Iyowinjiza insinga zo gufunga ubutaka mu bwinshi, ibicuruzwa ntibikunze kunanirwa - urugendo ni rwo rubaho. Umugozi w'icyuma upfutse umuringa n'insinga y'umuringa yambaye ubusa ni ibikoresho biremereye mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi, ariko uruziga ni ikintu cy'ikigereranyo nyacyo: rukayisya, rukayinjiza mu kintu, cyangwa ukayireka ikagenda mu gikoresho, maze ukazungura agaciro k'ibisigazwa aho kuba ikiguzi cyo kugurisha.Nyuma y'imyaka 12 dupakira amakontena ya kontineri mu ruganda rwacu rwa Xinchang, ndakubwira ko hafi buri kibazo cyose cy'ibyangiritse twigeze gusuzuma gisubira inyuma kuri bumwe mu buryo bune bwo kwangirika - kandi buri kimwe muri byo cyakozwe mbere yuko inzugi z'amakontena zifungwa, ntabwo bigibwaho impaka nyuma yo gukingura.Iyi mfashanyigisho igenzura ingaruka zo kohereza mu buryo bukurikiranye: uburyo imiyoboro yangirika, uburyo ipaki ibyirinda, uburyo gahunda yo gupakira ikomeza guhagarara neza mu gasanduku ka toni 20, uburyo inyandiko na Incoterms bigena uwishyura iyo gukumira byananiranye, n'icyo ububiko bwawe bugomba gukora mu minota mirongo itatu ya mbere nyuma yo kuhagera.
- Kwangirika kwa conductor coil mu nzira biza mu buryo bune - guhindagurika kw'imashini, kureba kure, gushonga k'ubushuhe no gusohoka k'umugozi - kandi buri kimwe gihuza urwego runaka rwo gupakira.
- Kode ya IMO/ILO/UNECE CTU ni yo ikoreshwa ku isi hose mu gupakira amakontena, gukwirakwiza ibiro no kubika imizigo, kandi ifata gupakira nabi nk'intandaro y'ibibazo byinshi byo gutwara ibintu.
- Gahunda yo gupakira imizigo igomba kubahiriza umutwaro ntarengwa w’imodoka kandi igakomeza uburemere bwayo hagati, kuko imizigo ikomeye n’aho idafite umutekano bituma inyinshi mu nzira zigwa.
- Incoterms 2020 igena neza igihe ingaruka zijya zimuka kuva ku mugurisha kugera ku muguzi, bityo ingingo ya Incoterm, izina ry’aho utuye n’ingingo y’ubwishingizi mu masezerano yawe ni byo bigena nyir’indishyi.
- Uruganda rwacu rwohereza insinga za CCS zigera ku metero 100.000 buri kwezi zivuye i Ningbo cyangwa i Shanghai, zifite imigozi ipfunyitse kandi ipfunyitse nk'ipaki isanzwe yo kohereza mu mahanga.
Ishusho y'ubwikorezi bwangiritse: ni ubuhe buryo bune bwo gutsindwa bwica imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi?
Nshyira buri foto yose yangiritse ku meza yanjye mu byiciro bine, kandi ndashaka ko umenya amazina yayo yose uko ari ane.Ubwa mbere, gushwanyaguza ibintu: imigozi ipakiye munsi y'imizigo iremereye igera ku mpande aho kuba izengurutse, kandi umugozi w'impande ntuzatanga umusaruro ku mugozi uhambiriye cyangwa ukurura.Tubona telescoping ya kabiri: imipfundikizo y'imbere ya coil irasesekara ku ruhande hanyuma igafunga umugozi, akenshi nyuma yuko coil ibitswe cyangwa izamuwe ku murongo utari wo. Tubara oxidation y'ubushuhe bwa gatatu: gushonga kw'ibikoresho bisiga ibara ry'icyatsi kibisi cyangwa ry'umukara ku buso bw'umuringa, nubwo ari ubwiza, bituma abakiriya banga uwo mugozi iyo bawubonye. Tugaragaza umugozi usohoka wa kane: umugozi uciwe urekura imbaraga zabitswe mu mugozi, maze metero amagana z'umugozi zigaturika mu cyari cy'inyoni nta mukozi ushobora kongera kuzizunguruka.
