Ib phau ntawv qhia txog kev tshuaj xyuas kev ua raws cai rau cov neeg xa khoom tuaj thiab cov neeg faib khoom Fabkis - yam uas daim ntawv qhia kev xeem NFC 17-102 tau lees paub tiag tiag, plaub daim ntawv thov ua ntej xa cov thawv thawj zaug, thiab peb tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg muab khoom uas qhia txog kev pheej hmoo ua raws cai tiag tiag.
- NFC 17-102 yog tus qauv Fabkis teb chaws (Norme Française C 17-102) uas tswj hwm cov chaw nres nkoj huab cua Early Streamer Emission, thiab nws kuj yog tus qauv siv los ntawm cov neeg xa khoom thiab cov neeg sau ntawv pov hwm hauv tebchaws Africa thaum lawv tsis kam txais cov khoom xa tuaj ESE uas tsis ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm qhov chaw mus.
- Hauv 168 qhov kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv uas peb tau khiav rau cov neeg xa khoom ntawm xyoo 2024 thiab 2026, qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev ua raws li txoj cai feem ntau (38% ntawm cov pob khoom) yog phau ntawv qhia kev teeb tsa lus Fab Kis uas ploj lawm - kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tsis yog kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov khoom, thiab qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los kho ntawm theem hais nqe.
- Plaub daim ntawv uas tus neeg xa khoom yuav tsum tau txais ua ntej xa khoom yog: daim ntawv qhia txog kev sim hauv chaw kuaj mob siab NFC 17-102, daim ntawv tshaj tawm CE ntawm kev ua tau zoo lossis daim ntawv pov thawj ua raws li txoj cai, phau ntawv qhia kev teeb tsa ua lus Fab Kis, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tswj kev tsim khoom hauv Hoobkas.
- Peb tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg muab khoom yuav tsum tiv thaiv kev pom zoo: tsis kam qhia daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem PDF tag nrho, nthuav qhia daim ntawv qhia uas laus dua tsib xyoos yam tsis tau muab kev xeem dua, thiab hloov cov npe chaw kuaj mob ntawm cov lus hais yam tsis muaj lus piav qhia.
- Ib qhoAFNOR txoj kev teeb tsa tus qauv, daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem yuav tsum los ntawm lub chaw kuaj mob COFRAC uas tau txais kev pom zoo ua haujlwm raws li ISO/IEC 17025; tus neeg xa khoom tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov kev lees paub ncaj qha ntawmKev tshawb nrhiav pej xeem COFRACua ntej kos npe rau daim ntawv yuav khoom.
- Peb liESE xob laim arrester kabxa nrog daim ntawv qhia kev xeem NFC 17-102 tam sim no, pob khoom ua raws li plaub daim ntawv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua lus Fab Kis, vim tias kev ua lag luam francophone yog kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm peb cov ntim ESE arrester txhua xyoo.
Xyoo tas los, ib tug neeg xa khoom tuaj hauv Abidjan tau xa daim ntawv qhia txog kev sim 47-nplooj ntawv rau kuv, nug seb lub cuab yeej ESE uas nws tab tom yuav muab tso rau hauv lub thawv puas ua raws li NFC 17-102. Muaj peb yam tsis raug nrog lub pob khoom: daim ntawv qhia muaj 11 xyoo, nws tau muab los ntawm lub chaw kuaj mob uas tsis muaj ib tug neeg ua haujlwm hluav taws xob hauv nws cheeb tsam tau hnov dua, thiab tus lej siv khoom luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv qhia tsis phim cov khoom twg ntawm nws daim ntawv yuav khoom. Nws twb tau xa daim ntawv them nqi tseem ceeb rau tus neeg muag khoom lawm, lub thawv yuav tsum tau xa mus rau chaw nres nkoj hauv 11 hnub, thiab nws tus neeg sau ntawv pov hwm hauv Abidjan twb tau hais rau nws ua ntawv sau tias lub tsev yuav tsis raug pov hwm tshwj tsis yog tias ESE muaj daim ntawv qhia txog kev sim NFC 17-102 tam sim no.
Qhov kev hu xov tooj ntawd yog qhov laj thawj rau phau ntawv qhia no. Tom qab 17 xyoo ntawm kev siv tshuab ESE cua rau kev lag luam xa tawm francophone - Fabkis, Belgium, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Cameroon, Morocco - Kuv tau taug kev los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas kev ua raws li tib yam ntau pua zaus, thiab cov qauv uas kuv pom ntawm sab neeg xa khoom yog sib xws heev. Plaub daim ntawv uas txhua tus neeg xa khoom yuav tsum thov ua ntej xa khoom, peb tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg xa khoom uas yuav tsum tiv thaiv kev pom zoo, thiab tsib kauj ruam ntawm kev nyeem daim ntawv qhia hauv qab no yog qhov kuv xa mus rau txhua tus neeg yuav khoom tshiab uas nug seb lawv tus neeg xa khoom puas ua raws li txoj cai.
Tsab xov xwm no yog sau tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg xa khoom thiab cov neeg faib khoom francophone, vim tias NFC 17-102 ua raws li nws tus kheej lub laj thawj uas tsis hloov pauv los ntawm IEC 62305 lossis NFPA 780 kev xyaum. Yog tias koj muag ESE arresters rau Fabkis, francophone Africa, lossis txhua qhov project uas tus neeg caij tsheb pov hwm xa mus rau NFC 17-102 tshwj xeeb, qhov seem ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog cov txheej txheem kev tshuaj xyuas uas kuv yuav khiav ntawm koj tus neeg muag khoom tom ntej.
NFC 17-102 Sim Dab Tsi Tiag Tiag Uas Daim Ntawv Qhia Feem Ntau Tsis Dhau?
