Umhlahlandlela wokuhlola ukuhambisana nomthetho wabangenisi kanye nabasabalalisi be-francophone - lokho umbiko wokuhlola we-NFC 17-102 okukuqinisekisayo ngempela, imibhalo emine okufanele uyifune ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwesitsha sokuqala, kanye nokuziphatha okuthathu kwabahlinzeki okubonisa ingozi yangempela yokuhambisana nomthetho.
- I-NFC 17-102 iyindinganiso kazwelonke yaseFrance (i-Norme Française C 17-102) elawula iziteshi zomoya ze-Early Streamer Emission, futhi iyindinganiso ejwayelekile esetshenziswa ngabathumeli kanye nababhali bomshuwalense base-Afrika abakhuluma isiFulentshi lapho benqaba ukuthunyelwa kwe-ESE okungahambisani nemithetho endaweni abaya kuyo.
- Kuzo zonke izibuyekezo zemibhalo ezingu-168 esizisebenzisele abangenisi phakathi kuka-2024 no-2026, iphutha elivame kakhulu lokuthobela imithetho (38% wamaphakheji) kwakuyincwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiFulentshi engekho — ukwehluleka kwemibhalo, hhayi ukwehluleka komkhiqizo, futhi okulula kakhulu ukuyilungisa esigabeni sekhotheshini.
- Imibhalo emine umthengisi wezimpahla okumele ayithole ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa yile: umbiko wokuhlolwa kwelebhu ye-NFC 17-102 enamandla aphezulu, isitifiketi sokumemezela ukusebenza noma ukuhambisana ne-CE, incwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiFulentshi, kanye nemibhalo yokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwefektri.
- Izindlela ezintathu zokuziphatha zabahlinzeki kufanele zimise isivumelwano: ukwenqaba ukwabelana nge-PDF yombiko wokuhlolwa ogcwele, ukwethula umbiko ongaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kokunikeza ukuhlolwa kabusha, nokushintsha amagama elebhu phakathi kwezingcaphuno ngaphandle kwencazelo.
- NgokweUhlaka lokulinganisa lwe-AFNOR, umbiko wokuhlolwa kumele uvele elabhorethri evunyelwe yi-COFRAC esebenza ngaphansi kwe-ISO/IEC 17025; umngenisi angaqinisekisa ukugunyazwa ngqo ku-Usesho lomphakathi lwe-COFRACngaphambi kokusayina i-oda lokuthenga.
- OkwethuUmugqa wokuvimba umbani we-ESEithunyelwa nombiko wamanje wokuhlola we-NFC 17-102, iphakheji yokuthobela imithetho yemibhalo emine, kanye nemibhalo yesiFulentshi, ngoba imakethe yesiFulentshi cishe iyingxenye yesithathu yevolumu yethu yonyaka ye-ESE arrester.
Umthengisi wezimpahla e-Abidjan ungithumelele umbiko wokuhlolwa onamakhasi angu-47 ngonyaka odlule, ebuza ukuthi ngabe i-ESE arrester ayezoyifaka yayihambisana ne-NFC 17-102. Izinto ezintathu zazingalungile ngephakheji: umbiko wawuneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, wawukhishwe yilabhorethri okungekho muntu ophethe ugesi wendawo yakhe owake wezwa ngayo, futhi inombolo yereferensi yomkhiqizo ephrintiwe esembozweni sombiko ayifani nanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo ku-oda lakhe lokuthenga. Wayesevele ethumele i-presha enenjongo kumhlinzeki, isitsha sasizofika echwebeni ezinsukwini ezingu-11, kanti umshuwalense wakhe e-Abidjan wayesemtshelile ngokubhala ukuthi isakhiwo ngeke sibe nomshwalense ngaphandle kokuthi i-ESE ibe nombiko wokuhlolwa we-NFC 17-102 wamanje.
Leso sicelo yisona sizathu salo mhlahlandlela. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-17 yokulungisa iziteshi zomoya ze-ESE zemakethe yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yama-francophone - iFrance, iBelgium, iCôte d'Ivoire, iSenegal, iCameroon, iMorocco - ngidlule cishe ekuhlolweni kokuthobela imithetho okufanayo izikhathi eziningi, futhi amaphethini engiwabona ohlangothini lwabangenisi ayafana kakhulu. Imibhalo emine okufanele wonke umngenisi ayifune ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, ukuziphatha okuthathu komhlinzeki okufanele kumise isivumelwano, kanye nenqubo yokufunda imibiko enezinyathelo ezinhlanu ngezansi yilokho engikuthumela manje wonke umthengi omusha obuza ukuthi umhlinzeki wakhe uyayithobela yini imithetho.
Lesi sihloko sibhalelwe ngqo abangenisi kanye nabasabalalisi be-francophone, ngoba ukuhambisana ne-NFC 17-102 kunomqondo waso ongadlulisi kalula kusuka ku-IEC 62305 noma ku-NFPA 780 practice. Uma uthengisa ama-ESE arresters eFrance, e-francophone Africa, noma kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi onomshwalense obhekisela kuwo ku-NFC 17-102 ngqo, ingxenye esele yalesi sihloko inqubo yokuhlola engingayisebenzisa kumhlinzeki wakho olandelayo.
Yini Evivinywa Yi-NFC 17-102 Empeleni Ethi Incwajana Ivame Ukuyeqa?
