Isikhokelo sophicotho lokuthobela imithetho sabangenisi kunye nabasasazi besiFrentshi — oko ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-NFC 17-102 ikuqinisekisayo ngokwenene, amaxwebhu amane ekufuneka afunwe ngaphambi kokuba kuthunyelwe isikhongozeli sokuqala, kunye neendlela ezintathu zokuziphatha zababoneleli ezibonisa umngcipheko wokwenyani wokuthobela imithetho.
- I-NFC 17-102 ngumgangatho wesizwe waseFransi (iNorme Française C 17-102) olawula izitishi zomoya ze-Early Streamer Emission, kwaye ikwayindlela eqhelekileyo abarhwebi abathetha ngayo isiFrentshi baseAfrika xa besala ukuthunyelwa kwe-ESE okungathobeliyo imithetho kwindawo abaya kuyo.
- Kwiingxelo ezili-168 zamaxwebhu esizilungiselele abangenisi phakathi kowama-2024 nowama-2026, eyona ngxaki ixhaphakileyo yokuthobela imithetho (38% yeepakeji) yayikukungabikho kwencwadi yokufakela ngolwimi lwesiFrentshi — ukusilela kwamaxwebhu, ukusilela kwemveliso, kwaye yeyona ilula ukuyilungisa kwinqanaba leekowuteshini.
- Amaxwebhu amane ekufuneka umntu ongenisa impahla afumane ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe ngala: ingxelo yovavanyo lwelebhu ye-NFC 17-102 ene-voltage ephezulu, isatifikethi sokubhengezwa kokusebenza okanye sokuthobela imiqathango se-CE, incwadi yesikhokelo yokufaka yolwimi lwesiFrentshi, kunye namaxwebhu olawulo lwemveliso yefektri.
- Iindlela ezintathu zokuziphatha zabathengisi kufuneka zimise isivumelwano: ukwala ukwabelana ngengxelo epheleleyo yovavanyo lwePDF, ukubonisa ingxelo engaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kokunika uvavanyo olutsha, kunye nokutshintsha amagama elebhu phakathi kweekowuteshini ngaphandle kwengcaciso.
- NgokweIsakhelo sokumisela umgangatho se-AFNOR, ingxelo yovavanyo kufuneka ivele kwilabhoratri evunyiweyo yiCOFRAC esebenza phantsi kwe-ISO/IEC 17025; umngenisi angaqinisekisa ukuqinisekiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiUphendlo lukawonke-wonke lwe-COFRACngaphambi kokusayina umyalelo wokuthenga.
- ZethuUmgca we-ESE wokuthintela umbaneithumela ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-NFC 17-102 yangoku, iphakheji yokuthobela amaxwebhu amane, kunye namaxwebhu olwimi lwesiFrentshi, kuba imakethi yesiFrentshi imalunga nesinye kwisithathu somthamo wethu wonyaka we-ESE arrester.
Umthengisi wempahla e-Abidjan undithumelele ingxelo yovavanyo enamaphepha angama-47 kunyaka ophelileyo, ebuza ukuba ingaba isixhobo sokubopha i-ESE awayeza kusifaka kwi-container sasihambelana ne-NFC 17-102 na. Izinto ezintathu zazingalunganga ngephakheji: ingxelo yayineminyaka eli-11 ubudala, yayikhutshwe yilabhoratri ekungekho mntu unegunya lombane lendawo yakhe owakha weva ngayo, kwaye inombolo yesalathiso semveliso eprintiweyo kwikhava yengxelo yayingangqinelani nayo nayiphi na imveliso kwi-odolo yakhe yokuthenga. Wayesele ethumele i-advance ebalulekileyo kumthengisi, i-container yayiza kufuneka ifike echwebeni kwiintsuku ezili-11, kwaye umxhasi wakhe we-inshurensi e-Abidjan wayesele emxelele ngokubhaliweyo ukuba isakhiwo asizukuba ne-inshurensi ngaphandle kokuba i-ESE inengxelo yovavanyo lwe-NFC 17-102 yangoku.
Eso sicelo sesona sizathu sesi sikhokelo. Emva kweminyaka eli-17 ndisenza izikhululo zomoya ze-ESE kwimarike yokuthumela ngaphandle yesiFrentshi — iFrance, iBelgium, iCôte d'Ivoire, iSenegal, iCameroon, iMorocco — ndidlule phantse kuphicotho olufanayo lokuthobela imithetho izihlandlo ezininzi, kwaye iipateni endizibonayo kwicala lokungenisa impahla ziyafana kakhulu. Amaxwebhu amane ekufuneka wonke umthengisi afune ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe, iindlela ezintathu zokuziphatha zomthengisi ekufuneka zimise isivumelwano, kunye nenkqubo yokufunda ingxelo enamanyathelo amahlanu ngezantsi zezona zinto ndizithumela ngoku kumthengi ngamnye omtsha obuza ukuba ngaba umthengisi wakhe uyathobela na umthetho.
Eli nqaku libhalelwe ngokukodwa abathumeli kunye nabasasazi beFrench, kuba ukuthobela i-NFC 17-102 kunengqiqo yayo engadluli ngokupheleleyo kwi-IEC 62305 okanye kwi-NFPA 780 practice. Ukuba uthengisa ii-ESE arresters eFransi, kwiFrench Africa, okanye nakweyiphi na iprojekthi apho umkhweli weinshorensi ebhekisa kwi-NFC 17-102 ngokukodwa, lonke eli nqaku yinkqubo yokuhlolwa kweencwadi endingayiqhuba kumthengisi wakho olandelayo.
Yintoni kanye kanye evavanywa yi-NFC 17-102 ukuba incwadana ayidla ngokuyitsiba?