NFC 17-102 tau luam tawm los ntawm AFNOR (lub koom haum qauv teb chaws Fabkis) thiab yog tib lub teb chaws tus qauv hauv ntiaj teb uas txhais cov txheej txheem kuaj tshwj xeeb rau Early Streamer Emission air terminals. Feem ntau cov neeg xa khoom tuaj uas kuv ua haujlwm nrog xav tias tus qauv yog "Fabkis version ntawm IEC 62305" - nws tsis yog. IEC 62305 kho txhua lub air terminals zoo ib yam, thaum NFC 17-102 tau sau tshwj xeeb los piav qhia txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ESE: lub tswv yim tias lub air terminal nrog lub chamber ionisation sab hauv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tus thawj coj nce siab ua ntej dua li tus pas nrig Franklin yooj yim, thiab tias lub sijhawm zoo no txhais tau tias muaj kev tiv thaiv loj dua ntawm tib qhov siab mast.
Qhov kev sim nws tus kheej yog kev sib piv hauv chav kuaj hluav taws xob siab. Lub chaw kuaj mob muab tus neeg sib tw ESE tso rau ntawm ib sab ntawm tus pas ntsuas yooj yim hauv thaj chaw tswj hwm hluav taws xob siab, tom qab ntawd ua rau muaj kev tso tawm ntau zaus. Rau txhua qhov kev tso tawm, lub chaw kuaj mob ntsuas lub sijhawm uas ESE pib tus thawj coj nce mus rau saum toj piv rau lub sijhawm uas tus pas ntsuas ua. Qhov sib txawv ntawm ob lub sijhawm ntawd yog lub sijhawm ua ntej ΔT (delta-T), feem ntau qhia ua microseconds. Cov nqi ΔT ua raws li NFC 17-102 uas kuv pom ntau zaus ntawm cov ntawv ceeb toom hauv chav kuaj mob yog txij li 25 µs txog 60 µs, nyob ntawm tus qauv tsim chav. Ib qhoLub moj khaum AFNOR, qhov kev xeem yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub chaw kuaj mob ISO/IEC 17025 uas tau lees paub - uas hauv Fabkis txhais tau tias yog lub chaw uas tau lees paub los ntawm COFRAC - thiab daim ntawv qhia yuav tsum xa mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm NFC 17-102 uas tau ua qhov kev xeem.
Qhov laj thawj no tseem ceeb hauv kev xyaum yog tias ΔT tsav txhua yam mus rau sab qis - kev tiv thaiv radius, qhov siab ntawm mast, qhov loj ntawm down-conductor, thiab qhov sib nrug ntawm cov arresters ntawm tib lub tsev. Ib qho ΔT ntawm 25 µs ntawm qhov siab ntawm mast ib txwm ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv radius ntawm kwv yees li 45 meters; ib qho ΔT ntawm 60 µs ua rau ze li ntawm 80 meters. Yog tias tus neeg xa khoom hais txog kev tsim qauv tiv thaiv lub tsev raws li daim ntawv qhia 60 µs tab sis lub tshuab xa khoom tiag tiag nqa daim ntawv qhia xeem 25 µs, lub tsev tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv txaus thiab tus neeg sau ntawv pov hwm yuav paub nws thawj zaug uas qhov kev thov poob rau ntawm lawv lub rooj. Qhov no yog hom kev ua tsis tiav uas hloov ESE kev teeb tsa mus rau hauv tsib tus lej kev lav phib xaub, thiab tag nrho kev tshuaj xyuas kev ua raws cai muaj los tiv thaiv nws.
Plaub Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Twg Uas Tus Neeg Nqa Khoom Tuaj Tebchaws Yuav Tsum Tau Txais Ua Ntej Thawj Lub Thawv Xa Mus?
Kuv tau taug kev los ntawm ntau pua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv no, thiab tib plaub yam khoom cuav tuaj txhua lub sijhawm. Ib tus neeg xa khoom uas hais kom tau txais tag nrho plaub ua ntej tso cai rau kev xa khoom ntes tau kwv yees li 90% ntawm cov teeb meem ua raws li kev cai ntawm theem hais lus es tsis yog ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj mus. Lub tsev kho mob Lyon retrofit ntawm 2024 ua qhov no rau kuv: tus neeg yuav khoom tau xaj 200 ESE arresters nrog pob ntawv ua lus Askiv tiav - plaub daim ntawv, txhua tus kos npe, txhua tus stamped. Lub thawv xa khoom tau tshem tawm kev lis kev cai yam tsis muaj teeb meem. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws kho hluav taws xob hauv Marseille tsis kam pib ua haujlwm vim tias phau ntawv qhia kev teeb tsa tsis yog lus Fab Kis. 200 units zaum hauv lub tsev rau khoom ntawm tus neeg xa khoom rau rau lub lis piam thaum kev txhais lus tau npaj ntawm qhov chaw mus, qhov project handover tau poob los ntawm ib lub quarter tag nrho, thiab tus neeg xa khoom tau nqus ob qho tib si tus nqi txhais lus thiab kev nplua rau daim ntawv cog lus.Ib lo lus nug thaum lub sijhawm hais nqe lus - "Kuv puas tuaj yeem saib phau ntawv qhia kev teeb tsa ua lus Fab Kis ua ntej PO?" - yuav tau kaw tag nrho cov teeb meem hauv 30 vib nas this.Nov yog txhua daim ntawv ua dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas los xyuas nws.
Daim Ntawv 1 — Daim ntawv qhia txog kev sim hauv chaw kuaj mob siab NFC 17-102.Qhov no yog qhov khoom siv thauj khoom ntawm tag nrho cov pob khoom ua raws li txoj cai. Daim ntawv qhia yuav tsum los ntawm lub chaw kuaj mob COFRAC uas tau txais kev pom zoo (lossis lub koom haum lees paub sib npaug uas COFRAC lees paub raws li ILAC MRA - feem ntau yog CNAS hauv Suav teb, UKAS hauv UK, A2LA hauv Tebchaws Meskas). Nws yuav tsum xa mus rau ib tsab tshwj xeeb ntawm NFC 17-102 ( tsab tam sim no uas siv thoob plaws feem ntau cov lag luam francophone yog tsab xyoo 2011). Nws yuav tsum hais tus lej siv khoom uas tau sim. Thiab nws yuav tsum tshaj tawm lub sijhawm ua ntej ΔT, uas yog qhov uas tus neeg xa khoom yuav siv rau kev suav kev tiv thaiv-radius. Ib qho ntawm plaub yam khoom no uas ploj ntawm daim ntawv qhia yog qhov ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ua ntej xa khoom.
