Buku lowongolera kutsata malamulo kwa otumiza kunja ndi ogulitsa olankhula Chifalansa - zomwe lipoti loyesa la NFC 17-102 limatsimikizira, zikalata zinayi zoti zifunike kontena yoyamba isanatumizidwe, ndi machitidwe atatu a ogulitsa omwe akuwonetsa chiopsezo chenicheni chotsata malamulo.
- NFC 17-102 ndiye muyezo wa dziko la France (Norme Française C 17-102) womwe umayang'anira malo opumira mpweya a Early Streamer Emission, komanso ndi muyezo womwe otumiza kunja ndi opereka inshuwalansi aku Africa olankhula Chifalansa amatchula akakana kutumiza ESE kosatsatira malamulo pamalo omwe akupita.
- Mu ndemanga 168 za zikalata zomwe tidapereka kwa ogulitsa ochokera kunja pakati pa 2024 ndi 2026, vuto lofala kwambiri lotsatira malamulo (38% ya mapaketi) linali buku lokhazikitsa lomwe silinapezeke m'Chifalansa - kulephera kwa zikalata, osati kulephera kwa malonda, komanso losavuta kukonza panthawi ya mawu.
- Zikalata zinayi zomwe wotumiza kunja ayenera kulandira asanatumize ndi izi: lipoti loyesa la labotale la NFC 17-102 lamagetsi amphamvu, satifiketi ya CE yolengeza za magwiridwe antchito kapena kutsata malamulo, buku lothandizira kukhazikitsa la Chifalansa, ndi zikalata zowongolera kupanga fakitale.
- Makhalidwe atatu a ogulitsa ayenera kuletsa mgwirizano: kukana kugawana PDF yonse ya lipoti la mayeso, kupereka lipoti la zaka zoposa zisanu popanda kupereka mayeso ena, ndikusintha mayina a labu pakati pa mawu olembedwa popanda kufotokozera.
- PaNdondomeko yokhazikika ya AFNOR, lipoti la mayeso liyenera kuchokera ku labotale yovomerezeka ndi COFRAC yomwe ikugwira ntchito motsatira ISO/IEC 17025; wotumiza kunja akhoza kutsimikizira kuvomerezeka mwachindunji paKusaka kwa anthu onse kwa COFRACmusanasainire oda yogulira.
- ZathuMzere woletsa mphezi wa ESEimatumiza ndi lipoti la mayeso la NFC 17-102 lomwe lilipo panopa, phukusi la kutsatira malamulo a zikalata zinayi, ndi zikalata za Chifalansa, chifukwa msika wa Chifalansa uli pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kuchuluka kwa ESE arrester komwe timapeza pachaka.
Wogulitsa katundu ku Abidjan ananditumizira lipoti la mayeso la masamba 47 chaka chatha, akufunsa ngati chomangira cha ESE chomwe akufuna kuchiyika chinali chogwirizana ndi NFC 17-102. Pali zinthu zitatu zolakwika ndi phukusili: lipotilo linali la zaka 11, linaperekedwa ndi labotale yomwe palibe bungwe lamagetsi lakwawo lomwe linamvapo za izo, ndipo nambala yofotokozera malonda yomwe inasindikizidwa pachikuto cha lipotilo sinagwirizane ndi chinthu chilichonse chomwe chinali pa oda yake yogula. Anali atatumiza kale ndalama zogulira kwa wogulitsa, chidebecho chinali kufika padoko patatha masiku 11, ndipo wothandizira inshuwalansi ku Abidjan anali atamuuza kale m'kalata kuti nyumbayo sidzakhala ndi inshuwaransi pokhapokha ESE ili ndi lipoti la mayeso a NFC 17-102.
Kuyitanitsa kumeneko ndiye chifukwa cha kalozerayu. Pambuyo pa zaka 17 ndikugwira ntchito yokonza malo oyendera ndege a ESE pamsika wogulitsa kunja kwa dziko la France — France, Belgium, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Cameroon, Morocco — ndadutsa mu kafukufuku wofanana wotsatira malamulo kangapo, ndipo machitidwe omwe ndimawaona kumbali ya ogulitsa ndi ofanana kwambiri. Zikalata zinayi zomwe wogulitsa aliyense ayenera kufunsa asanatumize, machitidwe atatu a ogulitsa omwe ayenera kuyimitsa mgwirizano, ndi njira zisanu zowerengera malipoti zomwe zili pansipa ndi zomwe tsopano ndikutumiza kwa wogula watsopano aliyense amene amafunsa ngati wogulitsa wawo akutsatiradi malamulo.
Nkhaniyi yalembedwa makamaka kwa ogulitsa ochokera kunja ndi ogulitsa a francophone, chifukwa kutsatira malamulo a NFC 17-102 kuli ndi mfundo zake zomwe sizimachoka m'malo mwa IEC 62305 kapena NFPA 780. Ngati mugulitsa ma ESE arresters ku France, francophone Africa, kapena pulojekiti iliyonse yomwe inshuwaransi yake imatchula NFC 17-102, nkhani yonseyi ndi njira yowunikira yomwe ndingatsatire kwa ogulitsa anu otsatira.
Kodi NFC 17-102 Imayesa Chiyani Kuti Kabuku Kakang'ono Kangadutsidwe?