I-NFC 17-102 yapapashwa yi-AFNOR (umbutho wemigangatho yesizwe saseFransi) kwaye yeyona migangatho yesizwe kuphela ehlabathini echaza indlela ethile yovavanyo lwezikhululo zomoya ze-Early Streamer Emission. Uninzi lwabangenisi endisebenza nabo bacinga ukuba umgangatho "nguhlobo lwesiFrentshi lwe-IEC 62305" - akunjalo. I-IEC 62305 iphatha zonke izikhululo zomoya njengezilinganayo, ngelixa i-NFC 17-102 yabhalwa ngokukodwa ukuchaza umgaqo we-ESE: ingcamango yokuba isikhululo somoya esinegumbi le-ionization langaphakathi sinokubangela inkokheli ephezulu ngaphambi kwentonga elula yeFranklin, kwaye ngeli xesha i-advantage iguqulela kwi-radius enkulu yokhuseleko kubude obufanayo be-mast.
Uvavanyo ngokwalo luthelekiso lwelabhoratri olusebenzisa amandla aphezulu. Ilabhoratri ibeka umviwa we-ESE ecaleni kwentonga elula yokubhekisa kwicandelo elilawulwayo elinombane ophezulu, ize iqalise uthotho lokukhupha. Kwinto nganye ekhutshwayo, ilebhu ilinganisa ixesha apho i-ESE iqala khona inkokheli ephezulu ngokuchasene nexesha apho intonga yokubhekisa yenza khona. Umahluko phakathi kwezo zihlandlo zimbini lixesha elingaphambili le-ΔT (delta-T), elidla ngokubonakaliswa kwi-microseconds. Amaxabiso e-ΔT ahambelana ne-NFC 17-102 endiwabona rhoqo kwiingxelo zelabhoratri aqala kwi-25 µs ukuya kwi-60 µs, kuxhomekeke kuyilo lwegumbi. NgokweIsakhelo se-AFNOR, uvavanyo kufuneka lwenziwe kwilabhoratri evunyiweyo ye-ISO/IEC 17025 — eFransi kuthetha ukuba yindawo evunyiweyo yi-COFRAC — kwaye ingxelo kufuneka ibhekisele kuhlelo oluthile lwe-NFC 17-102 apho uvavanyo lwenziwa khona.
Isizathu sokuba oku kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kukuba i-ΔT iqhuba yonke into ngezantsi - irediyasi yokukhusela, ukuphakama kwe-mast, ubungakanani be-down-conductor, kunye nesithuba phakathi kwezinto ezibambezelayo kwisakhiwo esinye. I-ΔT ye-25 µs kubude obuqhelekileyo be-mast ivelisa irediyasi yokukhusela emalunga neemitha ezingama-45; i-ΔT ye-60 µs ivelisa kufutshane neemitha ezingama-80. Ukuba umngenisi ucaphula uyilo lokhuseleko lwesakhiwo olusekwe kwiphepha ledatha le-60 µs kodwa iyunithi yokwenyani ethunyelweyo inengxelo yovavanyo ye-25 µs, isakhiwo asikhuselekanga ngokwaneleyo kwaye umgcini-mali we-inshurensi uya kuyazi okokuqala xa ibango lifika edesikeni lakhe. Le yindlela yokusilela eguqula ukufakwa kwe-ESE kube yibango loxanduva olunamanani amahlanu, kwaye lonke uphicotho lokuthobela umthetho lukhona ukuthintela oko.
Ngawaphi amaxwebhu amane ekufuneka umntu ongenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe awafumane ngaphambi kokuba aqale ukuthumela iikhonteyina?
Ndikhe ndajonga amakhulu ezi ngxelo zophononongo lwamaxwebhu, kwaye izinto ezifanayo ezine zivela rhoqo. Umngenisi ogxininisa ekufumaneni zonke ezine ngaphambi kokuba agunyazise ukuthunyelwa ubamba malunga ne-90% yeziphene zokuthobela umthetho kwinqanaba leekowuteshini endaweni yokuba afike kwizibuko eliya apho. Ukulungiswa kwesibhedlele saseLyon sika-2024 kwandenzela le nto: umthengi wayalela ii-200 ESE arresters ezinephakheji epheleleyo yamaxwebhu olwimi lwesiNgesi - amaxwebhu amane, onke atyikityiweyo, onke agximfizwe. Isikhongozeli sokuthumela sasusa amasiko ngaphandle kwengxaki. Nangona kunjalo, ingcali yombane yokufakela eMarseille yala ukuqala umsebenzi kuba incwadi yokufaka yayingekho ngesiFrentshi. Iiyunithi ezingama-200 zahlala kwindawo yokugcina impahla yomngenisi kangangeeveki ezintandathu ngelixa uguqulelo lwalucwangciswa kwindawo eya kuyo, ukunikezelwa kweprojekthi kwehle ngekota epheleleyo, kwaye umngenisi wamkela zombini iindleko zoguqulelo kunye nesohlwayo sesivumelwano.Umbuzo omnye kwinqanaba leengcaphuno — “Ndingayibona incwadi yemiyalelo yokufakela ulwimi lwesiFrentshi ngaphambi kokuba ndifumane i-PO?” — ngewayisombulule yonke ingxaki ngemizuzwana engama-30.Nantsi into eyenziwa luxwebhu ngalunye kunye nendlela yokuluqinisekisa.