Daim Ntawv 2 - Daim ntawv tshaj tawm CE ntawm kev ua tau zoo lossis daim ntawv pov thawj kev ua raws cai.Ib qho ESE arrester ntsia raws li NFC 17-102 hauv Fabkis lossis francophone Africa kuj tseem raug them los ntawm EU Construction Products Regulation (CPR) rau cov lus qhia txog cov khoom siv hauv tsev, uas txhais tau tias tus neeg xa khoom xav tau Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Kev Ua Haujlwm (DoP) raws li EN 50575 lossis nws tus neeg ua tiav, nrog rau CE cim ntawm cov khoom thiab ntim khoom. Rau cov chaw tsis yog EU (feem ntau cov tebchaws francophone African), qhov sib npaug yog Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Kev Ua Raws Cai uas siv lub tebchaws txoj cai hluav taws xob. Daim ntawv twg los xij yuav tsum tau kos npe thiab hnub tim, thiab tus neeg tsim khoom lub npe ntawm daim ntawv yuav tsum phim lub tuam txhab uas muaj npe nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia kev xeem.
Daim Ntawv 3 — Phau ntawv qhia kev teeb tsa ua lus Fab Kis.Qhov no yog qhov tsis zoo uas feem ntau pom hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas: 38% ntawm 168 pob khoom uas peb tau tshuaj xyuas ntawm xyoo 2024 thiab 2026 tsis muaj phau ntawv qhia kev teeb tsa ua lus Fab Kis thaum lub sijhawm hais nqe, tsuas yog ib phau ntawv Askiv xa nrog cov khoom. Qhov laj thawj no tseem ceeb tsis yog kev siv tshuab - nws yog txheej txheem. Tus kws kho hluav taws xob hauv Marseille lossis Abidjan xav tau phau ntawv qhia ua lus Fab Kis los teeb tsa rau qhov chaw thiab av uas NFC 17-102 tau teev tseg, thiab tus neeg soj ntsuam Consuel (Fabkis) lossis tus neeg soj ntsuam hauv zos (feem ntau cov tebchaws African francophone) xav tau phau ntawv qhia ua lus Fab Kis los txheeb xyuas qhov kev teeb tsa raws li tus qauv. Phau ntawv qhia ua lus Askiv xwb yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tsis yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom, thiab tus neeg xa khoom tuaj yeem kho nws ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov kho yog thov phau ntawv qhia Fab Kis ntawm theem hais nqe, ua ntej kos npe rau daim ntawv xaj yuav khoom.
Daim Ntawv 4 — Cov ntaub ntawv tswj kev tsim khoom ntawm lub Hoobkas.Nov yog daim ntawv uas cov tub ceev xwm Fabkis hu ua "contrôle de production en usine" lossis CPU, thiab nws yog pov thawj tias cov chaw tsim khoom khiav cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tas li - tsis yog tias ib chav tsev dhau ib qho kev xeem xwb. Rau lub Hoobkas Suav, CPU feem ntau siv daim ntawv pov thawj ISO 9001 ntxiv rau daim ntawv txheej txheem tswj kev tsim khoom sab hauv ntawm lub Hoobkas, nrog rau tus lej siv khoom tib yam uas tshwm sim ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev xeem. CPU yog daim ntawv uas tus neeg yuav khoom lossis tus neeg soj ntsuam siv thaum lawv xav paub tseeb tias chav tsev xa khoom lub hlis no yog tib tsev neeg khoom uas dhau qhov kev xeem hauv xyoo 2024.
Koj nyeem daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem NFC 17-102 li cas zoo li tus neeg kuaj xyuas hauv chaw kuaj mob?
Daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem PDF feem ntau yog 30 txog 60 nplooj ntawv, nrog rau kwv yees li 5 nplooj ntawv ntawm cov cim kev ua raws cai faus rau hauv seem ntawm daim ntawv. Cov neeg tshuaj xyuas sab ntawm cov neeg xa khoom tuaj uas tsis tau nyeem ib qho ua ntej feem ntau nyeem dhau nplooj ntawv npog thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kev xeem, thiab tom qab ntawd kos npe. Nov yog qhov kev txiav txim uas kuv nyeem daim ntawv qhia thaum tus neeg xa khoom tuaj thov kom kuv tshuaj xyuas ib qho, thiab txhua ntu qhia lawv li cas.
Kauj Ruam 1 — Lub npe chaw kuaj mob thiab daim ntawv pov thawj.Daim ntawv npog lossis daim ntawv kos npe ntawm daim ntawv qhia no qhia lub chaw kuaj mob uas muab daim ntawv no. Siv cov ntaub ntawv no los piv rau lub ntaub ntawv COFRAC ntawmcofrac.fr/enraws li ISO/IEC 17025 kev kuaj. Yog tias lub chaw kuaj tsis nyob hauv daim ntawv teev npe COFRAC, thov kom muaj kev kuaj zaum ob los ntawm lub chaw uas tau lees paub. Lub npe chaw kuaj yog qhov tsis zoo uas tshwm sim ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov pob khoom uas peb tshuaj xyuas - 19% ntawm 168 pob khoom uas tau tshuaj xyuas muaj daim ntawv qhia los ntawm lub chaw kuaj uas lub npe tsis tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv teev npe COFRAC lossis ILAC MRA, uas txhais tau tias tus neeg sau ntawv pov hwm ntawm tus neeg xa khoom yuav tsis lees txais nws.