Turagusaba kureba icyo izi ngingo enye zihuriyeho.Nta na kimwe muri byo gifite inenge ku bicuruzwa, kandi nta na kimwe muri byo kibaho mu nyanja ku bw'amahirwe make — buri kimwe ni icyemezo cyo gupakira cyangwa gupakira umuntu cyafashwe, cyangwa cyananiranye, aho cyaturutse.Kubera ko uburyo bwo gutsindwa buzwi kandi bufite aho bugarukira, uburyo bwo kwirinda nabwo burazwi kandi bufite aho bugarukira, kandi iyo ni inkuru nziza ku gipimo cy'ubusembwa bwawe.
Gupakira ni ubwubatsi, si ugupfunyika: ni ibihe bice bikora akazi koko?
Akenshi tubona abaguzi bandika "export standard packing" mu ibwiriza ry'ubuguzi maze bakeka ko interuro isobanura ikintu runaka. Ntabwo ari byo — kandi tuyikunda muri ubwo buryo, kuko itwereka imiterere nyayo y'ibicuruzwa.Paki yacu isanzwe ya koili yoinsinga y'icyuma ipfutse umuringanaUmuyobozi wa CCS wataye umurongoIkora imbere igana inyuma: umugozi uhambirwa ku murambararo w’imbere wagenwe, uhambirwa n’imigozi myinshi kugira ngo umugozi utazigera urekurwa, upfundikirwa muri firime yoroshye kugira ngo itaba yangirika, ufunze n’umugozi w’ubushuhe ku kuguru kw’inyanja, hanyuma ugashyirwa ku ipantalo cyangwa ku ruziga rwawo.Buri cyiciro gisubiza bumwe mu buryo bune bwo gutsindwa - gukuraho urwego hanyuma wongere ufungure gutsindwa guhuye.
Dutekereza ko icyemezo cyo gufata pallet ugereranije n'igare gikwiye kwitabwaho cyane, kuko ariho abaguzi bakunze kutagaragaza neza.Ingufu zometseho pallet ni amahitamo ahendutse ku bubiko bushobora kwangirika no ku maguru magufi yo mu gihugu; ingufu z'ibiti cyangwa iz'icyuma ni amahitamo meza iyo ingufu zizungurutswa, zigashyirwamo, cyangwa zikishyurwa zivuye ku ngufu aho zigenewe.Mu biciro byacu byo kohereza mu mahanga, gupakira amapine akenshi bihenda hagati ya 10% na 15% ugereranyije no gupakira amapine kuri kondakita imwe, ahanini bitewe n'ibiti, ibikoresho n'igihe cyo kuyikoresha - kandi ku nzira zigoye zo gupakira amapine menshi ni bwo bwishingizi buhendutse mu buryo bwose. Ku murongo wacu wo gupakira, kugenzura ubushuhe bikorera ku nzira iringaniye: agapapuro k'inzitizi hamwe n'umuti wo koza imbere mu gipfunyika, kandi ku nzira ndende zo mu gice cy'isi cya equator turasaba n'inkingi zo koza amapine zo mu bwoko bwa konteyineri.
Gahunda yo gupakira imodoka ni ikibazo cy'imibare: ni gute wakora isanduku ya toni 20 idafite amakosa?
Tureba ingaruka z’ibyago mu gasanduku k’icyuma iyo imiyoboro imaze kuva ku murongo wo gupakira - agasanduku kazamurwa, kagatabwa, kakazingwa kandi kagahengama mu gihe cy’ibyumweru byinshi. Icyitonderwa ku isi yose cy’ibibera muri ako gasanduku niKode ya IMO/ILO/UNECE CTU, ikubiyemo ikwirakwizwa ry'ibiro, kuziba no gukingira, hamwe n'uruhererekane rw'inshingano zo gupakira - hamwe n'amatsinda yo gukumira igihombo muriTT Club na UK P&I Clubbavuge mu buryo bweruye ko gupakira nabi no gufunga imizigo nabi ari byo bitera ibibazo byinshi mu ruhererekane mpuzamahanga rw’ibicuruzwa.Dufata gahunda yo gupakira nk'uburyo bwo gukora: aho uruziga ruherereye, uburemere kuri buri murongo, gufunga no gufunga birashyirwaho mbere yo gushyiramo ibintu, kandi dufata amafoto kuri buri cyiciro kugira ngo gahunda n'ibimenyetso bijyane hamwe.