I-NFC 17-102 yanyatheliswa yi-AFNOR (inhlangano yezindinganiso zesizwe saseFrance) futhi iyona kuphela indinganiso kazwelonke emhlabeni echaza indlela ethile yokuhlola yezikhungo zomoya ze-Early Streamer Emission. Iningi labangenisi engisebenza nabo bacabanga ukuthi indinganiso "yinguqulo yesiFulentshi ye-IEC 62305" - akunjalo. I-IEC 62305 iphatha zonke izikhungo zomoya njengezilinganayo, kuyilapho i-NFC 17-102 yabhalwa ngokuqondile ukuchaza isimiso se-ESE: umqondo wokuthi isikhungo somoya esinegumbi lokufaka umoya ngaphakathi singavusa umholi ophakeme ngaphambi kwenduku elula ye-Franklin, nokuthi kulokhu inzuzo ihumusha ibe yirediyasi yokuvikela enkulu ekuphakameni okufanayo kwe-mast.
Ukuhlolwa ngokwako kuwukuqhathanisa kwelabhorethri ene-voltage ephezulu. Ilabhorethri ibeka umuntu ozongenela i-ESE eduze kwenduku elula yokubhekisela ensimini ene-voltage ephezulu elawulwayo, bese ibangela uchungechunge lokukhishwa. Ekukhishweni ngakunye, ilebhu ilinganisa isikhathi lapho i-ESE iqala khona umholi ophakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi lapho induku yokubhekisela yenza ngaso. Umehluko phakathi kwalezo zikhathi ezimbili yisikhathi esingaphambili se-ΔT (delta-T), esivame ukuvezwa kuma-microsecond. Amanani e-ΔT ahambisana ne-NFC 17-102 engiwabona kakhulu emibikweni yelabhorethri asukela ku-25 µs kuya ku-60 µs, kuye ngomklamo wegumbi. NgokweUhlaka lwe-AFNOR, ukuhlolwa kumele kwenziwe elabhorethri egunyaziwe ye-ISO/IEC 17025 — okusho ukuthi eFrance isikhungo esivunyelwe yi-COFRAC — futhi umbiko kumele ubhekisele kuhlelo oluthile lwe-NFC 17-102 lapho kwenziwa khona ukuhlolwa.
Isizathu sokuthi lokhu kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ukuthi i-ΔT ishayela yonke into phansi komfula — irediyasi yokuvikela, ukuphakama kwe-mast, usayizi we-down-conductor, kanye nesikhala phakathi kwezibambi esakhiweni esifanayo. I-ΔT engama-25 µs ekuphakameni kwe-mast evamile iveza irediyasi yokuvikela engamamitha angaba ngu-45; i-ΔT engama-60 µs iveza eduze kwamamitha angu-80. Uma umngenisi ecaphuna umklamo wokuvikela isakhiwo osuselwe kudathabhethi engama-60 µs kodwa iyunithi yangempela ethunyelwe inombiko wokuhlola wama-25 µs, isakhiwo asivikelekile ngokwanele futhi umshuwalense uzokwazi okokuqala lapho isimangalo sifika edeskini lakhe. Lena imodi yokwehluleka eguqula ukufakwa kwe-ESE kube isimangalo sesikweletu sezinombolo ezinhlanu, futhi lonke ukuhlolwa kokuthobela imithetho kukhona ukuze kuvinjelwe.
Yimaphi Amadokhumenti Amane Okumele Umngenisi Athole Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa Kweziqukathi Zokuqala?
Ngike ngadlula amakhulu ala ma-review amadokhumenti, futhi izinto ezifanayo ezine zivela njalo. Umngenisi ophikelela ekutholeni zonke ezine ngaphambi kokugunyaza ukuthunyelwa ubamba cishe amaphutha okuhambisana nomthetho esigabeni sekhotheshini kunasechwebeni lokuya kulo. Ukulungiswa kabusha kwesibhedlela saseLyon sika-2024 kwangenzela lokhu okuqinile: umthengi wa-oda ama-ESE arresters angu-200 anephakheji ephelele yamadokhumenti olimi lwesiNgisi - amadokhumenti amane, wonke asayiniwe, wonke agxiviziwe. Isitsha sokuthumela sasula amasiko ngaphandle kwenkinga. Nokho, uchwepheshe kagesi wokufaka eMarseille wenqaba ukuqala umsebenzi ngoba incwadi yokufaka yayingekho ngesiFulentshi. Amayunithi angu-200 ahlala endlini yokugcina impahla yomngenisi amasonto ayisithupha ngenkathi kuhlelwa ukuhumusha lapho kuya khona, ukudluliselwa kwephrojekthi kwehle ngekota ephelele, futhi umngenisi wamukela kokubili izindleko zokuhumusha kanye nesijeziso senkontileka.Umbuzo owodwa esigabeni sokucaphuna — “Ngingayibona yini incwadi yokufaka yesiFulentshi ngaphambi kwe-PO?” — ngabe uyiqedile yonke inkinga ngemizuzwana engama-30.Nakhu okwenziwa yidokhumenti ngayinye nokuthi ungayiqinisekisa kanjani.