Kauj Ruam 2 — Hnub muab tawm.Rho tawm hnub tim uas muab tawm los ntawm nplooj ntawv npog lossis daim ntawv kos npe. Daim ntawv qhia uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 5 xyoos yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev thov kom rov kuaj dua, vim tias kev coj ua Fabkis kho qhov kev kuaj ntawd raws li khi rau tsev neeg khoom thaum lub sijhawm kuaj, tsis yog rau tus qauv xwb. Kwv yees li 27% ntawm cov pob khoom uas peb tau tshuaj xyuas muaj daim ntawv qhia uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 5 xyoos txij li hnub muab tawm thaum lub sijhawm tus neeg xa khoom tuaj tshuaj xyuas, uas yog qhov teeb meem feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog hnub tim thiab qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los ntes.
Kauj Ruam 3 — Tus lej siv rau cov khoom.Daim ntawv qhia txog kev sim feem ntau teev cov khoom sim los ntawm nws tus lej qauv sab hauv lossis SKU, qee zaum nrog daim duab thiab daim duab kos. Xyuas kom tseeb tias tus lej qauv no phim SKU ntawm daim ntawv them nqi lag luam ntawm tus neeg muag khoom. Qhov tsis sib xws yog qhov tsis ua raws li txoj cai feem ntau hauv kev yuav khoom hla ciam teb ESE - 21% ntawm peb cov pob khoom kuaj xyuas muaj daim ntawv qhia rau cov khoom X raug xa mus ua khoom Y, thiab feem ntau qhov tsis sib xws yog tsis txhob txwm ua (tus neeg muag khoom tau hloov kho SKU tom qab kev sim tab sis tsis tau tshaj tawm daim ntawv qhia dua). Kev kuaj xyuas qhov sib xws siv sijhawm 30 vib nas this thiab tiv thaiv kev ntes rau tus lej rau tus lej.
Kauj Ruam 4 - Tus nqi ΔT.Nrhiav lub sijhawm ua ntej ΔT hauv ntu cov txiaj ntsig xeem. Tus nqi yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 25 thiab 60 µs rau ESE ib txwm muaj. Tom qab ntawd coj tus neeg muag khoom daim ntawv tiv thaiv-radius thov thiab khiav nws rov qab los ntawm NFC 17-102 mis: Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔT·(qee qhov coefficient tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw)) qhov twg r yog lub vojvoog dov thiab h yog qhov siab ntawm lub mast. Yog tias tus neeg muag khoom daim ntawv tiv thaiv radius thov tsis phim lub vojvoog uas ΔT qhia rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia, daim ntawv datasheet tsis raug. Lub vojvoog 80-meter thov uas txhawb nqa los ntawm 25 µs ΔT yog lej tsis sib xws thiab yuav tsum raug tsis lees txais.
Kauj Ruam 5 — Kos npe.Daim ntawv tshaj tawm yuav tsum tau kos npe los ntawm tus neeg kos npe tso cai ntawm lub chaw kuaj mob, nrog rau lawv lub npe, lub npe, thiab hnub kos npe pom. Daim PDF tsis tau kos npe, lossis daim ntawv tshaj tawm kos npe los ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas kev tswj hwm ntawm lub chaw kuaj mob es tsis yog tus neeg kos npe rau kev tshaj lij, raug suav hais tias yog daim ntawv qauv es tsis yog daim ntawv tshaj tawm tiav los ntawm feem ntau cov neeg sau ntawv pov hwm ntawm cov neeg xa khoom tuaj. Kwv yees li 6% ntawm peb cov pob khoom kuaj xyuas muaj cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsis tau kos npe lossis ib nrab kos npe.
Peb Tus Neeg Muab Khoom Tus cwj pwm twg qhia tias muaj kev pheej hmoo siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua raws li txoj cai?
Feem ntau cov neeg xa khoom tuaj uas kuv ua haujlwm nrog txiav txim siab tus neeg muag khoom ESE arrester ntawm tus nqi, lub sijhawm ua khoom, thiab MOQ. Cov qauv peb no tsis nco qab qhov kev ua raws li txoj cai kiag li. Nov yog peb tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg muag khoom uas kuv tam sim no nrhiav rau thawj zaug hu xov tooj - thiab cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb uas qhia kuv kom nrhiav txhua tus. Txhua yam ntawm cov no yog kos los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus neeg muag khoom tiag tiag uas xaus, lossis yuav tsum tau xaus, hauv kev tsis tsim nyog.
Tus cwj pwm 1 — Tsis kam qhia daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem PDF tag nrho.Ib tug neeg muag khoom uas xa ib nplooj ntawv luv luv xwb, lossis leej twg xa daim ntawv qhia tom qab NDA uas tau kos npe uas txwv tsis pub tus neeg xa khoom los qhia rau lawv tus neeg pov hwm, tab tom qhia tias daim ntawv qhia muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv xav kom tus neeg yuav khoom tsis pom. Cov laj thawj feem ntau suav nrog: daim ntawv qhia qub dua li tus neeg muag khoom tau thov, lub npe chaw kuaj mob tsis phim qhov tus neeg yuav khoom tau hais, lossis tus nqi ΔT qis dua qhov kev thov kev lag luam. Kuv tau saib qhov kev ua si no nrog lub tuam txhab lag luam hauv Yiwu hauv xyoo 2024. Lawv tau hais ib kab ESE nrog ib nplooj ntawv luv luv uas teev lub npe chaw kuaj mob thiab tus nqi ΔT, thiab tus neeg xa khoom twb tau sib tham txog qhov kev txiav txim raws li qhov luv luv ntawd. Thaum kuv thov kom tau daim ntawv qhia tag nrho 47-nplooj ntawv PDF los txheeb xyuas nplooj ntawv npog thiab daim ntawv kos npe, lub tuam txhab lag luam tau hais tias daim ntawv tag nrho yog zais cia rau lub chaw kuaj mob thiab tsis tuaj yeem sib qhia. Qhov laj thawj tau hloov mus ua qhov yooj yim dua thiab phem dua - lub chaw kuaj mob tau tshaj tawm qhov kev hloov kho rau daim ntawv qhia thawj uas txo qis qhov kev tsim chav rau lub hlis tom qab qhov kev sim thawj zaug, thiab lub tuam txhab lag luam tsis xav kom tus neeg yuav khoom pom nplooj ntawv hloov kho. Daim ntawv cog lus tsis ua tiav, thiab tus neeg xa khoom mus rau lwm tus neeg muag khoom nrog cov ntaub ntawv pob tshab.Daim ntawv qhia txog kev kuaj mob raug cai yuav mus nrog cov khoom muag thiab muaj rau tus neeg xa khoom kawg yam tsis muaj kev txwv.Tus neeg muag khoom uas tsis kam qhia ua ntej PO yog tus neeg muag khoom uas yuav tsum taug kev tawm ntawm.
