He aratohu arotake hanganga ture mō ngā kaikawemai me ngā kaituku reo Pākehā — ko ngā mea e whakamanahia ana e te pūrongo whakamātautau NFC 17-102, e whā ngā tuhinga hei tono i mua i te tukunga o ngā ipu tuatahi, me ētahi whanonga kaiwhakarato e toru e tohu ana i te mōrearea hanganga ture tūturu.

I tukuna mai e tētahi kaihoko kawemai i Abidjan tētahi pūrongo whakamātautau 47-whārangi i te tau kua hipa, e pātai ana mēnā kei te tutuki te pūmau ESE e tata ana ia ki te tuku ki roto i ngā ipu. E toru ngā mea i hē ki te kete: he 11 tau te pakeke o te pūrongo, i tukuna mai e tētahi taiwhanga kāore anō kia rangona e tētahi o ana mana hiko ā-rohe, ā, kāore te tau tohutoro hua i tāia ki te uhi o te pūrongo i ōrite ki tētahi hua i runga i tana ota hoko. Kua tukuna kētia e ia he tuku moni tārewa ki te kaiwhakarato, kua tae te ipu ki te tauranga i roto i ngā rā 11, ā, kua kī atu tana kaihautū inihua i Abidjan ki a ia mā te tuhituhi kāore te whare e inihuatia mēnā kāore te ESE e mau i tētahi pūrongo whakamātautau NFC 17-102 hou.

Koia te take o tēnei aratohu. Whai muri i te 17 tau o te mahi miihini i ngā taunga rererangi ESE mō te mākete kaweake reo Wīwī — Parani, Perehiuma, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Cameroon, Morocco — kua rau ngā wā kua tirohia e au te arotakenga ture ōrite, ā, he tino ōrite ngā tauira e kitea ana e au i te taha kawemai. Ko ngā tuhinga e whā me tono e ia kawemai i mua i te tukunga, ko ngā whanonga e toru a te kaiwhakarato hei aukati i tētahi whakaaetanga, me te tukanga pānui pūrongo e rima-taahiraa i raro nei, koinei ngā mea ka tukuna atu e au ki ia kaihoko hou e pātai ana mēnā kei te tutuki ā rātou whakaritenga.

He tuhinga tēnei mō ngā kaikawemai me ngā kaituku reo Wīwī, nā te mea he ariā anō tō te hanganga ture NFC 17-102, kāore e taea te whakawhiti mārire mai i te mahi IEC 62305, NFPA 780 rānei. Mena ka hoko koe i ngā pū ārai ESE ki Parani, ki Āwherika reo Wīwī, ki tētahi kaupapa rānei e tohu ana te kaitaraiwa inihua ki te NFC 17-102, ko te toenga o tēnei tuhinga te tukanga arotake ka whakahaerehia e au mō tō kaiwhakarato e whai ake nei.

He aha ngā mea e whakamatautauria ana e te NFC 17-102 e pekepeke ana te pukapuka iti?

I whakaputaina te NFC 17-102 e AFNOR (te whakahaere paerewa ā-motu o Wīwī) ā, koinei anake te paerewa ā-motu o te ao e tautuhi ana i tētahi tikanga whakamātautau motuhake mō ngā taunga rererangi Early Streamer Emission. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaikawemai e mahi tahi ana mātou e whakaaro ana ko te paerewa "te putanga Wīwī o te IEC 62305" - ehara. E kiia ana e te IEC 62305 he ōrite ngā taunga rererangi katoa, engari ko te NFC 17-102 i tuhia motuhake hei whakaahua i te mātāpono ESE: te whakaaro ka taea e tētahi taunga rererangi me tētahi rūma ionization ā-roto te whakaoho i tētahi kaiārahi ki runga i mua i tētahi tokotoko Franklin noa, ā, ko tēnei painga wā ka puta he radius tiaki nui ake i te teitei o te pou kotahi.