Idokhumenti 1 — Umbiko wokuhlolwa kwelebhu ye-NFC 17-102 ene-voltage ephezulu.Lona umsebenzi othwala umthwalo wephakheji yonke yokuthobela imithetho. Umbiko kumele uvele elabhorethri evunyelwe yi-COFRAC (noma inhlangano efanayo yokugunyazwa eqashelwa yi-COFRAC ngaphansi kwe-ILAC MRA - ngokuvamile i-CNAS eShayina, i-UKAS e-UK, i-A2LA e-US). Kumele ubhekisele kuhlelo oluthile lwe-NFC 17-102 (uhlelo lwamanje olusebenza ezimakethe eziningi ze-francophone uhlelo lwango-2011). Kumele usho inombolo yereferensi yomkhiqizo evivinyiwe. Futhi kumele ubike isikhathi esingaphambi kwesikhathi se-ΔT, okuyilokho umngenisi azokusebenzisa ngezansi ekubalweni kwerediyasi yokuvikela. Noma iyiphi yalezi zinto ezine ezingekho embikweni iyisithiyo ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
Idokhumenti 2 — Isitifiketi sokumemezela ukusebenza noma sokuhambisana ne-CE.I-ESE arrester efakwe ngaphansi kwe-NFC 17-102 eFrance noma i-francophone Africa nayo imbozwe yi-EU Construction Products Regulation (CPR) yesiqondiso semikhiqizo yokwakha, okusho ukuthi umngenisi udinga iSimemezelo Sokusebenza (DoP) ngaphansi kwe-EN 50575 noma umlandeli wayo, enophawu lwe-CE kumkhiqizo kanye nokupakishwa. Kumazwe angewona awe-EU (amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika akhuluma i-francophone), okulinganayo yiSimemezelo Sokuhambisana esibhekisela kukhodi kagesi yezwe eliya kulo. Noma yimuphi umbhalo kumele usayinwe futhi ufakwe usuku, futhi ukuhlonza komenzi kudokhumenti kumele kufane nenkampani eqanjwe embikweni wokuhlola.
Idokhumenti 3 — Incwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiFulentshi.Lesi yisici esivame ukuvela ekubuyekezweni kwethu kwamadokhumenti: ama-38% amaphakheji angu-168 esiwahlolile phakathi kuka-2024 no-2026 ayengenayo incwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiFulentshi ngesikhathi sekhotheshini, kodwa eyesiNgisi kuphela eyathunyelwa nezimpahla. Isizathu sokuthi lokhu kubalulekile akusikho okwezobuchwepheshe - kuyinqubo. Uchwepheshe kagesi osendaweni eMarseille noma e-Abidjan udinga incwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiFulentshi ukuze ayifake ngokwezidingo zesikhala kanye nokufakwa komhlaba ezinqunywa yi-NFC 17-102, kanti umhloli we-Consuel (eFrance) noma umhloli weziphathimandla zendawo (amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika akhuluma isiFulentshi) udinga incwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiFulentshi ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso. Incwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiNgisi kuphela iyisici sencwadi yokufaka yolimi, hhayi isici somkhiqizo, futhi umngenisi akakwazi ukuyilungisa lapho uya khona. Isixazululo ukucela incwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiFulentshi esigabeni sekhotheshini, ngaphambi kokuba kusayinwe i-oda lokuthenga.
Idokhumenti 4 — Idokhumenti yokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwefektri.Lona umbhalo iziphathimandla zaseFrance eziwubiza ngokuthi “ukulawula ukukhiqiza nokusebenzisa” noma i-CPU, futhi uwubufakazi bokuthi umenzi uqhuba inqubo yokukhiqiza eqhubekayo — hhayi nje ukuthi iyunithi eyodwa iphumelele ukuhlolwa okukodwa. Embonini yaseShayina, i-CPU ivame ukuthatha isimo sesitifiketi se-ISO 9001 kanye nedokhumenti yenqubo yokulawula ukukhiqiza yangaphakathi yemboni, enenombolo efanayo yokubhekisela yomkhiqizo evela embikweni wokuhlola. I-CPU yidokhumenti umthengi noma umhloli abhekisela kuyo lapho befuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iyunithi ethunyelwe kule nyanga iwumndeni ofanayo womkhiqizo ophumelele ukuhlolwa ngo-2024.
Uwufunda Kanjani Umbiko Wokuhlolwa we-NFC 17-102 Njengomhloli Welebhu?
I-PDF yombiko wokuhlola ivame ukuba namakhasi angama-30 kuya kwangama-60, kanti amakhasi angaba ma-5 esignali yokuthobela imithetho afihliwe kulo lonke idokhumenti. Abahloli bezimali abavela kwamanye amazwe abangakaze bafunde elilodwa ngaphambili bavame ukubheka ikhasi lesembozo kanye nesifinyezo semiphumela yokuhlolwa, bese besayina. Nansi indlela engifunda ngayo umbiko lapho umthengisi engicela ukuthi ngiwuhlole, nokuthi isigaba ngasinye simtshelani ngempela.
Isinyathelo 1 — Igama lelebhu kanye nokugunyazwa.Ikhasi lesembozo noma ibhulokhi yesiginesha yombiko iqamba igama lelabhorethri ekhiphayo. Bheka lokhu ngokuqhathanisa nesizindalwazi se-COFRAC ku-cofrac.fr/zungaphansi kokuhlolwa kwe-ISO/IEC 17025. Uma ilebhu ingekho ohlwini lwe-COFRAC, cela ukuhlolwa kwesibili esikhungweni esigunyaziwe. Igama lelebhu yilona iphutha elivame kakhulu kumaphakheji esiwahlolayo — u-19% wamaphakheji angu-168 abuyekeziwe ayenombiko ovela elebhu ogama lawo lingaveli kunoma yiluphi uhlu lwe-COFRAC noma lwe-ILAC MRA, okusho ukuthi umshuwalense womthumeli ngeke awamukele.