NFC 17-102 idasindikizidwa ndi AFNOR (bungwe la miyezo ya dziko la France) ndipo ndiye muyezo wokhawo wa dziko lonse lapansi womwe umafotokoza njira yeniyeni yoyesera malo opumira mpweya a Early Streamer. Otumiza ambiri omwe ndimagwira nawo ntchito amaganiza kuti muyezowo ndi "mtundu wa Chifalansa wa IEC 62305" - sichoncho. IEC 62305 imawona malo onse opumira mpweya ngati ofanana, pomwe NFC 17-102 idalembedwa makamaka kuti ifotokoze mfundo ya ESE: lingaliro lakuti malo opumira mpweya okhala ndi chipinda chamkati cha ionisation amatha kuyambitsa mtsogoleri wokwera mmwamba asanafike ndodo ya Franklin, ndipo nthawi ino phindu limasanduka radius yayikulu yoteteza pamtunda womwewo.
Mayeso okha ndi kuyerekeza kwa labotale yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Labotale imayika woyeserera wa ESE pafupi ndi ndodo yosavuta yofotokozera m'munda wolamulidwa ndi mphamvu zambiri, kenako imayambitsa kutulutsa kosiyanasiyana. Pa kutulutsa kulikonse, labotale imayesa nthawi yomwe ESE imayambitsa mtsogoleri wokwera poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomwe ndodo yofotokozera imachita. Kusiyana pakati pa nthawi ziwirizi ndi nthawi yotsogola ya ΔT (delta-T), yomwe nthawi zambiri imawonetsedwa mu microseconds. Ma ΔT ogwirizana ndi NFC 17-102 omwe ndimawona nthawi zambiri pa malipoti a labotale ndi kuyambira 25 µs mpaka 60 µs, kutengera kapangidwe ka chipinda. Malinga ndiChimango cha AFNOR, mayesowa ayenera kuchitidwa mu labotale yovomerezeka ya ISO/IEC 17025 — yomwe ku France imatanthauza malo ovomerezeka ndi COFRAC — ndipo lipotilo liyenera kunena za mtundu wa NFC 17-102 womwe mayesowa adachitikira.
Chifukwa chake izi ndizofunikira kwambiri ndichakuti ΔT imayendetsa chilichonse pansi pa mtsinje - radius yoteteza, kutalika kwa mast, kukula kwa down-conductor, ndi mtunda pakati pa zomangira pa nyumba yomweyo. ΔT ya 25 µs pa kutalika kwa mast nthawi zonse imapereka radius yoteteza ya pafupifupi mamita 45; ΔT ya 60 µs imapereka pafupifupi mamita 80. Ngati wotumiza kunja akunena za kapangidwe ka chitetezo cha nyumba kutengera pepala la data la 60 µs koma chipangizo chenicheni chotumizidwacho chili ndi lipoti loyesa la 25 µs, nyumbayo sitetezedwa mokwanira ndipo wothandizira inshuwalansi adzadziwa nthawi yoyamba yomwe pempho lifika pa desiki yawo. Iyi ndi njira yolephera yomwe imasintha kukhazikitsa kwa ESE kukhala pempho la milandu ya ziwerengero zisanu, ndipo kafukufuku wonse wotsatira malamulo alipo kuti apewe izi.
Ndi Zikalata Zinayi Ziti Zomwe Wogulitsa Ma Kontena Ayenera Kulandira Asanatumize Kontena Yoyamba?
Ndadutsa m'maulendo ambirimbiri a zolemba izi, ndipo zinthu zinayi zomwezo zimabwera nthawi iliyonse. Wotumiza katundu amene amalimbikira kulandira zonse zinayi asanalole kutumiza katundu amapeza pafupifupi 90% ya zolakwika pakutsatira malamulo pagawo la mtengo m'malo mwa padoko lopita. Kukonzanso kwa chipatala cha Lyon cha 2024 kunandipangira izi: wogula adalamula zomangira 200 za ESE zokhala ndi phukusi lathunthu la zolemba za Chingerezi - zikalata zinayi, zonse zosainidwa, zonse zosindikizidwa. Chidebe chotumizira katundu chinachotsa msonkho popanda vuto. Komabe, katswiri wamagetsi wokhazikitsa ku Marseille anakana kuyamba ntchito chifukwa buku lokhazikitsa silinali la Chifalansa. Mayunitsi 200 adakhala m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya wotumiza katundu kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi pomwe kumasulira kunakonzedwa komwe kukupita, kupereka kwa polojekitiyi kunachepa ndi kotala lonse, ndipo wotumiza katunduyo adatenga ndalama zonse zomasulira komanso chilango cha pangano.Funso limodzi pa siteji ya mawu akuti — “Kodi ndingawone buku lothandizira kukhazikitsa la Chifalansa ndisanapereke PO?” — likanatha kuthetsa vuto lonse m'masekondi 30.Apa ndi momwe chikalata chilichonse chimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe mungachitsimikizire.
