote i ngā whakaritenga; i kī kē tā mātou ine ultrasonic. I whakawhiti mātou i ngā kaiwhakarato.

Te parakore o te parahi: ≥99.95 ōrau. Ka manatokohia tēnei e mātou mā te tātaritanga spark-OES (optical emission spectrometry) i runga i ia puranga katote parahi e haere mai ana. Ko ngā poke i runga ake i te 0.05%—ina koa ko te whanariki me te whākawa—ka tere ake te waikura i roto i ngā oneone waikawa. I te tau 2023, he puranga otokotoko maitai kua pania ki te parahimai i tā mātou raina whakaputa i whakamatautauria ki te 99.91% te parakore. I kitea e mātou te take i ahu mai i tētahi anode parahi poke i roto i te tāke whakakikorua hiko. I paraia e mātou te puranga katoa (tata ki te 2,000 ngā rākau) kaua ki te tuku rauemi ka waikura wawe i te mara.

Te pumau o te hononga: Whakamātautau piko 180-tohu. Kaua te paparanga parahi e pakaru, e wehe rānei ina piko te tokotoko 180 tohu i te radius 100 mm. Ka whakatauira tēnei whakamātautau i ngā kaha pānga i te wā e taraiwa ana. Ka mahia e mātou i runga i ia puranga whakaputa. Mena ka tihore te parahi, he iti rawa te kiato o te iahiko whakakikorua, ā, he miihini te hononga, ehara i te mea whakarewa. E rua ā mātou rahunga i tēnei whakamātautau i roto i ngā tau e toru kua pahure ake nei, ā, i ahu mai i te hekenga ngaohiko i roto i te raina whakakikorua nā te pae pahi kua waikura.

Te Tika: ≤1 mm/m. Ka whakatikatikahia e mātou ia tokotoko i runga i te mīhini perehi waipēhi i muri i te whakakikoruatanga hiko, kātahi ka tirohia mā te hurihuri i runga i te pereti mata karāhe papatahi. Ka whakakahoretia ngā tokotoko he neke atu i te 1 mm/m te peka. He mea nui ake tēnei whakatakotoranga i te mea e mōhiotia ana e te nuinga o te tangata: kāore e tika te pana o te tokotoko me te kopere 3 mm/m, ā, kāore e tae te tokotoko e peka ana i te poutū ki te hohonutanga whainga me te kore he kōhao pairati. Kua kite mātou i ngā tokotoko kawemai mai i ētahi atu kaihanga me te kopere 4 ki te 5 mm/m, ā, kāore e taea te whakamahi mō te pana hohonu.

Te Tāutanga o te Tokotoko Whenua Hōhonu: Ngā Mea i Akohia e Mātou i Ngā Hapa o te Marae

Ko te tukanga tāutanga mō tētahitokotoko whenua wāhangaehara i te mea uaua, engari he momo rahunga kei ia taahiraa, kua akohia e mātou i te ara uaua—mā ngā waeatanga a te kiritaki, ngā kereme pūtāhui, me ngā haerenga ki te papaanga.

Pūwero whakamātau: te taahiraa e pekehia ana e te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakatū. I roto i te oneone kua kikī, kua toka rānei, me tīmata tonu me te pūwero whakamātau mā te whakamahi i te auger whenua he iti ake i te diameter o te tokotoko. I te tau 2022, i panaia e tetahi kaiwhakatū i Dammam, Saudi Arabia, ētahi wāhanga tokotoko e toru ki roto i te onepū koraha, kāore he pūwero whakamātau. I piko te pito o te tokotoko i tētahi toka tanumia i te 1.8 m, ka piko te tokotoko 15 nekehanga mai i te poutū. Me tango e ia te wāhanga piko (he mahi 45-meneti me te jack) ka tīmata anō me te pūwero whakamātau. E 5 meneti te roa o te pūwero whakamātau, ā, i ārai i ngā raruraru piko katoa i muri mai.