He whakataurite taiwhanga ngaohiko teitei te whakamātautau tonu. Ka whakanohohia e te taiwhanga te kaitono ESE ki te taha o tētahi tokotoko tohutoro māmā i roto i tētahi mara ngaohiko teitei e whakahaeretia ana, kātahi ka whakaoho i tētahi raupapa tukunga. Mō ia tukunga, ka ine te taiwhanga i te wā e tīmata ai te ESE i tētahi kaiārahi ki runga, ki te wā e tīmata ai te tokotoko tohutoro. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i aua wā e rua ko te wā whakamua ΔT (delta-T), e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā maikorohekona. Ko ngā uara ΔT e rite ana ki te NFC 17-102 e kitea ana e au i ngā pūrongo taiwhanga mai i te 25 µs ki te 60 µs, i runga i te hoahoa o te rūma. E ai ki teAnga AFNOR, me whakahaere te whakamātautau i roto i tētahi taiwhanga whaimana ISO/IEC 17025 — ko tōna tikanga i Parani he whare whaimana COFRAC — ā, me tohu te pūrongo i te putanga motuhake o NFC 17-102 i whakahaerea ai te whakamātautau.

Ko te take he mea nui tēnei i roto i te mahi, nā te mea ko te ΔT te mea e akiaki ana i ngā mea katoa ki raro iho - te radius tiaki, te teitei o te pou, te rahi o te kaiārahi-ki raro, me te mokowā i waenga i ngā ārai i runga i te whare kotahi. Ko te ΔT o te 25 µs i te teitei pou noa ka puta he radius tiaki tata ki te 45 mita; ko te ΔT o te 60 µs ka puta he tata ki te 80 mita. Mena ka whakahuahia e te kawemai he hoahoa tiaki whare i runga i te pepa raraunga 60 µs engari ko te waeine tuturu i tukuna he pūrongo whakamātautau 25 µs, kāore i te tino tiakina te whare, ā, ka mōhio te kaipupuri inihua i te wā tuatahi ka tae mai he kereme ki runga i tā rātou tēpu. Koinei te aratau rahunga e huri ai i te tāutanga ESE hei kereme nama rima-mati, ā, kei reira te arotake ture katoa hei ārai i tēnei.

Ko ēhea ngā tuhinga e whā me whiwhi te kaikawemai i mua i te tukunga o te ipu tuatahi?

Kua tirohia e au ngā rau o ēnei arotake tuhinga, ā, e whā ngā taonga tuku iho e puta ake ana i ia wā. Ko te kaihoko kawemai e tohe ana kia whiwhi i ngā mea e whā i mua i te whakamana i te tuku ka hopu i te 90% o ngā hapa o te tutuki i te wā tuku utu kaua i te tauranga ūnga. Nā te whakahoutanga o te hōhipera o Lyon i te tau 2024 i mārama ai tēnei ki ahau: i tono te kaihoko i ngā taputapu hopu ESE e 200 me te kete tuhinga reo Ingarihi katoa - e whā ngā tuhinga, kua hainatia katoa, kua tāia katoatia. I paahitia te ipu kaipuke e ngā tikanga tuku me te kore he raruraru. Heoi, i whakakahore te kaimahi hiko tāutanga i Marseille ki te tīmata i te mahi nā te mea kāore te pukapuka tāutanga i te reo Wīwī. I noho ngā waeine e 200 ki te whare putunga o te kaihoko kawemai mō ngā wiki e ono i te wā e whakaritea ana te whakamāoritanga ki te ūnga, i heke te tukunga o te kaupapa mā te hauwhā katoa, ā, i utua e te kaihoko kawemai te utu whakamāoritanga me te whiu kirimana.Kotahi te pātai i te wā whakahua utu — "Kia kite ahau i te pukapuka tāutanga reo Wīwī i mua i te PO?" — kua oti te raruraru katoa i roto i te 30 hēkona.Anei ngā mahi a ia tuhinga, me pēhea hoki te manatoko.

Tuhinga 1 — Te pūrongo whakamātautau taiwhanga ngaohiko-tiketike NFC 17-102.Koinei te taonga kawe kawenga o te kete hanganga ture katoa. Me ahu mai te pūrongo i tētahi taiwhanga kua whakamanahia e te COFRAC (i tētahi tinana whakamanatanga ōrite rānei kua whakamanahia e te COFRAC i raro i te ILAC MRA — ko te nuinga ko te CNAS i Haina, ko te UKAS i te UK, ko te A2LA i te US). Me tohutoro ki tētahi putanga motuhake o te NFC 17-102 (ko te putanga o nāianei e whai mana ana puta noa i te nuinga o ngā mākete reo Pākehā ko te putanga 2011). Me kī te tau tohutoro hua kua whakamatautauria. Ā, me pūrongo hoki i tētahi wā mua ΔT, koinei te mea ka whakamahia e te kaikawemai i raro iho mō te tatau i te radius tiaki. Ko tētahi o ēnei tūemi e whā e ngaro ana i te pūrongo he aukati i te whakaaetanga i mua i te tuku.