Dushyira ahagaragara amategeko abiri yo muri kode nk'ay'ingenzi cyane ku mutwaro w'imodoka.Ubwa mbere, shyira mu gaciro umutwaro: igikoresho cyumye gifite uburebure bwa metero 20 gitwara toni zigera kuri 28 z'umutwaro, ariko imizigo y'icyuma kinini igera kuri ubwo buremere mbere yuko yuzura ubwinshi - kondakita igabanya uburemere bwayo, ntabwo ifata umwanya.Icya kabiri, ni ukwica icyuho: ahantu hose hatagira ikintu kigaragara hatuma imizigo ikomeza umuvuduko, kandi umuvuduko w’ibiro 500 ufite umuvuduko ni nk'igikoresho cyo gukubita. Kubera ko ibyuma bikoresha umuringa biri mu bintu bicucitse cyane mu mizigo isanzwe, ingengo y’imari yo kubifunga no kubishyiraho si yo yo kuzigama amafaranga.
Impapuro zishobora kwimuka mbere y'uko ubwato bubikora: ni izihe nyandiko na Incoterms bikurinda?
Tubishyize muri ubu buryo kuri buri muguzi mushya: gukumira ibyangiritse ni byo bigena niba ikirego gihari, kandi amasezerano ni yo agena uwishyura.MunsiIncoterms za ICC 2020, ibyago biva ku mugurisha bijya ku muguzi ahantu hazwi neza - mu bwato buri munsi ya FOB, aho bujya munsi ya CIF cyangwa DAP - kandiUbuyobozi bwa Incoterms bwa Minisiteri y'Ubucuruzi ya AmerikaItanga igitekerezo kimwe cy'ingirakamaro: andika itegeko, ahantu hiswe na verisiyo mu masezerano, kuko "FOB China" idafite icyambu ni impaka zitegereje kubaho.Mu gitabo cyacu cy’amabwiriza, abaguzi benshi b’imodoka zitwara imizigo bahitamo FOB Shanghai cyangwa Ningbo bafite ubwishingizi bwabo bwite bwo mu mazi, cyangwa CIF aho ijya - buri kimwe muri ibyo bikorwa, igihe cyose umuntu, ahantu runaka, afite ubwishingizi butanga izina ry’imizigo.
Dufata inyandiko nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi ku kirego cyawe.Ipaki yacu isanzwe yo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga — inyemezabuguzi y’ubucuruzi, urutonde rw’ibipakiye, icyemezo cy’aho bikomoka, inyemezabwishyu y’imizigo, ndetse no ku busabe, raporo y’igenzura ry’ibicuruzwa mbere yo koherezwa — itegurwa rimwe na rimwe kandi ikagusuzumwa mu gihe kontineri iri ku mazi.Twigisha ingeso ebyiri zihindura iyi mpapuro mu buryo bw’ukuri. Ubwa mbere, fotora aho ibintu bishyirwa: aho ibintu bishyirwa, aho bishyirwa, aho bishyirwa n’inomero y’ikimenyetso, byose bishyizweho ikimenyetso cy’igihe. Icya kabiri, huza ikimenyetso n’urutonde rw’ibipakiye mbere yo gusinya inyemezabwishyu yo kohereza ibicuruzwa. Kubera ko imizigo ivuga ko ikiriho kandi igapfa iyo habayeho ibimenyetso, umuguzi ushobora kwerekana uko kontineri imeze ku mpera zombi z’urugendo aba afite ukuboko gukomeye gushoboka.
| Igihembwe | Ingaruka z'ibyago zijya ku muguzi | Ubwishingizi busanzwe butegurwa na | Ikwiranye neza cyane |
|---|---|---|---|
| EXW Xinchang | Ku irembo ry'uruganda rwacu | Umuguzi | Abaguzi bafite itsinda ryabo ry’ibijyanye n’itumanaho mu Bushinwa |
| FOB Shanghai / Ningbo | Mu bwato | Umuguzi | Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga benshi — ijambo rikunze gukoreshwa cyane muri twe |
| Icyambu cya CIF kijyaho | Mu bwato (umucuruzi ategura igipfukisho) | Umugurisha (ubwishingizi buke - kuvugurura amasezerano) | Abaguzi badafite ubwishingizi |
| Ububiko bw'umuguzi wa DAP | Aho hagenewe kujya hazwi | Umugurisha | Abatumiza ibicuruzwa ku nshuro ya mbere bifuza igiciro kimwe bava mu nzu bajya mu yindi |
Iminota mirongo itatu ku muryango w'ububiko: kwakira igenzura birinda iki mu by'ukuri?