Tus cwj pwm 2 — Kev nthuav qhia daim ntawv qhia uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 5 xyoos yam tsis tau muab kev xeem dua.Kwv yees li ntawm 27% ntawm peb cov pob khoom uas tau kuaj xyuas muaj qhov tsis zoo no, thiab txhua qhov xwm txheej cov lus teb ntawm tus neeg muag khoom thaum raug tawm tsam yog tib yam - "tus qauv tsis tau hloov pauv, daim ntawv qhia tseem siv tau." Qhov no yog qhov tseeb ntawm tus qauv tab sis tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov khoom: lub chaw kuaj mob tau kuaj ib chav tsev tshwj xeeb nrog kev tsim sab hauv tshwj xeeb, thiab yog tias tus neeg muag khoom tau hloov pauv qhov tsim chav lossis kev nrhiav khoom siv hluav taws xob txij li qhov kev sim, daim ntawv qhia tsis siv ntxiv lawm. Xyoo 2023 Casablanca qhov project pej xeem ua rau qhov teeb meem no ua rau kuv pom tseeb. Tus neeg yuav khoom tau pom zoo rau 150-chav xa khoom piv rau daim ntawv qhia kev sim 7-xyoo - daim ntawv qhia tau ua raws li kev cai ntawm daim ntawv, thiab tus neeg muag khoom tau sib cav zoo tias tus qauv nws tus kheej tsis tau hloov pauv. Tus neeg soj ntsuam hluav taws xob ntawm Moroccan tau ntes tau hnub tsis sib xws ntawm chaw nres nkoj, cov khoom xa tuaj tau tuav rau 22 hnub thaum rov kuaj dua tau npaj ntawm lub chaw kuaj mob Fabkis, tus neeg xa khoom tau them cov nqi demurrage, thiab qhov project tsis tau xa nws lub sijhawm kawg ntawm lub Kaum Hli. Tus nqi ntawm kev kuaj xyuas kev ua raws li thawj zaug ntawm theem hais lus yuav yog ib feem ntawm demurrage thiab nplua ua ke.Tus neeg muag khoom ncaj ncees yuav muab kev sim dua, lossis yuav muab lub npe ntawm cov khoom tsis hloov pauv uas ua rau daim ntawv qhia thawj siv tau. Tus neeg muag khoom tsis ncaj ncees yuav sib cav.
Tus cwj pwm 3 — Hloov cov npe chaw kuaj mob ntawm cov lus hais yam tsis muaj lus piav qhia.Qee tus neeg muag khoom yuav hais nqe lus rau lub chaw kuaj mob los ntawm ib lub Hoobkas thiab ib lub chaw kuaj mob sib txawv los ntawm ib lub Hoobkas muam, lossis yuav hloov mus rau lub chaw kuaj mob tshiab tom qab lub chaw kuaj mob thawj zaug tau tsa kev txhawj xeeb txog kev tsim khoom. Ob qho tib si yog cov cim qhia tseeb ntawm kev tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj uas tus neeg xa khoom yuav tau txais los ua kev pheej hmoo ua raws li kev ua raws cai. Peb tau pom tus qauv no hauv xyoo 2024 nrog tus neeg muag khoom hauv Ningbo uas tau hais peb daim ntawv qhia kev xeem LSEE hnub tim 2023 rau kab ESE, tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau "chav kuaj mob European" uas tsis muaj npe rau xyoo 2024 kev hais nqe lus yam tsis muaj lus piav qhia. Thaum peb nug vim li cas lub npe chaw kuaj mob tau hloov pauv, tus neeg muag khoom thawj zaug hais tias lub chaw kuaj mob thawj zaug tau so haujlwm ntawm kev xeem ESE (uas yog qhov cuav - LSEE tseem ua haujlwm), tom qab ntawd hais tias qhov kev tsim qauv chamber tau hloov kho tshiab rau cov laj thawj nqi (uas tau hloov mus ua qhov laj thawj tiag tiag). Lub chaw kuaj mob thawj zaug tau tsa kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ua haujlwm ionisation ntawm lub chamber uas tau tsim dua tshiab thiab thov kom rov kuaj dua; tus neeg muag khoom tau xaiv tsiv lub lag luam mus rau lub chaw kuaj mob uas tsis nruj dua li them rau qhov kev xeem dua.Tus neeg muag khoom ncaj ncees muaj ib lub chaw kuaj mob, ib daim ntawv qhia, thiab ib tsev neeg khoom - thiab qhov ntawd yog tib qho kev teeb tsa uas muaj sia nyob los ntawm kev soj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv pov hwm ntawm qhov chaw mus.
Vim li cas kev ua raws li kev teeb tsa thiaj li txiav txim siab ua ntej qhov sib koom ua ke thawj zaug raug welded?