Isinyathelo 2 — Usuku lokukhishwa.Khipha usuku lokukhishwa ekhasini lesembozo noma ibhulokhi yesiginesha. Umbiko omdala kuneminyaka engaphezu kwemi-5 kufanele uqalise isicelo sokuhlolwa kabusha, ngoba umkhuba waseFrance uphatha ukuhlolwa njengokubophezelekile emndenini womkhiqizo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, hhayi ngokwezinga elijwayelekile kuphela. Cishe ama-27% amaphakheji esiwahlolile abe nombiko omdala kuneminyaka engaphezu kwemi-5 kusukela osukwini lokukhishwa ngesikhathi sokubuyekezwa komngenisi, okuyiphutha elivame kakhulu elihlobene nosuku futhi okulula kakhulu ukulibamba.
Isinyathelo 3 — Inombolo yereferensi yomkhiqizo.Umbiko wokuhlola uvame ukufaka umkhiqizo ovivinyiwe ohlwini ngenombolo yawo yangaphakathi noma i-SKU, ngezinye izikhathi ngesithombe kanye nomdwebo olinganiselayo. Qinisekisa ukuthi le nombolo yemodeli ifana ne-SKU ku-invoyisi yezentengiselwano yomhlinzeki. Ukungafani yiphutha elilodwa elivame kakhulu lokuthobela imithetho ekuthengweni kwe-ESE okuwela imingcele — ama-21% amaphakheji ethu ahloliwe ayenombiko womkhiqizo X othunyelwa njengomkhiqizo u-Y, futhi ezimweni eziningi ukungafani kwakungenhloso (umhlinzeki wayebuyekeze i-SKU ngemuva kokuhlolwa kodwa akazange awukhiphe kabusha umbiko). Ukuhlolwa kokulingana kuthatha imizuzwana engama-30 futhi kuvimbela ukuthathwa kwentela yezinombolo eziyisithupha.
Isinyathelo 4 — Inani le-ΔT.Thola isikhathi esingaphambi kwesikhathi se-ΔT esigabeni semiphumela yokuhlolwa. Inani kufanele libe phakathi kuka-25 no-60 µs we-ESE ejwayelekile. Bese uthatha isimangalo se-datasheet protection-radius somhlinzeki bese usibuyisela emuva ngefomula ye-NFC 17-102: Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔT·(i-coefficient ethile yesayithi)) lapho u-r kuyi-rolling sphere radius kanti u-h uyi-mast height. Uma i-redius yokuvikela eshiwo ngumhlinzeki ingahambisani ne-radius eshiwo yi-ΔT embikweni, i-datasheet ayilungile. I-redius engamamitha angu-80 eshiwo esekelwa yi-25 µs ΔT ayihambisani ngokwezibalo futhi kufanele yenqatshwe.
Isinyathelo 5 — Isiginesha.Umbiko kumele usayinwe ngumuntu ogunyazwe ukusayina kwelebhu, igama lakhe, isihloko sakhe, kanye nosuku lokusayina kubonakala. I-PDF engasayinwanga, noma umbiko osayinwe kuphela ngumuntu oxhumana naye ophethe ilebhu kunokuba ngumuntu osayinayo ochwepheshe, uphathwa njengohlaka kunokuba umbiko oqediwe yizinkampani eziningi zomshuwalense zabangenisi. Cishe u-6% wamaphakheji ethu ahloliwe ayenemibiko engasayinwanga noma engasayinwanga ngokwengxenye.
Yiziphi Izindlela Zokuziphatha Zabahlinzeki Ezintathu Ezibonisa Ingozi Ephakeme Kakhulu Yokuthobela Imithetho?
Iningi labangenisi engisebenza nabo lihlulela umhlinzeki we-ESE arrester ngentengo, isikhathi sokulethwa, kanye ne-MOQ. Lezo zindlela ezintathu azinaki ngokuphelele ubukhulu bokuthobela imithetho. Nazi izindlela ezintathu zokuziphatha zabahlinzeki engizibhekayo manje ocingweni lokuqala - kanye namacala athile angifundise ukufuna ngalinye. Ngayinye yalezi zithathwe ebudlelwaneni bangempela babahlinzeki obaphela, noma obekufanele ngabe buphelile, ngokungafaneleki.
Ukuziphatha 1 — Ukwenqaba ukwabelana nge-PDF yombiko wokuhlolwa ogcwele.Umhlinzeki othumela isifinyezo sekhasi elilodwa kuphela, noma othumela umbiko ngemuva kwe-NDA esayiniwe evimbela umngenisi ukuthi ayabelane ngayo nomshuwalense wakhe, ubonisa ukuthi umbiko uqukethe ulwazi angathanda ukuthi umthengi angaluboni. Izizathu ezivamile zifaka: umbiko mdala kunalokho umhlinzeki akushilo, igama lelebhu alifani nalokho umthengi akucashuniwe, noma inani le-ΔT liphansi kunesimangalo sokumaketha. Ngikubuke lokhu kudlala nenkampani yokuhweba e-Yiwu ngo-2024. Babecaphune umugqa we-ESE onesifinyezo sokuhlola sekhasi elilodwa esasifaka igama lelebhu kanye nenani le-ΔT, kanti umngenisi wayesevele exoxile nge-oda ngamandla aleso sifinyezo. Lapho ngicela umbiko ogcwele wamakhasi angu-47 we-PDF ukuqinisekisa ikhasi lesembozo kanye nebhulokhi yesiginesha, inkampani yokuhweba yathi umbhalo ogcwele wawuyimfihlo kulebhu futhi wawungenakwabelwana ngawo. Isizathu savela saba lula futhi sibi kakhulu - ilebhu yayikhiphe isichibiyelo embikweni wokuqala owehlisa umklamo wegumbi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngemuva kokuhlolwa kokuqala, futhi inkampani yokuhweba yayingafuni ukuthi umthengi abone ikhasi lesichibiyelo. Isivumelwano asiphumelelanga, futhi umngenisi waya komunye umhlinzeki onephakheji yamadokhumenti ecacile.Umbiko wokuhlolwa osemthethweni uhamba nezimpahla futhi uyatholakala kumakhasimende okugcina ongenisa impahla ngaphandle kwemingcele.Umhlinzeki owenqaba ukwabelana ngayo ngaphambi kwe-PO ungumhlinzeki okufanele ahambe kuye.