Taipana honohono: ka rahua te kore-piripiri me te kore-piripiri. Ka tohua e mātou te 50 ki te 80 Nm mō ngā tokotoko 5/8-inihi me te 60 ki te 100 Nm mō ngā tokotoko 3/4-inihi. I roto i tētahi kaupapa i te tau 2023 i Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, i whakapiri ā-ringa ngā kaiwhakauru i ngā honohono me te kore he kī. I te wā e taraiwa ana, ka wetekina ngā honohono e rua, ā, ka wehea ngā wāhanga i raro i te whenua. I haere tonu te taraiwa o te wāhanga o runga, engari i noho te wāhanga o raro ki te hohonutanga o te 2 m. Me whakarērea e rātou ngā wāhanga e rua, ka tīmata i tētahi kōhao hou 30 cm te tawhiti. Mai i taua wā, ka tāpirihia e mātou he kāri whakatakotoranga taipana ki roto i ia pouaka kete wāhanga.

Te horoi miro: 20 hēkona hei ārai i te 20 meneti o te raruraru. I mua i te whakakī i te hononga, paraihia te oneone i ngā miro o te tokotoko. I roto i ngā āhuatanga paru (he mea noa i roto i ngā whakaurunga werawera), ka mahi te oneone kua tākaihia ki roto i ngā miro hei mea whakakoi, ā, ka taea e te hononga te mau i waenganui. E toru ā mātou kereme whakamana mai i te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia i reira i akiakihia ai e te kaiwhakauru te hononga kua tākaihia ki te oneone, ā, ka tangohia ngā miro parahi. Mā te paraihe huruhuru mārō (kei roto i tā mātou kete tāutanga inaianei) ka ea tēnei i roto i te 20 hēkona.

Whakamātautau ātete: whakamātauria i mua i te whakatōtō ki te hōhonutanga. I muri i te tāutanga o ia wāhanga, inehia te ātete whenua me te taputapu whakamātautau hinga-o-te-pūmanawa, mō iaNFPA 70 (Waehere Hiko ā-Motu)ngā whakaritenga. Mena kei raro kē koe i tō ātete whāinga, kati te taraiwa. Kua kite tātou i ngā kaimahi kirimana i Nigeria e taraiwa ana ki te 7 m i te mea he rawaka te 4 m, e moumou ana i ngā wāhanga e toru me te mahi hei tāuta. Ko te huarahi tāpiripiri—whakamātautau, whakatau, taraiwa—ko te painga ōhanga matua o te hoahoa wāhanga.

Ngā Aratau Rahunga e Whā mai i ngā Tau 17 o te Hanga Hua Whakatakotoria

I muri i te tuku hua whenua ki ngā whenua neke atu i te 60, kua mārama te tirohanga ki ngā hapa i te mara me te take. Anei ngā momo hapa e whā e tino kitea ana, e whakarārangihia ana e te auau i roto i ā mātou raraunga tīkiti tautoko mai i te tau 2018 ki te 2024.

Rahunga 1: Whakawhitiwhiti-miro (47% o ngā tīkiti tautoko katoa). Kua kōrerohia kētia i runga ake nei. Nā te hoahoa anō o te tāurunga-chamfered i whakaiti i tēnei mai i te 47 ngā aituā i te tau 2021 ki te 3 i te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2024.

Rahunga 2: Te wehenga o te parahi i te wā e taraiwa ana (23% o ngā tīkiti). Mena he mea ā-mīhini te hononga i waenga i te paparanga parahi me te matua maitai, ehara i te mea whakarewa, ka taea e ngā kaha pānga maha i te wā e taraiwa ana te hanga i te parahi kia tihore i te pito. Ka puta he pānga harore e ārai ana i te taraiwa tonu, ā, ka kitea te matua maitai ki te waikura. Ka mau tēnei i roto i tā mātou whakamātautau piko 180-tohu i te wheketere, engari kei te kite tonu mātou i roto i ngā tokotoko mai i ētahi atu kaihanga kua hokona e ā mātou kiritaki i hea atu, ā, kua konatunatua ki ā mātou hononga.

Rahunga 3: Te piko o te tokotoko i roto i te oneone toka (18% o ngā tīkiti). Ahakoa he 600+ N/mm2 te matua kume, ka piko tonu te tokotoko e pā ana ki te toka tanumia i te koki. Kia neke atu i te torutoru nekehanga te piko, e kore te tokotoko e neke tika. Ārai: me whakamahi tonu he poka whakamātautau i roto i te oneone toka e whakapaetia ana. Kua tae mai tēnei amuamu ki a mātou mai i ngā kaupapa i Turkey, Iran, me ngā rohe maunga o Āwherika ki te Rawhiti.