Chikalata 1 — Lipoti loyesa la labotale la NFC 17-102 la mphamvu yamagetsi.Ichi ndi chinthu chonyamula katundu chomwe chili mu phukusi lonse lotsatira malamulo. Lipotilo liyenera kuchokera ku labotale yovomerezeka ndi COFRAC (kapena bungwe lofanana ndi lovomerezeka lodziwika ndi COFRAC pansi pa ILAC MRA - makamaka CNAS ku China, UKAS ku UK, A2LA ku US). Liyenera kunena za mtundu winawake wa NFC 17-102 (kope lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito m'misika yambiri ya Francophone ndi kope la 2011). Liyenera kunena nambala yofotokozera malonda yomwe yayesedwa. Ndipo liyenera kunena nthawi ya ΔT pasadakhale, yomwe ndi yomwe wotumiza adzagwiritsa ntchito pambuyo pake pakuwerengera chitetezo. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zinayi izi zomwe zikusowa mu lipotilo ndi choletsa malonda musanatumize.
Chikalata 2 — Chikalata cha CE cholengeza za magwiridwe antchito kapena kutsata malamulo.Chogwirizira cha ESE chomwe chayikidwa pansi pa NFC 17-102 ku France kapena francophone Africa chimakhudzidwanso ndi EU Construction Products Regulation (CPR) ya malangizo a zinthu zomangira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti wotumiza katunduyo amafunika Chikalata Chotsimikizira Kuchita Bwino (DoP) pansi pa EN 50575 kapena wolowa m'malo mwake, chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha CE pa chinthucho ndi phukusi lake. Kwa malo omwe si a EU (maiko ambiri a ku Africa omwe ndi a francophone), chofanana ndi Chikalata Chotsimikizira Kugwirizana chomwe chikuwonetsa malamulo amagetsi a dziko lomwe akupita. Chikalata chilichonse chiyenera kusainidwa ndi kulembedwa deti, ndipo chizindikiritso cha wopanga pa chikalatacho chiyenera kufanana ndi kampani yomwe yatchulidwa pa lipoti loyesa.
Chikalata 3 — Buku lothandizira kukhazikitsa zinthu m'Chifalansa.Ichi ndi cholakwika chomwe chimawonekera kwambiri mu ndemanga zathu za zikalata: 38% mwa ma phukusi 168 omwe tidawayang'anira pakati pa 2024 ndi 2026 analibe buku lokhazikitsa la Chifalansa panthawi yopereka mtengo, koma la Chingerezi lokha lomwe linatumizidwa ndi katunduyo. Chifukwa chake izi ndizofunikira si zaukadaulo - ndi njira yogwirira ntchito. Katswiri wamagetsi yemwe ali pamalopo ku Marseille kapena Abidjan amafunika buku lothandizira mu Chifalansa kuti aliyike motsatira zofunikira za malo ndi nthaka zomwe NFC 17-102 ikupereka, ndipo woyang'anira wa Consuel (France) kapena woyang'anira boma lakumaloko (maiko ambiri aku Africa olankhula Chifalansa) amafunika buku lothandizira mu Chifalansa kuti atsimikizire kuyika kwake motsutsana ndi muyezo. Buku lothandizira mu Chingerezi lokha ndi vuto la zolemba, osati vuto la chinthu, ndipo wotumiza sangathe kulikonza pamalo omwe akupita. Chofunikira ndikufunsa buku lothandizira mu Chifalansa panthawi yopereka mtengo, asanasainire oda yogula.
Chikalata 4 — Zolemba zowongolera kupanga mafakitale.Ichi ndi chikalata chomwe akuluakulu aku France amachitcha kuti "contrôle de production en usine" kapena CPU, ndipo ndi umboni wakuti wopanga amapanga njira yokhazikika yopangira - osati chipangizo chimodzi chokha chomwe chapambana mayeso amodzi. Pa fakitale yaku China, CPU nthawi zambiri imatenga mawonekedwe a satifiketi ya ISO 9001 kuphatikiza chikalata chamkati cha njira yoyendetsera kupanga ndi kulamulira fakitale, chokhala ndi nambala yofananira yazinthu zomwe zimawonekera pa lipoti loyesa. CPU ndi chikalata chomwe wogula kapena woyang'anira amalemba akafuna kutsimikizira kuti chipangizo chomwe chatumizidwa mwezi uno ndi banja lomwelo lazinthu lomwe lapambana mayeso mu 2024.
Kodi mumawerenga bwanji lipoti la mayeso a NFC 17-102 ngati woyang'anira labu?
PDF ya lipoti loyesa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi masamba 30 mpaka 60, ndipo masamba pafupifupi 5 a chizindikiro chotsata malamulo amabisika mu chikalata chotsalacho. Ofufuza ochokera kunja omwe sanawerengepo chimodzi kale amakonda kusanthula tsamba lakutsogolo ndi chidule cha zotsatira za mayeso, kenako nkusaina. Umu ndi momwe ndimawerengera lipotilo pamene wogulitsa kunja andipempha kuti ndiwunikenso chimodzi, komanso zomwe gawo lililonse limawauza.
Gawo 1 - Dzina la labu ndi kuvomerezedwa.Tsamba loyamba kapena chizindikiro cha lipotilo chimatchula dzina la labotale yomwe yapereka. Onani izi motsutsana ndi database ya COFRAC pacofrac.fr/enpansi pa mayeso a ISO/IEC 17025. Ngati labu silili pamndandanda wa COFRAC, pemphani mayeso achiwiri kuchokera ku malo ovomerezeka. Dzina la labu ndilo vuto lofala kwambiri m'maphukusi omwe timawayang'anira — 19% mwa maphukusi 168 omwe adawunikidwa anali ndi lipoti lochokera ku labu lomwe dzina lake silinawonekere pamndandanda uliwonse wa COFRAC kapena ILAC MRA, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti wothandizira inshuwalansi wa wobweretsa katundu sakanalandira.