Ukuziphatha 2 — Ukwethula umbiko ongaphezu kweminyaka emi-5 ngaphandle kokunikeza ukuhlolwa kabusha.Cishe ama-27% amaphakheji ethu ahloliwe ayenalesi sici, futhi kuzo zonke izimo impendulo yomhlinzeki lapho ephikiswa yayifana — “izinga alikashintshi, umbiko usasebenza.” Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngobuchwepheshe ngezinga kodwa akuhlobene nomkhiqizo: ilebhu ihlole iyunithi ethile enomklamo wangaphakathi othize, futhi uma umhlinzeki eshintshe umklamo wegumbi noma ukuthola izinto zikagesi kusukela ekuhlolweni, umbiko awusasebenzi. Iphrojekthi yemisebenzi yomphakathi yaseCasablanca ka-2023 yenze leli cala laba yinto eqondile kimi. Umthengi walungisa ukuthunyelwa kwamayunithi angu-150 ngokumelene nombiko wokuhlola weminyaka engu-7 ubudala — umbiko wawuhambisana nobuchwepheshe ephepheni, futhi umhlinzeki wayephikise ngempumelelo ukuthi izinga ngokwalo alikashintshi. Umhloli kagesi weziphathimandla zaseMorocco wathola ukungafani kosuku echwebeni, ukuthunyelwa kwabanjwa izinsuku ezingu-22 ngenkathi kuhlelwa ukuhlolwa kabusha elebhu yaseFrance, umngenisi wamukela izindleko zokunciphisa izindleko, futhi iphrojekthi yaphuthelwa yisikhathi sayo sokugcina sokudluliselwa kuka-Okthoba. Izindleko zokuhlolwa kokuqala kokuthobela imithetho esigabeni sokucaphuna ngabe ziyingxenye encane ye-demurrage kanye nesijeziso kuhlangene.Umhlinzeki othembekile uzophinde ahlole, noma uzoqamba igama lomndeni womkhiqizo ongashintshiwe ogcina umbiko wokuqala usebenza. Umhlinzeki ongathembekile uzophikisana.
Ukuziphatha 3 — Ukushintsha amagama elabhorethri phakathi kwezingcaphuno ngaphandle kwencazelo.Abanye abahlinzeki bazocaphuna ilabhorethri evela kwenye ifektri kanye nelabhorethri ehlukile evela kwenye ifektri, noma bazoshintshela kwenye ilebhu entsha ngemuva kokuba ilebhu yokuqala iveze ukukhathazeka mayelana nomklamo womkhiqizo. Zombili ziyizibonakaliso ezisemthethweni zokungazinzi kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa okuzozuzwa ngumthengisi njengengozi yokuthobela imithetho. Sibone leli phethini ngo-2024 nomhlinzeki osekelwe eNingbo owasicaphuna umbiko wokuhlolwa kwe-LSEE wango-2023 womugqa we-ESE, wabe eseshintshela "elabhorethri yabalingani baseYurophu" engabizwa ngegama lekhotheshini ka-2024 ngaphandle kwencazelo. Lapho sibuza ukuthi kungani igama lelabhorethri lishintshile, umhlinzeki waqala wathi ilebhu yokuqala yayisukile ekuhlolweni kwe-ESE (okwakungamanga - i-LSEE yayisasebenza), wabe esethi umklamo welabhorethri ubuyekezwe ngezizathu zezindleko (okwaba yisizathu sangempela). Ilabhorethri yokuqala yayiphakamise ukukhathazeka mayelana nokusebenza kwe-ionization yelabhorethri eklanywe kabusha futhi yacela ukuhlolwa kabusha; umhlinzeki wakhetha ukuhambisa ibhizinisi liye elebhu elingaqinile kakhulu kunokukhokhela ukuhlolwa kabusha.Umhlinzeki othembekile unelabhorethri eyodwa, umbiko owodwa, kanye nomndeni owodwa womkhiqizo — futhi yilona kuphela uhlobo oluhlala lukhona uma kuhlolwa ubungozi bomshwalense endaweni oya kuyo.
Kungani Ukuthobela Ukufakwa Kunqunywa Ngaphambi Kokuthi I-Joint Yokuqala Ishiselwe?
Uma amadokhumenti esekhona futhi i-ESE arrester isikhona, umbuzo olandelayo wokuthobela umthetho ukufakwa. Nakhu lapho abangenisi abathengisa ezimakethe ze-francophone behlangana khona nogibe olungekho emthethweni we-IEC 62305: ngaphansi kwe-NFC 17-102, ukubalwa kwerediyasi yokuvikela, usayizi we-down-conductor, imfuneko yokumelana nomhlaba, kanye nesikhala phakathi kwe-arresters konke kuchazwe yindinganiso - akuzona izingcingo zokwahlulela zobunjiniyela. Ukufakwa okungahambisani namanani anqunyiwe endinganiso kwehluleka ukuhlolwa komshuwalense noma ngabe i-ESE ngokwayo iqinisekiswe ngokugcwele.