Tuhinga 2 — Te tiwhikete whakapuakitanga CE mō te mahi, te tutuki rānei.Kei roto hoki i te EU Construction Products Regulation (CPR) mō te ture mō ngā hua hanga te taputapu hopu ESE kua tāutahia i raro i te NFC 17-102 i Parani, i Āwherika reo-Wīwī rānei, arā, me whai Whakapuakitanga Mahi (DoP) te kaihoko kawemai i raro i te EN 50575, i raro rānei i tōna ingoa i muri mai, me te tohu CE i runga i te hua me te takai. Mō ngā whenua ehara i te EU (te nuinga o ngā whenua Āwherika reo-Wīwī), ko te mea ōrite ko te Whakapuakitanga Whakatutuki e tohu ana i te waehere hiko o te whenua e haere atu ana. Me hainatia, me te rā hoki tētahi o ngā tuhinga, ā, me ōrite te tohu tuakiri o te kaihanga i runga i te tuhinga ki te kamupene kua whakaingoatia i runga i te pūrongo whakamātautau.

Tuhinga 3 — Te pukapuka tāutanga reo Wīwī.Koinei te hapa e kitea pinepine ana i roto i ā mātou arotake tuhinga: 38% o ngā mōkihi 168 i arotakehia e mātou i waenga i te tau 2024 me te 2026 kāore he pukapuka tāuta reo Wīwī i te wā o te whakatau utu, engari he pukapuka Ingarihi anake i tukuna tahitia me ngā taonga. Ehara i te mea hangarau te take he mea nui tēnei — he tukanga. Me whai te kaimahi hiko i Marseille, i Abidjan rānei i te pukapuka i roto i te reo Wīwī hei tāuta ki ngā whakaritenga mokowā me te whenua e whakaritea ana e te NFC 17-102, ā, me whai te kaitirotiro Kaunhera (Wīwī) te kaitirotiro mana ā-rohe rānei (te nuinga o ngā whenua o Āwherika reo Wīwī) i te pukapuka i roto i te reo Wīwī hei manatoko i te tāutanga ki te paerewa. He hapa tuhinga te pukapuka reo Ingarihi anake, ehara i te hapa hua, ā, kāore e taea e te kaikawemai te whakatika i te wāhi e haere atu ana. Ko te whakatika ko te tono i te pukapuka Wīwī i te wā whakatau utu, i mua i te hainatanga o te ota hoko.

Tuhinga 4 — Ngā tuhinga whakahaere whakaputa wheketere.Koinei te tuhinga e kiia nei e ngā mana whakahaere Wīwī ko te "contrôle de production en usine" arā, te CPU, ā, koinei te tohu e whakahaere ana te kaihanga i tētahi tukanga whakaputa ōrite - ehara i te mea kotahi anake te waeine i paahitia i te whakamātautau kotahi. Mō tētahi wheketere Haina, ko te CPU te tikanga he tiwhikete ISO 9001 me te tuhinga tukanga whakahaere whakaputa ā-roto o te wheketere, me te tau tohutoro hua kotahi e puta ana i te pūrongo whakamātautau. Ko te CPU te tuhinga e whakawhitihia ana e te kaihoko, e te kaitirotiro rānei ina hiahia rātou ki te manatoko ko te waeine i tukuna i tēnei marama ko te whānau hua kotahi i paahitia te whakamātautau i te tau 2024.

Me pēhea te pānui i tētahi pūrongo whakamātautau NFC 17-102 pērā i tētahi kairīpoata taiwhanga?

Ko te PDF o te pūrongo whakamātautau he 30 ki te 60 whārangi te roa, me te tata ki te 5 whārangi o te tohu tutuki ture e tanumia ana ki roto i te toenga o te tuhinga. Ko ngā kaitātari taha kawemai kāore anō kia pānui i tētahi i mua ka tirotiro tere i te whārangi uhi me te whakarāpopototanga o ngā hua whakamātautau, kātahi ka hainatia. Anei te raupapa i pānui ai ahau i te pūrongo ina tono mai te kaitātari kawemai kia arotakehia e au tētahi, me ngā kōrero a ia wāhanga ki a rātou.