Uxwebhu 1 — Ingxelo yovavanyo lwelebhu ye-NFC 17-102 ene-voltage ephezulu.Le yimveliso ethwala umthwalo wayo yonke iphakheji yokuthobela imithetho. Ingxelo mayivele kwilebhu evunyiweyo yiCOFRAC (okanye iqumrhu elilinganayo lokuqinisekisa elivunyiweyo yiCOFRAC phantsi kwe-ILAC MRA - ngesiqhelo iCNAS eTshayina, iUKAS e-UK, i-A2LA e-US). Kufuneka ibhekisele kuhlelo oluthile lwe-NFC 17-102 (uhlelo lwangoku olusebenzayo kwiimarike ezininzi zesiFrentshi luhlelo luka-2011). Kufuneka ichaze inombolo yesalathiso semveliso evavanyiweyo. Kwaye kufuneka ixele ixesha le-ΔT kwangaphambili, eliza kusetyenziselwa ngumthumeli wempahla ukubala irediyasi yokhuseleko. Nasiphi na kwezi zinto zine zingekhoyo kwingxelo sisizathu sokungavumeleki ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
Uxwebhu 2 — Isatifikethi sokubhengezwa kokusebenza okanye sokuthobela imithetho ye-CE.Isixhobo sokubopha i-ESE esifakwe phantsi kwe-NFC 17-102 eFransi okanye kwi-francophone Africa sikwagutyungelwe yi-EU Construction Products Regulation (CPR) yomyalelo weemveliso zokwakha, oko kuthetha ukuba umngenisi udinga iSibhengezo sokuSebenza (i-DoP) phantsi kwe-EN 50575 okanye umlandeli waso, kunye nophawu lwe-CE kwimveliso kunye nokupakisha. Kwiindawo ezingezizo ze-EU (uninzi lwamazwe ase-Afrika athetha isiFrentshi), into efanayo yiSibhengezo sokuVumelana esibhekisa kwikhowudi yombane yelizwe eliya kulo. Naluphi na uxwebhu kufuneka lusayinwe kwaye lufakwe umhla, kwaye isazisi somenzi kwixwebhu kufuneka sihambelane nenkampani ebhalwe kwingxelo yovavanyo.
Uxwebhu 3 — Incwadi yemiyalelo yokufakela ngolwimi lwesiFrentshi.Esi sisiphene esibonakala rhoqo kuphononongo lwethu lwamaxwebhu: i-38% yeepakeji ezili-168 esizihlolileyo phakathi kowama-2024 nowama-2026 zazingenayo incwadi yokufaka yolwimi lwesiFrentshi ngexesha lokubhalwa kwekowuteshini, yesiNgesi kuphela ethunyelwe neempahla. Isizathu sokuba oku kubaluleke asikobuchwephesha - yindlela yokusebenza. Ingcali yombane ekwindawo eMarseille okanye eAbidjan idinga incwadi yesikhokelo ngesiFrentshi ukuze ifakelwe ngokweemfuno zokubeka isithuba kunye nokufaka umhlaba ezichazwe yi-NFC 17-102, kwaye umhloli weConsuel (waseFransi) okanye umhloli wegunya lasekuhlaleni (uninzi lwamazwe aseAfrika athetha isiFrentshi) bafuna incwadi yesikhokelo ngesiFrentshi ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa ngokuchasene nomgangatho. Incwadi yesikhokelo yesiNgesi kuphela sisiphene soxwebhu, asisiphene semveliso, kwaye umngenisi akanakuyilungisa kwindawo oya kuyo. Isisombululo kukucela incwadi yesikhokelo ngesiFrentshi kwinqanaba lekowuteshini, ngaphambi kokuba kusayinwe umyalelo wokuthenga.
Uxwebhu 4 — Uxwebhu lolawulo lwemveliso yefektri.Olu luxwebhu olubizwa ngokuba yi-“contrôle de production en usine” okanye i-CPU, kwaye bubungqina bokuba umenzi uqhuba inkqubo yemveliso ehambelanayo — kungekuphela nje ukuba iyunithi enye iphumelele uvavanyo olunye. Kwifektri yaseTshayina, i-CPU idla ngokuthatha uhlobo lwesatifikethi se-ISO 9001 kunye noxwebhu lwenkqubo yokulawula imveliso yangaphakathi yefektri, kunye nenombolo yesalathiso yemveliso efanayo ebonakala kwingxelo yovavanyo. I-CPU luxwebhu oluthethwa ngumthengi okanye ngumhloli xa befuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyunithi ethunyelwe kule nyanga yintsapho efanayo yemveliso ephumelele uvavanyo ngo-2024.
Uyifunda njani ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-NFC 17-102 njengoMphicothi weLabhoratri?
Ingxelo yovavanyo yePDF idla ngokuba namaphepha angama-30 ukuya kuma-60, kwaye amaphepha amalunga nama-5 esibonakaliso sokuthobela imithetho angcwatywe kulo lonke uxwebhu. Abahloli beengxelo abangaphandle abangazange bafunde elinye ngaphambili badla ngokujonga iphepha elingaphandle kunye nesishwankathelo seziphumo zovavanyo, baze basayine. Nantsi indlela endifunda ngayo ingxelo xa umngenisi endicela ukuba ndihlole elinye, kunye nento ebaxelela yona icandelo ngalinye.
Inyathelo 1 — Igama lelebhu kunye nokuqinisekiswa.Iphepha elingaphandle okanye ibhloko yesiginitsha yengxelo ibiza ilabhoratri ekhuphayo. Jonga oku ngokuchasene nesiseko sedatha seCOFRAC aphacofrac.fr/enphantsi kovavanyo lwe-ISO/IEC 17025. Ukuba ilebhu ayikho kuluhlu lwe-COFRAC, cela uvavanyo lwesibini kwiziko elivunyiweyo. Igama lelebhu lelona phutha liqhelekileyo kwiiphakheji esizihlolayo — i-19% yeephakheji ezili-168 eziphononongiweyo zinengxelo evela kwilebhu egama layo lingabonakali kuluhlu lwe-COFRAC okanye lwe-ILAC MRA, nto leyo ethetha ukuba umxhasi we-inshurensi yomngenisi akayi kuyamkela.