Iphutha lokufakwa elivame kakhulu engilibona kumaphrojekthi e-francophone ukubalwa kwerediyasi yokuvikela esebenzisa inani le-ΔT kusuka kudatha yedatha yokumaketha kunenani le-ΔT kusuka embikweni wokuhlola. Ngokwefomula yerediyasi yokuvikela i-Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔL²) lapho i-r iyirediyasi ye-rolling-sphere kanti i-h iyisiphundu sokuphakama, i-25 µs ΔT inikeza cishe irediyasi yokuvikela engamamitha angu-45 kuyilapho i-60 µs ΔT inikeza cishe amamitha angu-80. Uma umfakisi esebenzisa isimangalo sokumaketha (amamitha angu-80) kodwa umbiko wokuhlola ubonisa ama-25 µs (okungathethelela amamitha angu-45 kuphela), isakhiwo asivikelekile ngokwanele futhi ukufakwa akulandeli imithetho. Ngibuke le ndlela yokuhluleka idlala kahle ekulungisweni kwesibhedlela e-Abidjan ngo-2024. I-ESE ngokwayo yayiqinisekiswe ngokugcwele - amadokhumenti adluliswa ngaphandle kwenkinga emasimini - kodwa uchwepheshe kagesi wokufaka endaweni wasebenzisa ama-25 mm² copper down-conductors esikhundleni sama-50 mm² okungenani anqunywa yi-NFC 17-102 ekufakweni okuvamile, ngoba ikhebula elingu-25 mm² lase livele likhona emsebenzini ohlukile futhi isikhathi sokugcina sokudlulisela sasiqinile. Ukuhlolwa kwe-NFC 17-102 ngesikhathi sokudlulisela kwehlulekile engxenyeni ephambene ye-down-conductor, umfakisi kwadingeka aphinde adonse wonke ama-down-conductor esakhiweni, futhi iphrojekthi yalahlekelwa izinyanga ezimbili ngesikhathi somkhakha womphakathi esasingenazo izinyanga ezimbili zokulahlekelwa. Iphutha lalingekho mayelana ne-ESE uqobo - kwakumayelana nokuqeqeshwa kwemibhalo kuphela. Umfakisi wayazi indinganiso edingekayo engu-50 mm², kodwa ingcindezi yeshejuli yamshukumisela ukuba asebenzise lokho okwakusevele ku-pallet.NgokweIzindinganiso ze-IEC, i-down-conductor iyingxenye yesibili yesistimu yokuvikela — i-ESE eqinisekiswe ukuthi i-60 µs ΔT ilingana kuphela nekhebula elithwala ukukhishwa phansi.
Iphutha lesibili elivame kakhulu lokufakwa yi-cross-section ye-down-conductor engahambisani nezindinganiso. I-NFC 17-102 icacisa i-cross-section yethusi okungenani engu-50 mm² ye-down-conductor kusukela ku-ESE kuya ekuphelelisweni komhlaba, kanye nokumelana okuncane kwe-earth-electrode okungu-10 ohms kokufakwa okuvamile. Umfakisi osebenzisa ithusi elingu-25 mm² ngoba lishibhile, noma owamukela ukufundwa kokumelana komhlaba okungu-18 ohms ngoba izimo zenhlabathi zimbi, udala ukufakwa okuzohluleka ukuhlolwa yize i-ESE ngokwayo iqinisekisiwe.
Yini Abathumeli Bempahla E-Afrika Ekhuluma Ngesi-Francophone Abayidingayo Abathumeli Bempahla E-EU Abangayidingi Ngokuvamile?
Umthengisi othengisa eCôte d'Ivoire, eSenegal, eCameroon, noma e-DRC ubhekene nohlu lwemibhalo olungenalo umthengisi we-EU. Iziphathimandla zikagesi zasendaweni emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika akhuluma isiFulentshi ngeke zamukele umbiko wokuhlolwa we-NFC 17-102 ngokwazo - zidinga ukuqinisekiswa kwe-SONCAP (eNigeria nakwamanye amazwe ambalwa e-ECOWAS) noma uhlelo lwe-VoC (Verification of Conformity) oluqhutshwa yinhlangano yokuhlola efana ne-SGS, i-Bureau Veritas, noma i-Intertek ekuthunyelweni lapho uya khona. Kuzo zonke izibuyekezo zemibhalo ezingu-168 esizisebenzisele ukuthunyelwa kwe-French African phakathi kuka-2024 no-2026, isikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-VoC/SONCAP ohlangothini lokuya sihlukaniswe kanje: isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingu-9 zokuthunyelwa kwe-Côte d'Ivoire okudlula e-SGS Abidjan, izinsuku ezingu-11 zeSenegal nge-Bureau Veritas Dakar, kanye nezinsuku ezingu-14 zeCameroon nge-SGS Douala. Izindleko ngokuvamile ziyiphesenti elincane lenani lempahla, futhi isikhathi singukuguquguquka okukhathaza abangenisi abangakayifaki ohlelweni lwabo lokulethwa - iwindi lokukhishwa kwempahla lezinsuku ezingu-9 eCôte d'Ivoire akuyona into ongayikhetha, uhlelo lusebenza njengoba luklanyelwe. Umngenisi wokuqala ocabanga ukuthi umbiko wokuhlola wodwa wanele uzothola isitsha sakhe sihleli echwebeni ngaleso sikhathi, sikhokhela idiphozithi nsuku zonke, futhi siphuthelwa usuku lokudluliselwa kwephrojekthi.