Gawo 2 — Tsiku lotulutsa.Chotsani tsiku lotulutsa kuchokera patsamba loyamba kapena pa siginecha. Lipoti lokhala ndi zaka zoposa 5 liyenera kuyambitsa pempho loti liyesedwenso, chifukwa akatswiri aku France amaona kuti mayesowo ndi ogwirizana ndi banja la zinthu panthawi yoyesa, osati muyezo wokha. Pafupifupi 27% ya mapepala omwe tidawayang'anira anali ndi lipoti lokhala ndi zaka zoposa 5 kuyambira tsiku lotulutsa panthawi yowunikira kwa wotumiza, lomwe ndi vuto lofala kwambiri lokhudzana ndi tsiku komanso losavuta kulipeza.
Gawo 3 — Nambala yofotokozera za malonda.Lipoti la mayeso nthawi zambiri limalemba chinthu choyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nambala yake yamkati kapena SKU, nthawi zina ndi chithunzi ndi chithunzi chojambulidwa. Tsimikizirani kuti nambala iyi ya chitsanzo ikugwirizana ndi SKU pa invoice yamalonda ya wogulitsa. Kusagwirizana ndi vuto lodziwika bwino pakutsata malamulo pakugula kwa ESE kudutsa malire - 21% ya ma phukusi athu owunikidwa anali ndi lipoti la chinthu X chomwe chinatumizidwa ngati chinthu Y, ndipo nthawi zambiri kusagwirizanako sikunali mwadala (wogulitsayo adasintha SKU pambuyo pa mayeso koma sanaperekenso lipotilo). Kuwunika kufanana kumatenga masekondi 30 ndipo kumaletsa kulanda kwa anthu asanu ndi limodzi.
Gawo 4 - Mtengo wa ΔT.Pezani nthawi yoyambirira ya ΔT mu gawo la zotsatira za mayeso. Mtengo uyenera kukhala pakati pa 25 ndi 60 µs pa ESE yachizolowezi. Kenako tengani chidziwitso cha chitetezo cha datasheet cha wogulitsa ndikuchiyendetsa kudzera mu fomula ya NFC 17-102: Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔT·(coefficient ina yeniyeni ya malo)) komwe r ndi radius yozungulira ndipo h ndi kutalika kwa mast. Ngati radius yotetezedwa ya wogulitsayo sikugwirizana ndi radius yomwe ΔT yanena pa lipotilo, datasheetyo ndi yolakwika. Radius ya mamita 80 yomwe yanenedwa yothandizidwa ndi 25 µs ΔT ndi yosagwirizana ndi masamu ndipo iyenera kukanidwa.
Gawo 5 - Chizindikiro.Lipotilo liyenera kusainidwa ndi wovomerezeka kusaina labu, dzina lake, udindo wake, ndi tsiku losainidwa likuwoneka. PDF yosasainidwa, kapena lipoti losainidwa ndi woyang'anira wa labu yekha osati wosainira waukadaulo, limaonedwa ngati chikalata osati lipoti lomalizidwa ndi olemba inshuwaransi ambiri a otumiza kunja. Pafupifupi 6% ya ma phukusi athu owunikidwa anali ndi malipoti osasainidwa kapena osasainidwa pang'ono.
Ndi Makhalidwe Atatu Ati a Ogulitsa Omwe Amasonyeza Chiwopsezo Chachikulu Chotsatira Malamulo?
Anthu ambiri ochokera kunja omwe ndimagwira nawo ntchito ndimaweruza wogulitsa wa ESE womangitsa pa mtengo, nthawi yobweretsera, ndi MOQ. Zinthu zitatuzi sizikugwirizana ndi malamulo onse. Nazi makhalidwe atatu a ogulitsa omwe ndimayang'ana tsopano pa kuyitana koyamba - ndi milandu yeniyeni yomwe yandiphunzitsa kuyang'ana iliyonse. Iliyonse mwa izi imachokera ku ubale weniweni wa ogulitsa womwe unatha, kapena uyenera kutha, mopanda kuyenerera.
Khalidwe 1 — Kukana kugawana lipoti lonse la mayeso PDF.Wogulitsa amene amatumiza chidule cha tsamba limodzi lokha, kapena amene amatumiza lipotilo kumbuyo kwa NDA yosainidwa yomwe imaletsa wotumiza kunja kugawana ndi wothandizira inshuwalansi yake, akusonyeza kuti lipotilo lili ndi zambiri zomwe angakonde kuti wogula asawone. Zifukwa zodziwika bwino ndi izi: lipotilo ndi lakale kuposa momwe wogulitsayo adanenera, dzina la labu silikugwirizana ndi zomwe wogula adatchula, kapena mtengo wa ΔT ndi wotsika kuposa zomwe akunena. Ndinaonera izi zikuchitika ndi kampani yogulitsa ku Yiwu mu 2024. Anatchula mzere wa ESE wokhala ndi chidule cha mayeso a tsamba limodzi chomwe chidalemba dzina la labu ndi mtengo wa ΔT, ndipo wotumiza kunja anali atakambirana kale ndi dongosololo motsatira mphamvu ya chidulecho. Pamene ndinapempha lipoti lonse la masamba 47 la PDF kuti nditsimikizire tsamba lakutsogolo ndi chipika chosainira, kampani yogulitsa inati chikalata chonsecho chinali chachinsinsi ku labu ndipo sichingagawane. Chifukwa chake chinakhala chosavuta komanso choyipa kwambiri - labu idapereka kusintha kwa lipoti loyambirira lomwe linachepetsa kapangidwe ka chipinda miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pa mayeso oyamba, ndipo kampani yogulitsa sinafune kuti wogula awone tsamba losintha. Mgwirizanowo sunatheke, ndipo wogulitsa katunduyo anapita kwa wogulitsa wina wokhala ndi phukusi la zikalata zowonekera bwino.Lipoti lovomerezeka la mayeso limayenda ndi katunduyo ndipo limapezeka kwa kasitomala womaliza wa wotumiza katunduyo popanda choletsa.Wogulitsa katundu amene akukana kugawana naye asanafike kwa PO ndiye wogulitsa woti asiye.