Inyathelo lesi-2 — Umhla wokukhutshwa.Susa umhla wokukhutshwa kwiphepha elingaphandle okanye kwibhloko yesiginitsha. Ingxelo engaphezulu kweminyaka emi-5 kufuneka ibangele isicelo sokuvavanywa kwakhona, kuba indlela yaseFransi ijonga uvavanyo njengolubopheleleke kusapho lwemveliso ngexesha lokuvavanywa, kungekhona ngokwemigangatho yodwa. Malunga nama-27% eepakeji esizihlolile zinengxelo engaphezulu kweminyaka emi-5 ukususela kumhla wokukhutshwa ngexesha lokuhlolwa komngenisi, eyona ngxaki ixhaphakileyo enxulumene nomhla kwaye yeyona ilula ukuyifumana.
Inyathelo lesi-3 — Inombolo yesalathiso semveliso.Ingxelo yovavanyo idla ngokudwelisa imveliso evavanyiweyo ngenombolo yayo yangaphakathi okanye i-SKU, ngamanye amaxesha inefoto kunye nomzobo olinganayo. Qinisekisa ukuba le nombolo yemodeli iyafana ne-SKU kwi-invoyisi yorhwebo yomthengisi. Ukungalingani yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo ekuthotyelweni kwe-ESE — i-21% yeepakeji zethu eziphicothiweyo yayinengxelo yemveliso X ethunyelwa njengemveliso Y, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ukungalingani bekungengonjongo (umthengisi wayehlaziye i-SKU emva kovavanyo kodwa akazange ayikhuphe kwakhona ingxelo). Ukuhlolwa komdlalo kuthatha imizuzwana engama-30 kwaye kuthintela ukubanjwa kwerhafu enamanani amathandathu.
Inyathelo lesi-4 — Ixabiso le-ΔT.Fumana ixesha elingaphambili le-ΔT kwicandelo leziphumo zovavanyo. Ixabiso kufuneka libe phakathi kwama-25 nama-60 µs kwi-ESE eqhelekileyo. Emva koko thatha ibango le-datasheet yokukhusela umthengisi uze ulibuyisele kwifomula ye-NFC 17-102: Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔT·(i-coefficient ethile yesiza)) apho u-r yi-rolling sphere radius kwaye u-h bubude be-mast. Ukuba i-radius yokukhusela ebangiweyo yomthengisi ayifani ne-radius echazwe yi-ΔT kwingxelo, i-datasheet ayilunganga. I-radius yeemitha ezingama-80 ebangiweyo exhaswa yi-25 µs ΔT ayingqinelani ngokwezibalo kwaye kufuneka ilahlwe.
Inyathelo lesi-5 — Utyikityo.Ingxelo mayityikitywe ngumntu ogunyazisiweyo otyikitye ilebhu, igama lakhe, isihloko sakhe, kunye nomhla wokutyikitya kubonakala. I-PDF engatyikitywanga, okanye ingxelo etyikitywe kuphela ngumntu onxibelelana naye olawulayo elebhu endaweni yomntu otyikitye ochwephesha, ithathwa njengoyilo endaweni yokuba yingxelo egqityiweyo ngabanini bee-inshorensi zabangenisi abaninzi. Malunga ne-6% yeepakeji zethu eziphicothiweyo zineengxelo ezingatyikitywanga okanye ezingasayinwanga ngokupheleleyo.
Zeziphi Iindlela Zokuziphatha Zabathengisi Ezintathu Ezibonisa Umngcipheko Ophezulu Wokuthobela Imithetho?
Uninzi lwabangenisi endisebenza nabo ndigweba umthengisi we-ESE arrester kwixabiso, ixesha lokunikezelwa kwempahla, kunye ne-MOQ. Ezo mpawu zintathu azinawo ngokupheleleyo umda wokuthobela imithetho. Nazi iindlela ezintathu zokuziphatha zomthengisi endizijongayo ngoku kwifowuni yokuqala - kunye neemeko ezithile ezandifundisa ukuba ndizijonge nganye nganye. Ngayinye kwezi zinto ithathwe kubudlelwane bokwenyani bomthengisi obaphela, okanye obekufanele ukuba buphele, ngokungafaneleki.
Indlela yokuziphatha 1 — Ukwala ukwabelana ngengxelo epheleleyo yovavanyo kwiPDF.Umthengisi othumela isishwankathelo sephepha elinye kuphela, okanye othumela ingxelo ngasemva kwe-NDA esayiniweyo ethintela umngenisi ukuba abelane ngayo nomgcini-zincwadi wakhe weinshorensi, ubonisa ukuba ingxelo iqulethe ulwazi angathanda ukuba umthengi angaluboni. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo ziquka: ingxelo indala kunokuba umthengisi ebesithi, igama lelebhu alifani noko umthengi wayekucaphule, okanye ixabiso le-ΔT liphantsi kunebango lokuthengisa. Ndibukele oku kudlala nenkampani yokurhweba eYiwu ngo-2024. Babecaphule umgca we-ESE onesishwankathelo sovavanyo sephepha elinye esidwelise igama lelebhu kunye nexabiso le-ΔT, kwaye umngenisi wayesele exoxile ngomyalelo ngamandla aloo sishwankathelo. Xa ndacela ingxelo epheleleyo enamaphepha angama-47 ePDF ukuqinisekisa iphepha elingaphezulu kunye nebhloko yesiginitsha, inkampani yokurhweba yathi uxwebhu olupheleleyo luyimfihlo kwilebhu kwaye alunakwabelwana ngalo. Isizathu savela saba lula kwaye sibi kakhulu - ilebhu yayikhuphe isilungiso kwingxelo yokuqala eyathoba umgangatho woyilo lwegumbi kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva kovavanyo lokuqala, kwaye inkampani yokurhweba yayingafuni ukuba umthengi abone iphepha lesilungiso. Isivumelwano asiphumelelanga, waza umthengisi wempahla waya komnye umthengisi onephakheji yamaxwebhu ecacileyo.Ingxelo yovavanyo esemthethweni ihamba neempahla kwaye iyafumaneka kumthengi wokugqibela womthumeli ngaphandle kwemida.Umthengisi ongavumiyo ukwabelana ngayo ngaphambi kokuba i-PO ibe ngumthengisi onokumshiya.