Thaum cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj nyob hauv tes thiab ESE arrester nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw, lo lus nug tom ntej yog kev teeb tsa. Nov yog qhov uas cov neeg xa khoom tuaj muag rau hauv kev lag luam francophone khiav mus rau hauv lub ntxiab uas tsis muaj nyob hauv IEC 62305 kev xyaum: nyob rau hauv NFC 17-102, kev suav kev tiv thaiv-radius, qhov loj ntawm down-conductor, qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis txhob muaj av, thiab qhov sib nrug ntawm cov arresters yog txhua yam tau teev tseg los ntawm tus qauv - lawv tsis yog kev txiav txim siab engineering. Kev teeb tsa uas tsis phim tus qauv cov nqi prescribable tsis ua tiav kev soj ntsuam kev pov hwm txawm tias ESE nws tus kheej tau ntawv pov thawj tag nrho.
Qhov teeb meem feem ntau uas kuv pom hauv cov haujlwm francophone yog kev suav txog kev tiv thaiv-radius uas siv tus nqi ΔT los ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev lag luam es tsis yog tus nqi ΔT los ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev xeem. Raws li cov qauv tiv thaiv-radius Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔL²) qhov twg r yog lub vojvoog dov thiab h yog qhov siab ntawm lub mast, 25 µs ΔT muab kwv yees li 45-meter kev tiv thaiv radius thaum 60 µs ΔT muab kwv yees li 80 meters. Yog tias tus neeg teeb tsa siv cov lus thov kev lag luam (80 meters) tab sis daim ntawv qhia kev xeem qhia 25 µs (uas yuav ua pov thawj tsuas yog 45 meters), lub tsev tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab kev teeb tsa tsis ua raws li. Xyoo 2024, kuv tau saib qhov teeb meem no thaum kho dua tsev kho mob hauv Abidjan. Lub ESE nws tus kheej tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj tag nrho - cov ntaub ntawv tau dhau los yam tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm kev lis kev cai - tab sis tus kws kho hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw teeb tsa tau siv 25 mm² tooj liab down-conductors es tsis yog 50 mm² yam tsawg kawg nkaus uas NFC 17-102 tau hais rau kev teeb tsa ib txwm muaj, vim tias 25 mm² cable twb nyob ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm lwm txoj haujlwm thiab lub sijhawm xa khoom luv luv. Kev tshuaj xyuas NFC 17-102 thaum xa khoom tsis ua tiav ntawm qhov seem ntawm down-conductor, tus neeg teeb tsa yuav tsum rub txhua lub down-conductor ntawm lub tsev dua, thiab qhov project tau poob ob lub hlis ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm rau pej xeem uas tsis muaj ob lub hlis kom poob. Qhov tsis zoo tsis yog hais txog ESE nws tus kheej - nws yog hais txog kev qhuab qhia ntaub ntawv. Tus neeg teeb tsa paub tias tus qauv xav tau 50 mm², tab sis lub sijhawm teem sijhawm tau thawb nws kom siv yam uas twb muaj nyob ntawm lub pallet lawm.Ib qhoCov qauv IEC, tus down-conductor yog ib nrab thib ob ntawm lub kaw lus tiv thaiv - ESE tau ntawv pov thawj rau 60 µs ΔT tsuas yog zoo li lub cable uas nqa qhov tso tawm mus rau hauv av.
Qhov teeb meem thib ob uas feem ntau tshwm sim yog qhov seem ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tsis sib xws nrog tus qauv. NFC 17-102 qhia meej tias qhov seem ntawm cov tooj liab tsawg kawg yog 50 mm² rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm ESE mus rau qhov kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thiab qhov tsis kam ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm 10 ohms rau qhov kev teeb tsa ib txwm muaj. Tus neeg teeb tsa uas siv tooj liab 25 mm² vim nws pheej yig dua, lossis tus uas lees txais qhov nyeem tsis kam ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm 18 ohms vim tias cov av tsis zoo, tab tom tsim kev teeb tsa uas yuav tsis dhau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas txawm tias ESE nws tus kheej tau ntawv pov thawj.
Cov Neeg Nqa Khoom Tuaj Tebchaws hauv Francophone Africa Xav Tau Dab Tsi Uas Cov Neeg Nqa Khoom Tuaj EU Feem Ntau Tsis Xav Tau?
Ib tug neeg xa khoom mus rau Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Cameroon, lossis DRC ntsib ib txheej ntaub ntawv pov thawj uas tus neeg xa khoom EU tsis ua. Lub koom haum hluav taws xob hauv zos hauv feem ntau lub tebchaws African uas hais lus Fab Kis yuav tsis lees txais daim ntawv qhia kev xeem NFC 17-102 ntawm nws tus kheej - lawv xav tau kev txheeb xyuas SONCAP (Nigeria thiab ob peb lub tebchaws ECOWAS) lossis VoC (Kev Txheeb Xyuas Kev Ua Raws Cai) uas khiav los ntawm lub koom haum tshuaj xyuas xws li SGS, Bureau Veritas, lossis Intertek ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj ntawm qhov chaw xa khoom. Thoob plaws 168 qhov kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv peb tau khiav rau cov khoom xa tuaj ntawm Fab Kis African ntawm xyoo 2024 thiab 2026, lub sijhawm tshem tawm VoC/SONCAP sab chaw xa khoom tau tawg ua raws li nram no: 9 hnub nruab nrab rau cov khoom xa tuaj ntawm Côte d'Ivoire mus dhau SGS Abidjan, 11 hnub rau Senegal los ntawm Bureau Veritas Dakar, thiab 14 hnub rau Cameroon los ntawm SGS Douala. Tus nqi feem ntau yog ib feem me me ntawm tus nqi khoom thauj, thiab lub sijhawm yog qhov hloov pauv uas cuam tshuam rau cov neeg xa khoom uas tsis tau muab tso rau hauv lawv lub sijhawm xa khoom - lub sijhawm 9 hnub rau Côte d'Ivoire tsis yog xaiv tau, nws yog lub kaw lus ua haujlwm raws li tsim. Tus neeg xa khoom thawj zaug uas xav tias daim ntawv qhia kev xeem ib leeg txaus yuav pom lawv lub thawv nyob ntawm chaw nres nkoj rau lub sijhawm ntawd, them tus nqi demurrage txhua hnub, thiab tsis nco qab hnub xa khoom ntawm qhov project.