Khalidwe Lachiwiri — Kupereka lipoti la zaka zoposa 5 popanda kupereka mayeso ena.Pafupifupi 27% ya ma phukusi athu owunikidwa anali ndi vuto ili, ndipo nthawi zonse yankho la wogulitsayo atatsutsidwa linali lomwelo - "muyezo sunasinthe, lipotilo likadali lovomerezeka." Izi ndi zoona pankhani ya muyezo koma sizikugwirizana ndi chinthucho: labu idayesa chipangizo china chake chokhala ndi kapangidwe kake kamkati, ndipo ngati wogulitsayo wasintha kapangidwe ka chipinda kapena kupeza zamagetsi kuyambira mayesowo, lipotilo silikugwiranso ntchito. Pulojekiti ya ntchito za anthu ku Casablanca ya 2023 idapangitsa kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yoona kwa ine. Wogula adalipira kutumiza kwa mayunitsi 150 motsutsana ndi lipoti la mayeso la zaka 7 - lipotilo linali logwirizana ndiukadaulo papepala, ndipo wogulitsayo adatsutsa bwino kuti muyezowo sunasinthe. Woyang'anira magetsi wa bungwe la Morocco adapeza kusiyana kwa tsiku padoko, kutumiza kunachitika kwa masiku 22 pomwe kuyesanso kunakonzedwa ku labu yaku France, wotumizayo adatenga ndalama zochotsera, ndipo polojekitiyo idalephera tsiku lomaliza la Okutobala. Mtengo wa kafukufuku woyambirira wotsatira malamulo pagawo la mawu ukanakhala gawo laling'ono la demurrage ndi chilango kuphatikiza.Wogulitsa woona mtima adzapereka mayeso ena, kapena adzatchula banja la chinthu chomwe sichinasinthidwe chomwe chimasunga lipoti loyambirira kukhala lovomerezeka. Wogulitsa wosaona mtima adzatsutsa.
Khalidwe 3 — Kusintha mayina a labu pakati pa mawu ogwidwa popanda kufotokozera.Ogulitsa ena adzatchula labu kuchokera ku fakitale imodzi ndi labu yosiyana kuchokera ku fakitale ina, kapena adzasintha kupita ku labu yatsopano pambuyo poti labu yoyambirira yawonetsa nkhawa za kapangidwe ka chinthucho. Zonsezi ndi zizindikiro zomveka za kusakhazikika kwa unyolo woperekera zomwe wotumiza adzalandira ngati chiopsezo chotsata malamulo. Tinawona izi mu 2024 ndi wogulitsa wochokera ku Ningbo yemwe adatiwuza lipoti la mayeso a LSEE la 2023 la mzere wa ESE, kenako adasinthira ku "labu yogwirizana ndi European" yosatchulidwa dzina la mtengo wa 2024 popanda kufotokozera. Titafunsa chifukwa chake dzina la labu linasintha, wogulitsayo poyamba adati labu yoyambirira idasiya kuyesa kwa ESE (zomwe zinali zabodza - LSEE idakalipo), kenako adati kapangidwe ka chipindacho kasinthidwa pazifukwa zamtengo wapatali (zomwe zidapezeka kuti ndi chifukwa chenicheni). Labu yoyambirira idawonetsa nkhawa yokhudza momwe chipindacho chidakonzedweranso ndipo idapempha kuti iyesedwenso; wogulitsayo adasankha kusamutsa bizinesiyo ku labu yocheperako m'malo molipira kuti iyesedwenso.Wogulitsa woona mtima ali ndi labu imodzi, lipoti limodzi, ndi gulu limodzi la zinthu — ndipo ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe imapulumuka kafukufuku wa zoopsa wa inshuwaransi komwe akupita.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Kutsatira Kukhazikitsa Kumasankhidwa Asanayambe Kulumikiza Chingwe Choyamba?
Zikalata zikapezeka ndipo ESE arrester ikafika, funso lotsatira loti mutsatire malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa. Apa ndi pomwe ogulitsa ochokera kunja omwe amagulitsa m'misika ya francophone amakumana ndi vuto lomwe silikupezeka mu IEC 62305: motsatira NFC 17-102, kuwerengera kwa chitetezo, kukula kwa down-conductor, kukana kwa earthing, ndi mtunda pakati pa arresters zonse zimayikidwa ndi muyezo - si milandu yoweruza. Kukhazikitsa komwe sikukugwirizana ndi miyezo ya muyezo kumalephera kufufuza inshuwaransi ngakhale ESE yokha ili ndi chitsimikizo chokwanira.