Imfuneko yesibili eqondene ne-French-African isitifiketi esisemthethweni se-embassy. Amazwe amaningana (ikakhulukazi iMorocco, iTunisia, kanye ne-DRC) adinga ukuthi isimemezelo se-CE sokusebenza kanye nemibhalo yokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwefektri kuvunyelwe yi-embassy yaseShayina bese kuba yi-embassy yezwe eliya kulo eBeijing ngaphambi kokuba amadokhumenti amukelwe emasimini. Lena inqubo ehamba kancane - ukuvunyelwa kwe-embassy kungangeza amasonto amathathu kuya kwayisithupha ekuthunyelweni kokuqala, futhi umngenisi ongakaze akwenze ngaphambili uzohlala ethatha isikhathi esincane sokuthatha imithwalo.
Okwesithathu ilebula lesiFulentshi kumkhiqizo ngokwawo. Amazwe amaningana (i-Côte d'Ivoire, eSenegal) adinga ukuthi umkhiqizo uphathe ilebula ngesiFulentshi enegama lomhlinzeki, ireferensi yomkhiqizo, kanye nezindinganiso zokuthobela imithetho ezibhekiselwe kuzo. Umngenisi womkhiqizo wakhe othunyelwa ilebula yesiNgisi kuphela kuzodingeka aphinde alebule lapho eya khona, okuyiphutha lombhalo elizophawulwa ngumhloli wendawo ekuhambeleni kokuqala. Umhlinzeki othembekile uzohlinzeka ngethempulethi yelebula yesiFulentshi njengengxenye yokupakisha okujwayelekile.
Uhlu Lokuhlola Ukuthobela Imithetho Ngaphambi Kokuthunyelwa kwe-NFC 17-102
Hlola lolu hlu lokuhlola ngaphambi kokugunyaza ukuthunyelwa kunoma yiliphi i-oda elisha le-ESE arrester. Yonke into kufanele ibe ngu-YEBO noma imakwe njengento ehlukile eyaziwayo. Umngenisi ophatha noma yini ekholomu ethi “CHA” njengokwamukelekayo ukha iphutha ledokhumenti emthwalweni.
Maka into ngayinye ngemva kokuthi uyiqinisekisile ngokwephakheji yamadokhumenti yomhlinzeki. Izinto ongeke uziqinisekise akufanele zibekwe uphawu.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nokuthobela Imithetho ye-NFC 17-102 Kwabangenisi
Ngingazi kanjani ukuthi umbiko wokuhlolwa kwe-NFC 17-102 usesekhona?
Umbiko wokuhlolwa we-NFC 17-102 awunalo usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi olucacile ekhasini lawo lesembozo, kodwa umkhuba wokugunyazwa waseFrance (i-COFRAC) uphatha imibiko yelabhorethri ye-ESE ephezulu njengosebenza iminyaka emi-5 kusukela osukwini lokukhishwa kwemindeni yemikhiqizo engakahlolwa kabusha. Ukuqinisekiswa okuqotho ukubuza umhlinzeki usuku lokukhishwa, inombolo yombiko, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuthi umndeni womkhiqizo osembikweni awukahlelwa kabusha kusukela lapho. Uma umbiko umdala kuneminyaka emi-5, noma uma umhlinzeki eshintshe ama-elekthronikhi angaphakathi kusukela embikweni, kufanele udinge ukuhlolwa okusha ngokumelene nohlelo lwamanje lwe-NFC 17-102 ngaphambi kokuba isitsha sokuqala sithunyelwe.
Ngingakwazi yini ukungenisa izithiyo zokubopha umbani ze-ESE ezivela eShayina ziye eFrance ngaphandle kwesitifiketi se-NFC 17-102?
Ngokomthetho, iFrance ayikuvimbeli ukungeniswa kwe-ESE arrester ngaphandle kwesitifiketi se-NFC 17-102, kodwa isakhiwo ngeke siphumelele ukuhlolwa kwe-Consuel noma inhlolovo yengozi yomshwalense ngaphandle kombiko wamanje wokuhlolwa kwe-NFC 17-102 ngomkhiqizo ofakiwe. Empeleni isitifiketi siyimpoqo kunoma yikuphi ukufakwa okuxhumanisa nesakhiwo somphakathi, indawo yezimboni, noma yisiphi isakhiwo esimbozwe umshwalense wokuvikela umbani. Amaphrojekthi kuphela lapho umngenisi angadlula khona i-NFC 17-102 ukufakwa kwezindlu zangasese ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama - ingxenye encane kakhulu yemakethe ye-ESE.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-NFC 17-102 kanye ne-IEC 62305 yokufakwa kwe-ESE?
I-IEC 62305 iyindinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe yokuvikela umbani futhi iphatha zonke iziteshi zomoya ngokulinganayo — ayiqapheli isimiso se-ESE senzuzo yokukhishwa komsakazo kwasekuqaleni. I-NFC 17-102 iyindinganiso kazwelonke yaseFrance echaza ngqo ukuthi iziteshi zomoya ze-ESE zihlolwa futhi zifakwe kanjani, kufaka phakathi isikhathi esingaphambi kwesikhathi se-ΔT (delta-T) okumele i-ESE ibonise phezu kwenduku elula ye-Franklin. Iphrojekthi echazwe ku-IEC 62305 izokwamukela induku ye-Franklin noma ikheji le-mesh; iphrojekthi echazwe ku-NFC 17-102 idinga i-ESE enombiko wamanje wokuhlola. Abangenisi abathengisa ngesi-French Africa bavame ukulandela i-NFC 17-102 ngoba ababhali bomshuwalense bamakhasimende abo bayayidinga.