Qhov thib ob uas yuav tsum tau ua kom haum rau cov neeg Fabkis-African yog daim ntawv pov thawj uas tau tso cai los ntawm lub koom haum sawv cev. Ntau lub tebchaws (tshwj xeeb yog Morocco, Tunisia, thiab DRC) xav kom daim ntawv tshaj tawm CE ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab cov ntaub ntawv tswj kev tsim khoom ntawm lub Hoobkas yuav tsum tau tso cai los ntawm lub koom haum sawv cev Suav thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm lub koom haum sawv cev ntawm lub tebchaws uas xav tau hauv Beijing ua ntej cov ntaub ntawv raug lees txais ntawm kev lis kev cai. Qhov no yog ib qho txheej txheem qeeb - kev tso cai los ntawm lub koom haum sawv cev tuaj yeem ntxiv peb mus rau rau lub lis piam rau thawj qhov kev xa khoom, thiab tus neeg xa khoom uas tsis tau ua nws ua ntej yuav tsis tshua muaj sijhawm ua ntej.
Qhov thib peb yog daim ntawv lo lus Fab Kis ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej. Ntau lub tebchaws (Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal) xav kom cov khoom nqa daim ntawv lo lus Fab Kis nrog lub npe ntawm tus neeg muag khoom, qhov siv rau cov khoom, thiab tus qauv ua raws li qhov tau hais. Tus neeg xa khoom uas xa cov khoom nrog daim ntawv lo lus Askiv xwb yuav tsum tau rov ua daim ntawv lo ntawm qhov chaw mus, uas yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj uas tus neeg soj ntsuam hauv zos yuav cim thaum mus ntsib thawj zaug. Tus neeg muag khoom ncaj ncees yuav muab daim ntawv lo lus Fab Kis ua ib feem ntawm cov ntawv ntim khoom txheem.
Daim Ntawv Teev Xyuas Kev Ua Raws Cai NFC 17-102 Ua Ntej Kev Xa Khoom
Ua tib zoo saib daim ntawv teev cov khoom no ua ntej tso cai xa khoom rau txhua yam kev txiav txim tshiab ntawm ESE arrester. Txhua yam khoom yuav tsum yog YES lossis cim tias yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Tus neeg xa khoom uas suav tias txhua yam hauv kab "TSIS YOG" raws li qhov lees txais tau tab tom tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug rau hauv cov khoom thauj.
Kos cim txhua yam khoom tom qab koj tau txheeb xyuas nws raws li pob ntawv pov thawj ntawm tus neeg muag khoom. Cov khoom uas koj tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau yuav tsum tsis txhob raug kos cim.
Cov Lus Nug Feem Ntau Txog NFC 17-102 Kev Ua Raws Cai rau Cov Neeg Tuaj Tebchaws
Kuv yuav paub li cas yog tias daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem NFC 17-102 tseem tshiab?
Daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem NFC 17-102 tsis muaj hnub tas sij hawm meej meej rau ntawm nws nplooj ntawv npog, tab sis kev xyaum lees paub Fabkis (COFRAC) kho cov ntawv qhia txog kev kuaj hluav taws xob siab ESE raws li siv tau rau 5 xyoos txij li hnub muab rau cov tsev neeg khoom uas tsis tau rov kuaj dua. Qhov kev lees paub ncaj ncees yog nug tus neeg muag khoom txog hnub muab, tus lej ntawm daim ntawv qhia, thiab kev lees paub tias tsev neeg khoom ntawm daim ntawv qhia tsis tau rov tsim dua txij li thaum ntawd los. Yog tias daim ntawv qhia laus dua 5 xyoos, lossis yog tias tus neeg muag khoom tau hloov cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab hauv txij li daim ntawv qhia, koj yuav tsum xav tau kev sim tshiab tawm tsam NFC 17-102 tam sim no ua ntej thawj lub thawv xa khoom.
Kuv puas tuaj yeem xa cov khoom ntes hluav taws xob ESE los ntawm Tuam Tshoj mus rau Fabkis yam tsis muaj daim ntawv pov thawj NFC 17-102?
Raws li txoj cai, Fabkis tsis txwv tsis pub xa khoom ntawm ESE arrester yam tsis muaj NFC 17-102 daim ntawv pov thawj, tab sis lub tsev yuav tsis dhau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas Consuel lossis kev soj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo ntawm tus neeg pov hwm yam tsis muaj daim ntawv qhia kev xeem NFC 17-102 tam sim no ntawm cov khoom teeb tsa. Hauv kev xyaum, daim ntawv pov thawj yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau txhua qhov kev teeb tsa uas txuas rau lub tsev pej xeem, qhov chaw ua lag luam, lossis txhua qhov kev tsim kho uas muaj tus neeg caij tsheb pov hwm tiv thaiv xob laim. Tsuas yog cov haujlwm uas tus neeg xa khoom tuaj yeem hla NFC 17-102 yog cov chaw nyob ntiag tug hauv qab 10 meters siab - ib feem me me ntawm kev lag luam ESE.
Qhov txawv ntawm NFC 17-102 thiab IEC 62305 rau kev teeb tsa ESE yog dab tsi?
IEC 62305 yog tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb rau kev tiv thaiv xob laim thiab kho txhua lub chaw nres tsheb cua kom sib npaug zos - nws tsis lees paub lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ESE ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev tso tawm thaum ntxov. NFC 17-102 yog tus qauv hauv tebchaws Fabkis uas txhais meej tias yuav ua li cas sim thiab teeb tsa ESE cov chaw nres tsheb cua, suav nrog ΔT (delta-T) lub sijhawm ua ntej uas ESE yuav tsum ua qauv qhia hla tus pas nrig Franklin yooj yim. Ib qhov project teev rau IEC 62305 yuav lees txais tus pas nrig Franklin lossis lub tawb mesh; ib qhov project teev rau NFC 17-102 xav tau ESE nrog daim ntawv qhia kev xeem tam sim no. Cov neeg xa khoom tuaj rau hauv Fabkis teb chaws Africa feem ntau ua raws li NFC 17-102 vim tias lawv cov neeg siv khoom kawg cov neeg sau ntawv pov hwm xav tau nws.