Indlela yokuziphatha 2 — Ukubonisa ingxelo engaphezulu kweminyaka emi-5 ngaphandle kokwenza uvavanyo kwakhona.Phantse i-27% yeepakethi zethu eziphicothiweyo zazinale ngxaki, kwaye kuzo zonke iimeko impendulo yomthengisi xa wayephikiswa yayifana — “umgangatho awutshintshanga, ingxelo isasebenza.” Oku kuyinyani ngobuchwepheshe ngomgangatho kodwa akunamsebenzi kwimveliso: ilebhu ivavanye iyunithi ethile enoyilo oluthile lwangaphakathi, kwaye ukuba umthengisi utshintshe uyilo lwegumbi okanye ukufumana izixhobo ze-elektroniki ukusukela kuvavanyo, ingxelo ayisasebenzi. Iprojekthi yemisebenzi kawonke-wonke yaseCasablanca ka-2023 yenze eli tyala laba yinto ecacileyo kum. Umthengi ulungisile ukuthunyelwa kweeyunithi ezili-150 ngokuchasene nengxelo yovavanyo eneminyaka esi-7 ubudala — ingxelo yayihambelana nobuchwepheshe ephepheni, kwaye umthengisi wayephumelele ukuba umgangatho ngokwawo awutshintshanga. Umhloli wombane wegunya laseMorocco ufumene umahluko womhla kwizibuko, ukuthunyelwa kwabanjwa iintsuku ezingama-22 ngelixa uvavanyo kwakhona lwalucwangcisiwe kwilebhu yaseFransi, umngenisi wamkela iindleko zokukhululwa kwemveliso, kwaye iprojekthi yaphosa umhla wayo wokugqibela wokunikezelwa ngo-Okthobha. Iindleko zophicotho lokuqala lokuthobela umthetho kwinqanaba leekowuteshini bezinokuba yinxalenye encinci yokukhululwa kwemveliso kunye nesohlwayo zidibene.Umthengisi othembekileyo uza kuphinda avavanye imveliso, okanye abize usapho lwemveliso olungatshintshanga olugcina ingxelo yokuqala isebenza. Umthengisi ongathembekanga uza kuphikisa.
Indlela yokuziphatha 3 — Ukutshintsha amagama elebhu phakathi kweengcaphuno ngaphandle kwengcaciso.Abanye abathengisi baza kucaphula ilebhu evela kumzi-mveliso omnye kunye nelebhu eyahlukileyo evela kumzi-mveliso ongowesibini, okanye baza kutshintshela kwilebhu entsha emva kokuba ilebhu yokuqala iveze inkxalabo malunga noyilo lwemveliso. Zombini ziimpawu ezisemthethweni zokungazinzi kwekhonkco lokubonelela eziza kufunyanwa ngumthengisi njengomngcipheko wokuthobela imithetho. Sibone le ndlela ngo-2024 nomthengisi oseNingbo owasicaphula ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-LSEE yomhla ka-2023 yomgca we-ESE, emva koko watshintshela kwi-"lebhu yamaqabane aseYurophu" engabizwanga ngegama kwisicatshulwa sika-2024 ngaphandle kwengcaciso. Xa sibuza ukuba kutheni igama lelebhu litshintshile, umthengisi waqala wathi ilebhu yokuqala yayisele ithathe umhlala-phantsi kuvavanyo lwe-ESE (okwakungamanga — i-LSEE yayisasebenza), emva koko wathi uyilo lwegumbi luhlaziyiwe ngezizathu zeendleko (ezathi zabonakala zizizathu zokwenyani). Ilebhu yokuqala yayiphakamise inkxalabo malunga nokusebenza kwe-ionization yegumbi elitsha kwaye yacela uvavanyo kwakhona; umthengisi wakhetha ukufudusela ishishini kwilebhu enganzimanga kakhulu endaweni yokuhlawulela uvavanyo kwakhona.Umthengisi othembekileyo unelabhoratri enye, ingxelo enye, kunye nosapho olunye lwemveliso - kwaye yiyo kuphela indlela ehlala ihleli ngayo uphando lomngcipheko lomgcini-zincwadi weinshorensi kwindawo oya kuyo.
Kutheni Ukuthobela Ufakelo Kugqitywa Ngaphambi Kokuba I-Joint Yokuqala Idityaniswe?
Nje ukuba amaxwebhu afumaneke kwaye i-ESE arrester ikwindawo, umbuzo olandelayo wokuthobela umthetho kukufakelwa. Apha kulapho abangenisi abathengisa kwiimarike zesiFrentshi badibana khona nomgibe ongekhoyo kwi-IEC 62305 practice: phantsi kwe-NFC 17-102, ukubalwa kwe-protection-radius, ubungakanani be-down-conductor, imfuneko yokumelana nomhlaba, kunye nesithuba phakathi kwe-arresters zonke zichazwe ngumgangatho - azizozo iingcinga zobunjineli. Ufakelo olungahambelaniyo namaxabiso amiselweyo omgangatho luyasilela kwi-inshurensi survey nokuba i-ESE ngokwayo iqinisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo.