Rahunga 4: Te waikura i te hononga honohono i roto i te oneone tote (12% o ngā tīkiti). I ngā taiao takutai moana, tote rānei, ka tere ake te waikura o te atanga miro i te tinana tokotoko mena kāore te rauemi honohono i te hototahi ki te konukōre. Ka whakaitihia e ā mātou hononga parahi tēnei mōrearea nā te mea he iti iho i te 50 mV te rerekētanga pūmanawa konukōre i waenga i te parahi me te maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi. Mō ngā taiao tote tino kino (takutai Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE), ka tukuna atu hoki e mātou he kōwhiringa hononga kowiri tira.

Ngā Raraunga Ātete Oneone mai i ngā Kaupapa Tūturu: He aha te Hōhonutanga e Huri ai i ngā Mea Katoa

Ko te take mō te taraiwa hōhonu ko te ātete oneone. I roto i te nuinga o ngā momo oneone, ka heke te ātete i te hōhonutanga nā te mea he nui ake te makuku o te oneone hōhonu, ā, he nui ake ngā kohuke rewa. Anei ngā uara ātete whenua i inehia mai i ngā kaupapa tūturu e toru i tukuna ai e mātou ngā kete tokotoko wāhanga:

Abuja, Nigeria (oneone laterite, 800 ohm-m): 1.5 m te tokotoko kotahi-wahi = 28 ohms. 3 m te wāhanga = 14 ohms. 6 m te wāhanga = 4.2 ohms. E 5 ohms te hiahia o te kaiwhakatū; i tae atu rātou ki te hohonutanga tata ki te 5.5 m mā te pūnaha wāhanga.

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (onepu koraha, 1,200 ohm-m): 2.4 m te tokotoko kotahi-wahi = 45 ohms. 3 m te wāhanga = 32 ohms. 6 m te wāhanga = 12 ohms. 9 m te wāhanga = 6.8 ohms. E hiahiatia ana te 10 ohms mō te whakatakotoranga kaupapa; i tae atu rātou ki te hohonutanga tata ki te 7 m.

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (oneone uku, 200 ohm-m): 1.5 m te tokotoko kotahi-wahi = 8 ohms. E hiahiatia ana e te whakatakotoranga he 5 ohms. Nā te toronga kotahi 1.5 m (3 m katoa) i eke te ātete ki te 4.8 ohms. I tēnei wā, i mahi tahi te oneone, ā, he iti noa te toronga hohonu i hiahiatia.

TePaerewa IEEE 142 (Pukapuka Kakariki)e whakarato ana i te tātai mō te whakatau tata i te ātete o te tokotoko taraiwa: R = (ρ / 2πL) × (ln(4L/a) – 1), ko ρ te ātete oneone, ko L te roa o te tokotoko, ā, ko a te pūtoro tokotoko. E whakaū ana te tātai i tā mātou raraunga mara e whakaatu ana: he rite whakamuri te ātete ki te roa o te tokotoko. Ko te whakarea i te hohonutanga ka whakaiti i te ātete mā te 40 ki te 60 ōrau, i runga i te paparanga oneone.

He māmā noa iho te akoranga whaihua. Mō te oneone iti te ātete (i raro i te 300 ohm-m), he rawaka te tokotoko kotahi te wahi, 1.5 ki te 3 m te roa. Mō te oneone waenga-ātete (300 ki te 1,000 ohm-m), me 3 ki te 6 m pea, arā, he wāhanga. Ko teTe Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi (OSHA)e hiahiatia ana ngā kaitukumahi kia whakatū i ngā kaupapa ārahi whenua taputapu kua whakamanahia i ngā papa hanga, tae atu ki te tāutanga hiko whenua tika. I roto i te oneone ātete-teitei (neke atu i te 1,000 ohm-m), me tino hiahia koe ki te 6 m, neke atu rānei, ā, ko te pūnaha wāhanga anake te huarahi whai hua ki te tae atu ki reira.

Te Utu Tāuta Katoa: Ina Hinga te Wāhanga Kotahi i runga i tō Raina Taketake

He nui ake te utu rauemi mō ia mita o tētahi pūnaha wāhanga i te kotahi-wāhanga, nā te mea ko koe te utu mō ngā hononga me te takai tāpiri. Engari ko te utu katoa o te tāutanga kei roto ko te mahi, te kawe waka, te para, me ngā taputapu, ā, ka neke te whakatairite ki te taha o te pūnaha wāhanga i te pikinga ake o te hohonu.