ΔT txhais li cas rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev xeem ESE thiab vim li cas nws thiaj tseem ceeb?
ΔT (delta-T) yog lub sijhawm zoo dua, ntsuas hauv microseconds, uas lub dav hlau cua ESE qhia tau hla tus pas nrig Franklin yooj yim hauv qab cov xwm txheej hauv chav kuaj. NFC 17-102 xav kom ESE ua rau tus thawj coj nce siab ua ntej dua li tus pas nrig siv, thiab chav kuaj ntsuas seb ua ntej npaum li cas - feem ntau ntawm 25 thiab 60 microseconds nyob ntawm tus qauv. ΔT siab dua txhais tau tias muaj kev tiv thaiv loj dua, vim tias cov mis Rp = f (ΔT, h, qib tiv thaiv) muab ΔT ncaj qha rau hauv kev suav kev tiv thaiv-radius. Qhov laj thawj ncaj ncees uas cov neeg xa khoom yuav tsum saib xyuas: ΔT ntawm 25 µs piv rau 60 µs yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv radius ntawm kwv yees li 45 meters thiab ib qho ntawm kwv yees li 80 meters ntawm tib qhov siab mast - uas yog lub hauv paus engineering uas tus neeg yuav khoom tsim qauv teeb tsa, thiab tus nqi ΔT tsis raug txhais tau tias lub tsev tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv txaus.
Daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem NFC 17-102 siv tau ntev npaum li cas hauv cov neeg Fabkis teb chaws Africa?
Hauv cov teb chaws Africa uas hais lus Fab Kis (Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Cameroon, DRC, Morocco, Tunisia) txoj kev siv tau zoo yog raws li COFRAC cov lus qhia tab sis tsis tau sau ua ntaub ntawv raws cai. Feem ntau cov neeg xa khoom tuaj thiab lawv cov neeg sau ntawv pov hwm kho daim ntawv qhia hnub nyoog 5 xyoos ua qhov txwv siab tshaj plaws, thiab txhua daim ntawv qhia hnub nyoog dua li ntawd ua rau muaj kev thov kom rov kuaj dua. Qee lub teb chaws - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Morocco raws li NM 06.1.001 - siv lawv cov cai siv tau uas nruj dua 5 xyoos. Tus neeg xa khoom tuaj yuav tsum nug tus neeg siv khoom kawg seb daim ntawv txuas twg siv tau thiab txheeb xyuas hnub tim tshaj tawm daim ntawv qhia tawm nrog nws.
Kuv puas xav tau phau ntawv qhia kev teeb tsa ua lus Fab Kis rau ESE arrester?
Rau kev teeb tsa hauv Fabkis lossis lub tebchaws African uas siv NFC 17-102 los teeb tsa, yog - phau ntawv qhia teeb tsa hauv qhov chaw yuav tsum muaj ua lus Fab Kis rau tus kws kho hluav taws xob teeb tsa thiab rau tus neeg soj ntsuam Consuel lossis cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos. Phau ntawv qhia teeb tsa uas tsuas yog lus Askiv xwb yuav raug cim thaum thawj zaug tshuaj xyuas hauv qhov chaw thiab raug suav tias yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txawm tias ESE nws tus kheej tau ntawv pov thawj tag nrho. Tus neeg xa khoom yuav tsum thov phau ntawv qhia teeb tsa ua lus Fab Kis los ntawm tus neeg muag khoom thaum lub sijhawm hais nqe, tsis yog ua ib qho ntxiv rau hnub xa khoom.
| Pawg tsis zoo | Feem pua ntawm cov pob khoom cuam tshuam | Kauj ruam kev txheeb xyuas uas ntes tau nws |
|---|---|---|
| Tsis muaj phau ntawv qhia kev teeb tsa lus Fab Kis | 38% | Thov kom tau phau ntawv qhia ua lus Fab Kis thaum lub sijhawm hais nqe, ua ntej kos npe rau daim ntawv PO |
| Daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 5 xyoos | 27% | Rho tawm hnub tim ntawm nplooj ntawv npog lossis daim ntawv kos npe thiab piv rau hnub tim hnub no |
| Kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv rau cov khoom (daim ntawv qhia piv rau daim ntawv them nqi) | 21% | Tshawb xyuas SKU ntawm daim ntawv qhia piv rau SKU ntawm daim ntawv them nqi lag luam |
| Daim ntawv qhia txog kev kuaj mob los ntawm lub chaw kuaj mob uas tsis tau lees paub | 19% | Xyuas kom tseeb tias lub npe ntawm lub lab nyob rau hauvCov ntaub ntawv COFRACraws li kev xeem ISO/IEC 17025 |
| Tsis muaj daim ntawv pov thawj CE ntawm kev ua haujlwm | 14% | Paub tseeb tias DoP tau kos npe thiab hnub tim, thiab lub npe chaw tsim khoom phim cov ntawv qhia kev xeem. |
| Cov ntaub ntawv tswj kev tsim khoom ntawm lub Hoobkas ploj lawm | 11% | Thov daim ntawv pov thawj ISO 9001 thiab daim ntawv pov thawj CPU ntawm lub Hoobkas uas muaj tib daim ntawv qhia txog cov khoom. |
Jane Yang· Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Muag Khoom, Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
12 xyoos hauv kev tiv thaiv xob laim & kev lag luam hauv av txawv teb chaws · 17 xyoos ntawm kev tsim khoom ESE arrester rau kev lag luam xa tawm Fabkis.
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Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Cuaj hlis-04-2026