Eyona ngxaki ixhaphakileyo yokufakelwa endiyibonayo kwiiprojekthi zesiFrentshi kukubalwa kwerediyasi yokukhusela esebenzisa ixabiso le-ΔT elivela kwiphepha ledatha yokuthengisa endaweni yexabiso le-ΔT elivela kwingxelo yovavanyo. Ngokwefomula yerediyasi yokukhusela Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔL²) apho i-r yirediyasi eqengqelekayo kwaye i-h yimphakamo ye-mast, i-25 µs ΔT inika malunga nerediyasi yokukhusela engama-45 eemitha ngelixa i-60 µs ΔT inika malunga neemitha ezingama-80. Ukuba umfakeli usebenzisa ibango lokuthengisa (iimitha ezingama-80) kodwa ingxelo yovavanyo ibonisa i-25 µs (eya kuthethelela iimitha ezingama-45 kuphela), isakhiwo asikhuselekanga ngokwaneleyo kwaye ukufakwa akuhambelani nemithetho. Ndiyibukele le ndlela yokusilela isenzeka kwi-retrofit yesibhedlele e-Abidjan ngo-2024. I-ESE ngokwayo yayiqinisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo - amaxwebhu apasiswa ngaphandle kwengxaki kwi-customs - kodwa ingcali yombane efakelweyo kwindawo yayisebenzisa ii-25 mm² copper down-copper endaweni ye-50 mm² ubuncinci obuchazwe yi-NFC 17-102 kufakelo oluqhelekileyo, kuba intambo ye-25 mm² yayisele ikwindawo evela kumsebenzi owahlukileyo kwaye umhla wokugqibela wonikezelo wawuqinile. Ukuhlolwa kwe-NFC 17-102 ngexesha lonikezelo akuphumelelanga kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo le-down-conductor, umfakeli kwafuneka aphinde atsale yonke i-down-conductor kwisakhiwo, kwaye iprojekthi yalahlekelwa ziinyanga ezimbini kuluhlu lwexesha olukarhulumente olwalungenazo iinyanga ezimbini zokulahlekelwa. Isiphene sasingengo-ESE ngokwayo - yayimalunga noqeqesho lwamaxwebhu kuphela. Umfakeli wayesazi umgangatho ofunekayo we-50 mm², kodwa uxinzelelo lweshedyuli lwamnyanzela ukuba asebenzise oko sele kukwi-pallet.NgokweImigangatho ye-IEC, i-down-conductor sisiqingatha sesibini senkqubo yokukhusela — i-ESE eqinisekisiweyo kwi-60 µs ΔT ilungile kuphela njengentambo ethwala ukukhupha umbane emhlabeni.
Isiphene sesibini esiqhelekileyo sokufakelwa sisixhobo esinqamlezayo esingaphantsi kwe-conductor esingahambelaniyo nomgangatho. I-NFC 17-102 ichaza ubuncinci be-copper cross-section ye-50 mm² kwisixhobo esingaphantsi kwe-conductor ukusuka kwi-ESE ukuya kwi-earth termination, kunye nobuncinci be-earth-electrode resistance ye-10 ohms kwisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokufakelwa. Umfaki osebenzisa i-25 mm² copper kuba ingabizi kakhulu, okanye owamkela ukufundwa kwe-earth resistance ye-18 ohms kuba imeko yomhlaba imbi, udala isixhobo esiza kungaphumeleli kuhlolo nangona i-ESE ngokwayo iqinisekisiwe.
Yintoni Abathumeli Bempahla Abathetha IsiNgesi eAfrika Abayifunayo, Leyo Abathumeli Bempahla Abathetha IsiNgesi Abangayidingiyo Ngokwesiqhelo?
Umthengisi othengisa eCôte d'Ivoire, eSenegal, eCameroon, okanye eDRC ujongene noluhlu lwamaxwebhu olungenalo umthengisi we-EU. Igunya lombane lasekuhlaleni kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika athetha isiFrentshi aliyi kuyamkela ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-NFC 17-102 ngokwalo - bafuna ukuqinisekiswa kweSONCAP (eNigeria nakwamanye amazwe ambalwa e-ECOWAS) okanye inkqubo yeVoC (Verification of Conformity) eqhutywa liqumrhu lokuhlola elifana neSGS, iBureau Veritas, okanye i-Intertek ekuthunyelweni kwindawo eya kuyo. Kuzo zonke iingxelo zamaxwebhu ezili-168 esiziqhubele ukuthunyelwa kweFrench African phakathi kowama-2024 nowama-2026, ixesha lokukhutshwa kweVoC/SONCAP kwicala lokuya lahlulwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iintsuku ezili-9 ngokomyinge kwimpahla yaseCôte d'Ivoire edlula kwiSGS Abidjan, iintsuku ezili-11 eSenegal edlula kwiBureau Veritas Dakar, kunye neentsuku ezili-14 eCameroon edlula kwiSGS Douala. Ixabiso lidla ngokuba yipesenti encinci yexabiso lempahla, kwaye ixesha litshintshatshintshayo elibangela ukuba abathumeli abangakhange balifake kwishedyuli yabo yokuhambisa impahla — ixesha lokukhupha impahla eCôte d'Ivoire alinyanzelekanga, yinkqubo esebenza njengoko yayilwe. Umngenisi wokuqala ocinga ukuba ingxelo yovavanyo yodwa yanele uya kufumana isikhongozeli sakhe sihleli echwebeni ngelo xesha, sihlawula idemurrage yonke imihla, kwaye siphuthelwe ngumhla wokunikezelwa kweprojekthi.