Kusho ukuthini i-ΔT embikweni wokuhlolwa kwe-ESE futhi kungani kubalulekile?
I-ΔT (delta-T) iyinzuzo yesikhathi, elinganiswa ngama-microsecond, eboniswa yi-ESE air terminal phezu kwenduku elula ye-Franklin ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu. I-NFC 17-102 idinga ukuthi i-ESE iqalise umholi ophakeme ngaphambi kwenduku yokubhekisela, futhi ilebhu ibala ukuthi kungakanani kusenesikhathi - ngokuvamile phakathi kwama-microsecond angu-25 no-60 kuye ngemodeli. I-ΔT ephezulu isho irediyasi yokuvikela efunwayo enkulu, ngoba ifomula i-Rp = f(ΔT, h, izinga lokuvikela) ibeka i-ΔT ngqo ekubalweni kwerediyasi yokuvikela. Isizathu esiqotho sokuthi abangenisi kufanele bakhathalele: i-ΔT yama-25 µs uma kuqhathaniswa nama-60 µs umehluko phakathi kwerediyasi yokuvikela engamamitha angaba ngu-45 kanye nenye engamamitha angaba ngu-80 ekuphakameni okufanayo kwe-mast - leso isisekelo sobunjiniyela lapho umklamo wokufakwa komthengi wakhiwe khona, futhi inani elingalungile le-ΔT lisho ukuthi isakhiwo asivikelekile ngokwanele.
Umbiko wokuhlolwa we-NFC 17-102 usebenza isikhathi esingakanani e-French Africa?
E-Afrika ekhuluma isiFulentshi (eCôte d'Ivoire, eSenegal, eCameroon, eDRC, eMorocco, eTunisia) umkhuba wokusebenza uhambisana nesiqondiso se-COFRAC kodwa awukabhalwa ngokusemthethweni. Iningi labangenisi kanye nababhali babo bomshuwalense baphatha umbiko weminyaka emi-5 njengomkhawulo ophezulu osebenzayo, futhi noma yimuphi umbiko omdala kunalowo ubangela isicelo sokuhlolwa kabusha. Amanye amazwe - ikakhulukazi iMorocco ngaphansi kwe-NM 06.1.001 - asebenzisa imithetho yawo yokuqinisekisa eqinile kuneminyaka emi-5. Umngenisi kufanele abuze iklayenti lokugcina ukuthi yisiphi isithasiselo sikazwelonke esisebenzayo futhi aqinisekise usuku lokukhishwa kombiko ngokumelene nawo.
Ingabe ngidinga incwadi yokufaka yesiFulentshi ye-ESE arrester?
Uma kufakwa eFrance noma ezweni lase-Afrika elisebenzisa isiNgisi elilandela umkhuba wokufaka i-NFC 17-102, yebo — incwadi yokufaka endaweni kumele itholakale ngesiFulentshi kumuntu ofaka ugesi kanye nakumuntu ohlola i-Consuel noma uhulumeni wendawo. Incwadi yokufaka yesiNgisi kuphela izophawulwa ekuhlolweni kokuqala endaweni futhi iphathwa njengephutha lombhalo ngisho noma i-ESE ngokwayo iqinisekiswe ngokugcwele. Umngenisi kufanele acele incwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiFulentshi kumhlinzeki esigabeni sekhotheshini, hhayi njengesengezo sosuku lokulethwa.
| Isigaba samaphutha | Isabelo samaphakheji athintekile | Isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa esikutholayo |
|---|---|---|
| Incwadi yokufaka yolimi lwesiFulentshi ayikho | 38% | Cela incwadi yemiyalelo yesiFulentshi esigabeni sekhotheshini, ngaphambi kokuba kusayinwe i-PO |
| Umbiko wokuhlolwa ongaphezu kweminyaka emi-5 | 27% | Khipha usuku lokukhishwa ekhasini lesembozo noma ibhulokhi yesiginesha bese uqhathanisa nosuku lwanamuhla |
| Ukungafani kwereferensi yomkhiqizo (umbiko vs i-invoyisi) | 21% | Hlola i-SKU embikweni uma uyiqhathanisa ne-SKU eku-invoyisi yezentengiselwano |
| Umbiko wokuhlolwa ovela elabhorethri engagunyaziwe | 19% | Qinisekisa igama lelebhu ku-Isizindalwazi se-COFRACngaphansi kokuhlolwa kwe-ISO/IEC 17025 |
| Isimemezelo sokusebenza se-CE esingekho | 14% | Qinisekisa ukuthi i-DoP isayiniwe futhi inosuku, futhi igama lomkhiqizi lihambisana nombiko wokuhlolwa |
| Amadokhumenti okulawula ukukhiqizwa kwefektri awekho | 11% | Cela isitifiketi se-ISO 9001 kanye nedokhumenti ye-CPU yefektri enereferensi efanayo yomkhiqizo |
UJane Yang· Umphathi Wokuthengisa, i-Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
Iminyaka eyi-12 ekuvikeleni umbani kanye nokuvimba ukuhweba kwamanye amazwe · Iminyaka eyi-17 yokukhiqizwa kwe-ESE arrester emakethe yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yama-francophone.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-04-2026