Vuto lofala kwambiri lomwe ndimaona mu mapulojekiti a francophone ndi kuwerengera kwa protection-radius komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito ΔT kuchokera ku datasheet yotsatsa m'malo mwa ΔT kuchokera ku lipoti loyesa. Malinga ndi fomula ya protection-radius Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔL²) pomwe r ndi rolling-sphere radius ndipo h ndi kutalika kwa mast, 25 µs ΔT imapereka pafupifupi 45-mita yoteteza radius pomwe 60 µs ΔT imapereka pafupifupi 80 metres. Ngati wokhazikitsa agwiritsa ntchito zomwe zanenedwa (80 metres) koma lipoti loyesa likuwonetsa 25 µs (zomwe zingalungamitse mamita 45 okha), nyumbayo ilibe chitetezo chokwanira ndipo kukhazikitsa sikukugwirizana ndi malamulo. Ndinaonera momwe zinthu zinalili pa chipatala chokonzanso zinthu ku Abidjan mu 2024. ESE yokha inali ndi satifiketi yokwanira — zikalata zinaperekedwa popanda vuto ku kasitomu — koma katswiri wamagetsi yemwe anali pamalopo anali ndi ma conductor a mkuwa okwana 25 mm² m'malo mwa 50 mm² omwe NFC 17-102 imawalembera pa kukhazikitsa kwachizolowezi, chifukwa chingwe cha 25 mm² chinali kale pamalopo kuchokera kuntchito ina ndipo nthawi yomaliza yoperekera inali yochepa. Kuyang'anitsitsa kwa NFC 17-102 panthawi yopereka kunalephera pa gawo la down-conductor, wokhazikitsayo anayenera kukokanso down-conductor aliyense panyumbapo, ndipo polojekitiyi inatayika miyezi iwiri pa nthawi ya boma yomwe sinali ndi miyezi iwiri yoti itayike. Vutoli silinali la ESE yokha — linali lokhudza malamulo okhudza zikalata. Wokhazikitsayo ankadziwa muyezo wofunikira wa 50 mm², koma kupanikizika kwa nthawi kunamukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zinali kale pa pallet.PaMiyezo ya IEC, chowongolera pansi ndiye gawo lachiwiri la chitetezo — ESE yovomerezeka ndi 60 µs ΔT imangokhala bwino ngati chingwe chomwe chimanyamula kutulutsa kwa madzi kupita pansi.
Vuto lachiwiri lodziwika bwino lokhazikitsa ndi gawo loyambira la down-conductor lomwe silikugwirizana ndi muyezo. NFC 17-102 imatchula gawo loyambira la mkuwa la 50 mm² la down-conductor kuyambira ESE mpaka kumapeto kwa earth, komanso kukana kwa earth-electrode kwa 10 ohms pa kukhazikitsa kwachizolowezi. Wokhazikitsa yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito mkuwa wa 25 mm² chifukwa ndi wotsika mtengo, kapena amene amavomereza kukana kwa earth kwa 18 ohms chifukwa nthaka ndi yoipa, akupanga kukhazikitsa komwe sikungagwire ntchito ngakhale ESE yokha ili ndi satifiketi.
Kodi Otumiza Zinthu ku Africa Olankhula Chifalansa Amafunikira Chiyani Zimene Otumiza Zinthu ku EU Sazifunikira Kawirikawiri?
Wogulitsa katundu ku Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Cameroon, kapena DRC akukumana ndi gawo la zikalata zomwe wogula katundu ku EU sakumana nazo. Akuluakulu a zamagetsi am'deralo m'maiko ambiri aku Africa omwe amalankhula Chifalansa sadzalandira lipoti loyesa la NFC 17-102 lokha - amafunikira kutsimikizika kwa SONCAP (Nigeria ndi mayiko ena angapo a ECOWAS) kapena pulogalamu ya VoC (Verification of Conformity) yoyendetsedwa ndi bungwe loyang'anira monga SGS, Bureau Veritas, kapena Intertek pa kutumiza komwe kukupita. Mu ndemanga 168 za zikalata zomwe tidayang'anira kutumiza katundu ku Africa komwe kukupita pakati pa 2024 ndi 2026, nthawi yovomerezeka ya VoC/SONCAP yopita kumbali ina inali motere: masiku 9 pa avareji ya kutumiza katundu ku Côte d'Ivoire kudzera mu SGS Abidjan, masiku 11 ku Senegal kudzera mu Bureau Veritas Dakar, ndi masiku 14 ku Cameroon kudzera mu SGS Douala. Mtengo nthawi zambiri umakhala wochepa poyerekeza ndi mtengo wa katundu, ndipo nthawi yake ndi yosinthasintha yomwe imakhudza otumiza katundu omwe sanayike mu ndondomeko yawo yotumizira katundu - nthawi yoti Côte d'Ivoire ifike masiku 9 si yosankha, koma dongosololi likugwira ntchito monga momwe linapangidwira. Wotumiza katundu woyamba amene amaganiza kuti lipoti loyesa lokha ndi lokwanira adzapeza kuti chidebe chake chili padoko kwa nthawi imeneyo, chikulipira ndalama zochepa tsiku lililonse, ndipo sichinafike tsiku lopereka ntchitoyo.