Imfuneko yesibini ebhekiselele kwisiFrentshi ukuya kwiAfrika yisatifikethi esisemthethweni se-embassy. Amazwe aliqela (ngokukodwa iMorocco, iTunisia, kunye ne-DRC) afuna isibhengezo se-CE sokusebenza kunye namaxwebhu olawulo lwemveliso yefektri ukuba aqinisekiswe yi-embassy yaseTshayina aze emva koko yi-embassy yelizwe eliya kulo eBeijing ngaphambi kokuba amaxwebhu amkelwe kwi-customs. Le yinkqubo ecothayo - ukugunyaziswa kwe-embassy kunokongeza iiveki ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu kwimpahla yokuqala, kwaye umngenisi ongakhange akwenze ngaphambili uya kuhlala engalithathi ixesha elifanelekileyo.
Okwesithathu yilebheli yolwimi lwesiFrentshi kwimveliso ngokwayo. Amazwe aliqela (eCôte d'Ivoire, eSenegal) afuna ukuba imveliso iphathe ilebheli yesiFrentshi enegama lomthengisi, ireferensi yemveliso, kunye nomgangatho wokuthobela ochazwe. Umngenisi wemveliso yakhe ethunyelwa ilebheli yesiNgesi kuphela kuya kufuneka ayiphinde ayifake ilebheli kwindawo eya kuyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umhloli wengingqi ayiphawule kutyelelo lwakhe lokuqala. Umthengisi othembekileyo uya kubonelela ngetemplate yelebheli yesiFrentshi njengenxalenye yokupakisha okuqhelekileyo.
Uluhlu Lokuhlola Ukuthobela Imithetho Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa kwe-NFC 17-102
Jonga olu luhlu lokuhlola ngaphambi kokuba uvumele ukuthunyelwa kuyo nayiphi na i-oda entsha ye-ESE arrester. Yonke into kufuneka ibe ngu-EWE okanye iphawulwe njengento eyahlukileyo eyaziwayo. Umngenisi othatha nantoni na ekwikholamu ethi “HAYI” njengeyamkelekileyo wakha isiphene soxwebhu kumthwalo.
Phawula into nganye emva kokuba uyiqinisekisile ngokuthelekisa nephakheji yamaxwebhu yomthengisi. Izinto ongenakukwazi ukuziqinisekisa akufuneki ziphawulwe.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga Nokuthobela Imithetho ye-NFC 17-102 Kwabangenisi Bempahla
Ndingazi njani ukuba ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-NFC 17-102 isesekhona?
Ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-NFC 17-102 ayinalo usuku lokuphelelwa olucacileyo kwiphepha layo elingaphambili, kodwa i-French accreditation practice (COFRAC) ithatha iingxelo zelebhu ze-ESE eziphezulu njengokusebenza iminyaka emi-5 ukususela kumhla wokukhutshwa kweentsapho zemveliso ezingakhange zivavanywe kwakhona. Ukuqinisekiswa okunyanisekileyo kukubuza umthengisi umhla wokukhutshwa, inombolo yengxelo, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokuba usapho lwemveliso kwingxelo aluzange luphinde lulungiswe ukususela ngoko. Ukuba ingxelo indala kuneminyaka emi-5, okanye ukuba umthengisi utshintshe izixhobo ze-elektroniki zangaphakathi ukususela kwingxelo, kuya kufuneka uvavanye ngokutsha ngokuchasene nohlelo lwangoku lwe-NFC 17-102 ngaphambi kokuba isitya sokuqala sithunyelwe.
Ngaba ndingazingenisa ii-ESE lightning arresters ezivela eTshayina ziye eFransi ngaphandle kwesatifikethi se-NFC 17-102?
Ngokomthetho, iFransi ayikuthinteli ukungeniswa kwe-ESE arrester ngaphandle kwesatifikethi se-NFC 17-102, kodwa isakhiwo asiyi kudlula kuhlolo lwe-Consuel okanye uphando lomngcipheko lomgcini-inshorensi ngaphandle kwengxelo yovavanyo lwangoku lwe-NFC 17-102 kwimveliso efakiweyo. Ngokwenyani, esi siqinisekiso siyimfuneko kuyo nayiphi na indawo efakelweyo eqhagamshelwe kwisakhiwo sikawonke-wonke, kwindawo yemizi-mveliso, okanye nasiphi na isakhiwo esigqunywe ngumkhweli we-inshorensi yokukhusela umbane. Iiprojekthi zodwa apho umngenisi angadlula khona i-NFC 17-102 ziindawo zokuhlala zabucala ezingaphantsi kweemitha ezili-10 ukuphakama - icandelo elincinci kakhulu lemarike ye-ESE.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-NFC 17-102 kunye ne-IEC 62305 yokufakela i-ESE?
I-IEC 62305 ngumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe wokukhusela umbane kwaye iphatha zonke izikhululo zomoya ngokulinganayo — ayiwuqondi umgaqo we-ESE wenzuzo yokukhupha umbane kwangoko. I-NFC 17-102 ngumgangatho wesizwe waseFransi ochaza ngokuthe ngqo indlela iizikhululo zomoya ze-ESE ezivavanywa kwaye zifakelwa ngayo, kubandakanya ixesha elingaphambili le-ΔT (delta-T) ekufuneka i-ESE ibonise phezu kwentonga elula yeFranklin. Iprojekthi echazwe kwi-IEC 62305 iya kwamkela intonga yeFranklin okanye ikheyiji ye-mesh; iprojekthi echazwe kwi-NFC 17-102 ifuna i-ESE enengxelo yovavanyo lwangoku. Abangenisi abathengisa kwi-francophone Africa badla ngokulandela i-NFC 17-102 kuba abaniki-inshurensi babathengi babo bokugqibela bayayifuna.