Ngā penapena kawe waka. I te tau 2023, i kōrero mai tētahi kiritaki i Kampala, Uganda, ko te utu mō te kawe i ngā tokotoko 3 mita te roa mai i te tauranga ki te wāhi kaupapa (200 km i runga i ngā rori kāore i whakakikoruatia) he tata ki te 40% o te utu o te tokotoko, nā te mea e 200 noa iho ngā tokotoko i taea e ia taraka te kawe nā te mea he iti te roa. I te wā i huri ai rātou ki ngā wāhanga wāhanga 1.2 mita, e 500 ngā wāhanga i kawehia e taua taraka anō mō ​​ia haerenga. Neke atu i te haurua te hekenga o te utu kawe mō ia mita tokotoko.

Te whakaiti i te para. I roto i te oneone toka, ko ngā tokotoko kotahi-wahi e piko ana i te wā e taraiwahia ana he para. E ai ki ā mātou kiritaki o te Middle East, ko te 8 ki te 12 ōrau te nui o te para mō ngā tokotoko kotahi-wahi i roto i te oneone koraha toka, ki te iti iho i te 2 ōrau mō ngā pūnaha wāhanga (nā te mea he māmā ake te whakahaere i ngā wāhanga poto ake, ā, he pai ake te whai i te taahiraa poka pairati). Ko te 10% te nui o te para mō te kaupapa 200-toko, ko te tikanga he 20 ngā tokotoko e maumauria ana me te mahi hei tango i aua tokotoko.

Ngā utu taputapu. Me whakamahi he taraiwa tokotoko motuhake me te chuck roa mō te tokotoko kotahi te wahi, he roa ake i te 2.4 m. Ka taea te whakahaere i tētahi pūnaha wāhanga mā te whakamahi i tētahi hama hurihuri paerewa me te urutau chuck—he taputapu kei te nuinga o ngā kaihanga hiko. Mā te penapena i runga i te reti taputapu ka taea te whakakore i te utu o ngā hononga i ngā kaupapa iti ki te rahi.

Mō ngā whakaurunga papaku (≤1.5 m), he iti ake te utu, he tere ake hoki ngā tokotoko kotahi-wahi. Mō te 1.5 ki te 3.0 m, he mea whakarite ki ia wāhi. Mō ngā mea hohonu ake i te 3.0 m, ko te hoahoa wāhanga anake te kōwhiringa whai hua, ā, kāore he take ki te whakataurite i te utu.

Whakamutunga

Ko te whiriwhiri i waenga i ngā tokotoko whenua wāhanga me ngā tokotoko whenua kotahi-wahi ehara i te mea ko tēhea te mea pai ake i te tirohanga whānui. Engari ko tēhea te mea e pai ana ki ngā āhuatanga o tō oneone, ki te ātete o tō ūnga, me ngā whakaritenga o tō papaanga. He māmā ake, he iti ake te utu, ā, he kaha ake i ia mita rārangi ngā tokotoko kotahi-wahi. Ko ngā tokotoko whenua wāhanga anake te otinga whai hua ina hiahia koe ki te haere hohonu atu i te 3 m, ina whakawhāitihia te roa o te tokotoko e tō kawe waka, ina kore rānei e tino mārama ngā āhuatanga o te oneone, ā, e hiahia ana koe ki te ngāwari ki te tāpiri hohonu haere.

Ko te kounga o te hononga e whakatau ana mēnā ka mahi te pūnaha wāhanga kia rite ki te hoahoa. Whai muri i ngā aituā whakawhiti-miro e 47 i te tau 2021, i hangaia anō e mātou tā mātou hononga me ngā whakaurunga miro kua whakapikohia, ā, i whakaitihia te reiti rahunga mā te 70 ōrau. Koinei te momo whakapainga auau e hua mai ana i roto i ngā tau 17 o te hanga me te 60+ whenua o te urupare mara.

I Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd., ka hangaia e mātoukete tokotoko whenua wāhanga, hononga miro, ngā tokotoko maitai kua pania ki te parahi, me te whānuitanga katoa o ngā taputapu whakawhenua me te tiaki uira i raro i te ISO 9001:2008. Whakapā mai ki a mātou ki te matapaki i ngā hiahia o tō kaupapa.

Ngā Pātai Auau