Tubwira abaguzi ko amahirwe yabo ya nyuma yo kurinda ikirego ari igihe imiryango y’ububiko bwabo ifunguye.Turasaba buri muguzi gukora gahunda imwe y'iminota mirongo itatu: gufotora kashe mbere yo kuyikata, kwandika inomero za kashe n'ibice by'ibikoresho ukurikije umushinga w'imodoka, gufotora icyuma mbere yuko ikintu cyose kigenda, kwandika imiterere y'uruziga cyangwa ubushuhe bugaragara ku nyemezabwishyu yo gutanga, no gupima kashe y'icyitegererezo ukurikije urutonde rw'ibipakiye.Gutanga reservation byanditse kuri risiti yo kohereza icyo gihe nibyo bibungabunga uburenganzira bwawe; umukono usobanutse uhindura ikibazo kigaragara kikaba ikibazo cyawe.
Twaretse igenzura ryimbitse rigategereza izuba n'intebe yo gukoreraho, ariko ntabwo byatinze cyane — amadirishya yo gusaba serivisi z'ubwikorezi ni magufi.Kuramo umugozi umwe kuri buri murongo wa palati, reba neza ubuso bw'umuringa niba nta girangi rya ogisijeni ririmo, reba neza umurambararo w'imbere wa kola ukurikije ibyagenwe, hanyuma wemeze umubare w'imigozi hanyuma uhuze n'urupapuro rw'amakuru.Kubera ko imiyoboro yacu yoherezwa ifite inomero z'ibice ijyanye n'inyandiko z'umusaruro, itandukaniro iryo ari ryo ryose ufotora rihita rigaruka ku itsinda ry'umusaruro runaka ku ruhande rwacu, bigatuma ibirego byemewe byihuse aho kuba ibyo guhangana.
Uko umurongo wacu wo gupakira ufata kontineri yawe: ni izihe meli ziva Xinchang?
Dukora byose hejuru yacu, aho kubisaba abandi.Umuyoboro wacu wo gupakira uhuza umuyoboro w’ibikoresho ukurikije ingano yagenwe y’ibizingo, ugahambira buri kintu cyose gipfunyika, ugapfunyika kandi ugafunga ubushuhe, ugashyiramo palati cyangwa ugafunga inzira yawe, ugashyiraho igishushanyo mbonera cyanditse, hanyuma ugafata amafoto y’ibyo washyize muri dosiye yawe - hanyuma ugategura inyemezabuguzi, urutonde rw’ibipaki n’icyemezo cy’aho byaturutse mu gihe ikintu kiri ku mazi.Ku bijyanye n'ubushobozi n'uburyo ibintu bikomeza gukora, reka nsubiremo ku mapaji yacu yemewe: uruganda rwacu rwa Xinchang rufite metero kare 3.000 rukora abakozi barenga 40 bakora akazi ko gutunganya no gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa, kandi rufite itsinda ry'abantu 5 rishinzwe ubushakashatsi n'iterambere, rukagera kuri metero 100.000.insinga y'icyuma ipfutse umuringaburi kwezi hamwe n'insinga y'umuringa idafite ibaramu buziranenge bwa 99.97%, kohereza ibicuruzwa mu bihugu birenga 60, kandi byageze kuri miliyoni 15 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu byoherezwa mu mahanga mu 2022. Ubuziranenge bugenzurwa na ISO 9001:2008 — bushobora kwemezwa kuriurupapuro rwemewe rwa ISO 9001— kandi abaguzi bakeneye gupimwa amashanyarazi ku ruhande rwa gatatu bashobora kwemezaCEPRI, urwego ruzwi rw’amategeko rushinzwe raporo z’ibizamini by’ibikoresho by’ubutaka. Umuryango w’umuyobozi wuzuye wicaye muicyiciro cy'insinga z'icyuma zipfutse umuringa.
Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa
Ni ubuhe buremere n'ingano by'imigozi ngomba gusobanura ku gutumiza ibintu byinshi?
Turakugira inama yo guhera ku bikoresho byawe byo gutwara: abaguzi benshi bagura hagati ya kg 300 na kg 800 kuri buri koyili ifite umurambararo w'imbere aho bahagarara neza. Tubwire ubushobozi bwawe bwo guterura imodoka n'uburyo bwo kuyikoresha, maze tuzayihuza aho kuyikoresha mu buryo butunguranye.