Chofunika chachiwiri chokhudza anthu ochokera ku France kupita ku Africa ndi satifiketi yovomerezeka ndi kazembe. Mayiko angapo (makamaka Morocco, Tunisia, ndi DRC) amafuna kuti chilengezo cha CE cha magwiridwe antchito ndi zikalata zowongolera kupanga mafakitale zivomerezedwe ndi kazembe wa China kenako ndi kazembe wa dziko lomwe akupita ku Beijing zikalatazo zisanavomerezedwe pamisonkhano. Iyi ndi njira yocheperako - kuvomerezeka kwa kazembe kumatha kuwonjezera milungu itatu mpaka isanu ndi umodzi ku katundu woyamba, ndipo wotumiza kunja yemwe sanachitepo izi kale nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza nthawi yobweretsera katunduyo.
Chachitatu ndi chizindikiro cha Chifalansa chomwe chili pa chinthucho. Mayiko angapo (Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal) amafuna kuti chinthucho chikhale ndi chizindikiro cha Chifalansa chomwe chili ndi dzina la wogulitsa, chizindikiro cha chinthucho, ndi muyezo wotsatira malamulo womwe watchulidwa. Wotumiza katundu amene chinthu chake chimatumizidwa ndi chizindikiro cha Chingerezi chokha adzafunika kulembedwanso chizindikirocho pamalo omwe akupita, zomwe ndi vuto la zikalata lomwe woyang'anira boma adzawonetsa paulendo woyamba. Wogulitsa woona mtima adzapereka chitsanzo cha chizindikiro cha Chifalansa ngati gawo la phukusi lokhazikika.
Mndandanda Wotsatira Malamulo a NFC 17-102 Usanatumizidwe
Yang'anani mndandanda uwu musanalole kutumiza pa dongosolo latsopano la ESE arrester. Chinthu chilichonse chiyenera kukhala INDE kapena chizindikiro ngati chosiyana chodziwika. Wotumiza katundu amene amaona chilichonse chomwe chili mu gawo la "AYI" ngati chovomerezeka akumanga cholakwika cha zikalata mu katunduyo.
Ikani chizindikiro pa chinthu chilichonse mukachitsimikizira mogwirizana ndi phukusi la zikalata za wogulitsa. Zinthu zomwe simungathe kuzitsimikizira siziyenera kuikidwa chizindikiro.
Mafunso Omwe Amafunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Kutsatira Malamulo a NFC 17-102 kwa Otumiza Kunja
Kodi ndingadziwe bwanji ngati lipoti la mayeso a NFC 17-102 likadalipo?
Lipoti loyesa la NFC 17-102 silikhala ndi tsiku lomaliza ntchito patsamba lake loyamba, koma French accreditation practice (COFRAC) imaona malipoti a labotale ya ESE okwera mphamvu ngati ovomerezeka kwa zaka 5 kuyambira tsiku lotulutsa la mabanja azinthu zomwe sizinayesedwenso. Kutsimikizira koona mtima ndikufunsa wogulitsayo tsiku lotulutsa, nambala ya lipoti, ndi chitsimikizo chakuti banja lazinthu zomwe zili mu lipotilo silinakonzedwenso kuyambira pamenepo. Ngati lipotilo ndi lakale kuposa zaka 5, kapena ngati wogulitsayo wasintha zamagetsi zamkati kuyambira lipotilo, muyenera kuyesedwanso motsutsana ndi mtundu waposachedwa wa NFC 17-102 chidebe choyamba chisanatumizidwe.
Kodi ndingathe kulowetsa zida zoteteza magetsi za ESE kuchokera ku China kupita ku France popanda satifiketi ya NFC 17-102?
Mwalamulo, France siletsa kulowetsa ESE arrester popanda satifiketi ya NFC 17-102, koma nyumbayo sidzapambana kafukufuku wa Consuel kapena kafukufuku wa inshuwaransi popanda lipoti laposachedwa la mayeso a NFC 17-102 pa chinthu chomwe chayikidwa. Mwachizolowezi satifiketiyo ndi yofunikira pa kukhazikitsa kulikonse komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi nyumba ya anthu onse, malo opangira mafakitale, kapena nyumba iliyonse yomwe ili ndi inshuwaransi yoteteza mphezi. Mapulojekiti okhawo omwe wotumiza kunja angadutse NFC 17-102 ndi malo okhala anthu osakwana mamita 10 kutalika - gawo laling'ono kwambiri pamsika wa ESE.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa NFC 17-102 ndi IEC 62305 pa kukhazikitsa ESE?
IEC 62305 ndiye muyezo wapadziko lonse woteteza mphezi ndipo umasamalira malo onse opumira mpweya mofanana — suzindikira mfundo ya ESE ya ubwino wotulutsa mpweya woyambirira. NFC 17-102 ndiye muyezo wadziko lonse la France womwe umalongosola momveka bwino momwe malo opumira mpweya a ESE amayesedwera ndikuyikidwa, kuphatikiza nthawi yoyambira ya ΔT (delta-T) yomwe ESE iyenera kuwonetsa kudzera pa ndodo yosavuta ya Franklin. Pulojekiti yotchulidwa ku IEC 62305 idzalandira ndodo ya Franklin kapena khola la maukonde; pulojekiti yotchulidwa ku NFC 17-102 imafuna ESE yokhala ndi lipoti la mayeso aposachedwa. Ogulitsa kunja omwe amagulitsa ku Francophone Africa nthawi zambiri amatsatira NFC 17-102 chifukwa omwe amapereka inshuwaransi kwa makasitomala awo amafunikira.