Ithetha ukuthini i-ΔT kwingxelo yovavanyo lwe-ESE kwaye kutheni ibalulekile?
I-ΔT (delta-T) lithuba lexesha, elilinganiswa nge-microseconds, eliboniswa yi-ESE air terminal phezu kwentonga elula yeFranklin phantsi kweemeko zelebhu. I-NFC 17-102 ifuna i-ESE ukuba iqalise inkokheli ephezulu ngaphambi kwentonga yesalathiso, kwaye ilebhu ibala ukuba ingakanani ngaphambili - ngesiqhelo phakathi kwe-25 kunye ne-60 microseconds kuxhomekeke kwimodeli. I-ΔT ephezulu ithetha i-radius yokhuseleko enkulu efunwayo, kuba ifomyula i-Rp = f(ΔT, h, inqanaba lokhuseleko) ibeka i-ΔT ngqo kwi-protection-radius calculation. Isizathu esinyanisekileyo sokuba abangenisi kufuneka bakhathalele: i-ΔT ye-25 µs ngokuchasene ne-60 µs ngumahluko phakathi kwe-protection radius emalunga ne-45 yeemitha kunye nenye ye-80 yeemitha kubude obufanayo be-mast - eso sisiseko sobunjineli apho uyilo lofakelo lomthengi lwakhiwe khona, kwaye ixabiso elingalunganga le-ΔT lithetha ukuba isakhiwo asikhuselekanga ngokwaneleyo.
Ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-NFC 17-102 isebenza ixesha elingakanani kwi-French Africa?
Kwi-French Africa (eCote d'Ivoire, eSenegal, eCameroon, eDRC, eMorocco, eTunisia) indlela yokusebenza ngokusemthethweni iyahambelana nesikhokelo seCOFRAC kodwa ayibhalwanga ngokusemthethweni. Uninzi lwabangenisi kunye nabancedisi babo beinshurensi baphatha ingxelo yeminyaka emi-5 njengomda ophezulu osebenzayo, kwaye nayiphi na ingxelo endala kunaleyo ibangela isicelo sokuvavanywa kwakhona. Amanye amazwe - ngakumbi iMorocco phantsi kwe-NM 06.1.001 - asebenzisa imithetho yawo yokuqinisekisa engqongqo kuneminyaka emi-5. Umngenisi kufuneka abuze umthengi wokugqibela ukuba yeyiphi i-national annex esebenzayo aze aqinisekise umhla wokukhutshwa kwengxelo ngokuchasene nayo.
Ngaba ndifuna incwadi yesikhokelo yokufakela ngolwimi lwesiFrentshi kwi-ESE arrester?
Kwindawo yokufakela eFransi okanye kwilizwe laseAfrika elithetha isiFrentshi elilandela indlela yokufaka i-NFC 17-102, ewe — incwadi yokufaka kwindawo kufuneka ifumaneke ngesiFrentshi kumntu ofaka umbane kunye nomhloli weConsuel okanye uhlolo lwengingqi. Incwadi yokufaka yesiNgesi kuphela iya kuphawulwa kuhlolo lokuqala kwindawo kwaye iphathwa njengesiphene soxwebhu nokuba i-ESE ngokwayo iqinisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Umngenisi kufuneka acele incwadi yokufaka yesiFrentshi kumthengisi kwinqanaba leekowuteshini, kungekhona njengeyongezo yosuku lokuhambisa.
| Udidi olugqibeleleyo | Isabelo seepakeji ezichaphazelekayo | Inyathelo lokuqinisekisa eliyibambayo |
|---|---|---|
| Incwadi yokufakela yolwimi lwesiFrentshi engekhoyo | 38% | Cela incwadi yesikhokelo yesiFrentshi kwinqanaba leekowuteshini, ngaphambi kokuba isayinwe i-PO |
| Ingxelo yovavanyo endala kuneminyaka emi-5 | 27% | Susa umhla wokukhutshwa kwiphepha lekhava okanye ibhloko yesiginitsha uze uthelekise nomhla wanamhlanje |
| Ukungafani kwereferensi yemveliso (ingxelo xa ithelekiswa ne-invoyisi) | 21% | Jonga i-SKU kwingxelo ngokuchasene ne-SKU kwi-invoyisi yorhwebo |
| Ingxelo yovavanyo evela kwilabhoratri engavunywanga | 19% | Qinisekisa igama lelebhu elikwiIsiseko sedatha seCOFRACphantsi kovavanyo lwe-ISO/IEC 17025 |
| Isibhengezo sokusebenza se-CE esingekhoyo | 14% | Qinisekisa ukuba i-DoP isayinwe kwaye inomhla, kwaye igama lomenzi lihambelana nengxelo yovavanyo |
| Amaxwebhu olawulo lwemveliso yefektri angekhoyo | 11% | Cela isatifikethi se-ISO 9001 kunye noxwebhu lwe-CPU lomzi-mveliso olunereferensi efanayo yemveliso. |
UJane Yang· Umphathi weNtengiso, iXinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
Iminyaka eli-12 yokukhusela umbane kunye nokumisa urhwebo lwangaphandle · Iminyaka eli-17 yemveliso ye-ESE arrester kwimarike yokuthumela ngaphandle isiFrentshi.
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Ixesha leposi: Sep-04-2026