Amapaleti cyangwa imigozi - nahitamo nte?
Dutanga inama ku mapaki yo kubikamo ibintu bishobora kwangirika no kunyura mu bubiko butaziguye, hamwe no kuzunguruka igihe imigozi izingururwa, zikongera gushyirwamo, cyangwa zishyurwa aho zigenewe. Uburyo bwo gufunga buhenda cyane ariko buzishyura ku nzira nyinshi zo gutwara ibintu, niyo mpamvu dutanga ibitekerezo byombi iyo tubisabye.
Ni gute wakwirinda kwangirika k'ubushuhe mu nzira ndende zo mu nyanja?
Agace gasanzwe k’ibice byacu ni agapira koroshye gafite umugozi ufunze kuri buri ruziga, gafite umuti wo kogosha imbere mu gipfunyika; ku nzira ndende zo mu gice cy’isi, twongeramo umuti wo kogosha ukoresha uburyo bwo kogosha kandi tugasaba ko igenzura ry’agasanduku k’ibice byumye mbere yo gushyiramo umwuka. Ubushuhe ku bicuruzwa byacu ni gake cyane, kandi urwego rw’umugozi niyo mpamvu.
Ni toni zingahe z'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi zishyirwa mu gikoresho gifite uburebure bwa metero 20?
Dukurikije inyandiko zacu zo gupakira, imizigo y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi irushaho kuba myiza mbere y’uko ingano ikwirakwira: GP ya 20′ irenga toni 28 z’umuzigo wayo, ubusanzwe bivuze ko ari hagati ya toni 35 na 55 bitewe n’uburemere bw’imizigo. Igereranya ryacu ryavuzwe haruguru riguha uburyo nyabwo bwo gukoresha igishushanyo mbonera cy’imizigo yawe.
Ni iyihe Incoterm usaba abatumiza ibicuruzwa ku nshuro ya mbere?
Ubusanzwe dukoresha uburyo bwa mbere bwo gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga (CIF) dukoresheje ingingo y’ubwishingizi bw’ibintu byose bishobora guteza akaga, cyangwa DAP iyo bashaka igiciro kimwe cyo kuva ku nzu kugeza ku nzu. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa bafite uburambe bafite ibyo batumiza mu mahanga bakunze gufata FOB Shanghai cyangwa Ningbo, ibi bikaba bituma imikoranire yabo y’imizigo ikomeza kuba myiza.
Ni izihe nyandiko zizanwa n'ibicuruzwa by'ingenzi?
Seti yacu isanzwe ni inyemezabuguzi y'ubucuruzi, urutonde rw'ibipakiye, icyemezo cy'aho ibicuruzwa bikomoka n'inyandiko y'imizigo, hamwe n'amafoto yo gushyiramo ibintu, kandi iyo ubisabye, raporo y'igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa mbere yo koherezwa. Turagusunika byose mu gihe kontineri iri ku mazi, kugira ngo umuhuza wawe wa gasutamo abashe kubikemura mbere y'igihe.
Nakora iki niba insinga zangiritse?
Mbere yo kubyimura, andika ibyangiritse ku nyemezabwishyu yo kubizana, hanyuma ubitumenyeshe twese hamwe n'ushinzwe gutwara ibintu mu idirishya ryo gusaba. Kubera ko buri koili ifite umubare munini ujyanye n'inyandiko zacu z'umusaruro, dushobora gukurikirana ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyangiritse mu itsinda ryacyo no gukemura ibibazo byemewe vuba.
Gutegura itegeko ryo gutumiza imodoka nyinshi?
Ohereza imiterere y'umuyoboro wawe, ingano ya koyili, aho ugana n'uburyo bwo kuwukoresha — tuzagusubiza gahunda yo gupakira, igiciro cyo gupakira n'igiciro cy'uruganda hamwe n'ipaki yuzuye y'inyandiko zo kohereza mu mahanga.
Jane Yang— Umuyobozi ushinzwe ubucuruzi, Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
Jane amaze imyaka 12 akora ku biro byo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga by’uruganda rwacu rushinzwe kurinda inkuba n’imirabyo, afasha abatumiza n’abakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa kwimura imashini zikora ibikoresho byo gufunga ibintu mu butaka zikoresheje uburyo bwa tekiniki, gahunda zo gupakira amakontenari n’inyandiko zuzuye zo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 23 Nzeri 2026