Kodi ΔT imatanthauza chiyani pa lipoti la mayeso a ESE ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani ili yofunika?
ΔT (delta-T) ndi nthawi yabwino, yomwe imayesedwa mu microseconds, yomwe malo opumira mpweya a ESE amawonetsa pamwamba pa ndodo yosavuta ya Franklin pansi pa mikhalidwe ya labotale. NFC 17-102 imafuna kuti ESE iyambe mtsogoleri wokwera mmwamba kale kuposa ndodo yowunikira, ndipo labu imawerengera nthawi yoyambirira - nthawi zambiri pakati pa 25 ndi 60 microseconds kutengera mtunduwo. ΔT yokwera imatanthauza radius yayikulu yoteteza, chifukwa fomula Rp = f(ΔT, h, mulingo woteteza) imayika ΔT mwachindunji mu kuwerengera kwa radius yoteteza. Chifukwa chenicheni chomwe otumiza kunja ayenera kusamala nacho: ΔT ya 25 µs motsutsana ndi 60 µs ndi kusiyana pakati pa radius yoteteza ya pafupifupi mamita 45 ndi imodzi ya pafupifupi mamita 80 kutalika komweko kwa mast - ndiko maziko aukadaulo omwe kapangidwe ka wogula kamamangidwira, ndipo mtengo wolakwika wa ΔT umatanthauza kuti nyumbayo sitetezedwa mokwanira.
Kodi lipoti la mayeso a NFC 17-102 limagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji ku Francophone Africa?
Mu Africa yolankhula Chifalansa (Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Cameroon, DRC, Morocco, Tunisia) njira yovomerezeka imagwirizana ndi malangizo a COFRAC koma sinalembedwe mwalamulo. Ogula ambiri ochokera kunja ndi omwe amalemba inshuwalansi yawo amaona lipoti la zaka 5 ngati malire apamwamba, ndipo lipoti lililonse lakale kuposa limenelo limayambitsa pempho loti liyesedwenso. Mayiko ena - makamaka Morocco pansi pa NM 06.1.001 - amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo awo okhwima otsimikizira omwe ndi okhwima kuposa zaka 5. Wogula kunja ayenera kufunsa kasitomala womaliza kuti ndi annex iti ya dziko yomwe ikugwira ntchito ndikutsimikizira tsiku lopereka lipotilo motsutsana nalo.
Kodi ndikufunika buku lothandizira kukhazikitsa la Chifalansa la ESE arrester?
Kwa okhazikitsa ku France kapena dziko la ku Africa lomwe lili ndi chilankhulo chachifalansa lomwe limatsatira njira yokhazikitsa ya NFC 17-102, inde - buku lokhazikitsa pamalopo liyenera kupezeka mu Chifalansa kwa akatswiri amagetsi okhazikitsa komanso kwa oyang'anira a Consuel kapena oyang'anira aboma am'deralo. Buku lokhazikitsa lokha la Chingerezi lidzawonetsedwa pakuwunika koyamba pamalopo ndipo lidzawonedwa ngati vuto la zikalata ngakhale ESE yokha ili ndi chiphaso chokwanira. Wotumiza ayenera kupempha buku lokhazikitsa la Chifalansa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa panthawi yopereka mawu, osati ngati chowonjezera pa tsiku lotumizira.
| Gulu la zilema | Gawo la maphukusi omwe akhudzidwa | Gawo lotsimikizira lomwe limagwira ntchito |
|---|---|---|
| Buku lothandizira kukhazikitsa Chifalansa likusowa | 38% | Funsani buku la Chifalansa pa nthawi ya mawu ofotokozera, musanasainire chikalata cha PO |
| Lipoti la mayeso la zaka zoposa 5 | 27% | Chotsani tsiku lotulutsa nkhani patsamba loyamba kapena losayinidwa ndipo yerekezerani ndi tsiku la lero |
| Kusagwirizana kwa chifaniziro cha malonda (lipoti poyerekeza ndi invoice) | 21% | Onaninso SKU yomwe ili pa lipotilo motsutsana ndi SKU yomwe ili pa invoice yamalonda. |
| Lipoti la mayeso ochokera ku labu yosavomerezeka | 19% | Tsimikizani dzina la labu lomwe lili paNkhokwe ya COFRACpansi pa mayeso a ISO/IEC 17025 |
| Kusowa kwa chilengezo cha CE cha magwiridwe antchito | 14% | Tsimikizani kuti DoP yasainidwa ndi tsiku, ndipo dzina la wopanga likugwirizana ndi lipoti loyesa |
| Palibe zikalata zowongolera kupanga mafakitale | 11% | Funsani satifiketi ya ISO 9001 ndi chikalata cha CPU cha fakitale chomwe chili ndi chizindikiro chomwecho cha malonda. |
Jane Yang· Woyang'anira Malonda, Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
Zaka 12 mu chitetezo cha mphezi ndi kuletsa malonda akunja · Zaka 17 za kupanga ESE arrester pamsika wotumiza kunja wa Francophone.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-04-2026