Hipanga 1 — Te ingoa o te taiwhanga me tōna whakamanatanga.Kei te whārangi uhi, kei te poraka waitohu rānei o te pūrongo te ingoa o te taiwhanga i tukuna. Whakawhitiwhitia tēnei ki te pātengi raraunga COFRAC icofrac.fr/eni raro i te whakamātautau ISO/IEC 17025. Mena kāore te taiwhanga i te rārangi COFRAC, tonoa he whakamātautau tuarua mai i tētahi whare whaimana. Ko te ingoa o te taiwhanga te hapa tino kitea i roto i ngā mōkihi e arotakehia ana e mātou — 19% o ngā mōkihi 168 i arotakehia he pūrongo mai i tētahi taiwhanga kāore tōna ingoa i puta i tētahi rārangi COFRAC, ILAC MRA rānei, ko te tikanga kāore te kaipupuri inihua a te kai kawemai e whakaae.

Hipanga 2 — Te rā i tukuna ai.Tangohia te rā i tukuna mai i te whārangi uhi, i te poraka waitohu rānei. Mēnā he pūrongo neke atu i te 5 tau te pakeke, me whakaoho he tono kia whakamātautauhia anō, nā te mea e whakaarohia ana e te mahi Wīwī te whakamātautau he mea here ki te whānau hua i te wā o te whakamātautau, ehara i te mea ki te paerewa anake. Tata ki te 27% o ngā mōkihi i arotakehia e mātou he pūrongo neke atu i te 5 tau te pakeke mai i te rā i tukuna ai i te wā o te arotake a te kaikawemai, koinei te hapa e pā ana ki te rā i tino kitea, ā, ko te mea tino māmā ki te hopu.

Hipanga 3 — Te tau tohutoro hua.Ko te tikanga, ka whakarārangihia te hua kua whakamatautauria mā te tau tauira ā-roto, mā te SKU rānei, i ētahi wā me te whakaahua me te tuhi ā-rahi. Manatokohia kei te ōrite tēnei tau tauira ki te SKU kei runga i te nama arumoni a te kaiwhakarato. Ko te kore ōrite te hapa ture tino kitea i roto i ngā hoko ESE whakawhiti-rohe — 21% o ā mātou mōkihi kua arotakehia he pūrongo mō te hua X i tukuna hei hua Y, ā, i te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te whakaarohia te kore ōrite (kua whakahoutia e te kaiwhakarato te SKU i muri i te whakamātautau engari kāore i tukuna anō te pūrongo). E 30 hēkona te roa o te tirotiro ōrite, ā, ka ārai i te hopukanga taihara e ono-matihao.

Hipanga 4 — Te uara ΔT.Kimihia te wā whakamua o te ΔT i te wāhanga hua whakamātautau. Me noho te uara i waenga i te 25 me te 60 µs mō te ESE noa. Kātahi ka tangohia te kereme tiaki-rōrahi pepa raraunga a te kaiwhakarato ka whakahaere i roto i te tātai NFC 17-102: Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔT·(ētahi tauwehenga motuhake-wāhi)) ko r te rōrahi porowhita hurihuri, ā, ko h te teitei o te pou. Mena kāore te rōrahi tiaki i keremehia e te kaiwhakarato e ōrite ki te rōrahi i tohuhia e te ΔT i runga i te pūrongo, he hē te pepa raraunga. Ko te rōrahi 80-mita i keremehia e tautokona ana e te 25 µs ΔT he koretake te pāngarau, ā, me whakakore.

Hipanga 5 — Te waitohu.Me haina te pūrongo e te kaihaina whai mana o te taiwhanga, me te whakaatu i tōna ingoa, taitara, me te rā i hainatia ai. Ko te PDF kāore anō kia hainatia, ko te pūrongo rānei i hainatia e te hoa whakahaere o te taiwhanga anake, kaua ko te kaihaina hangarau, ka kiia he tauira, kaua ko te pūrongo whakamutunga, e te nuinga o ngā kaituhi inihua kawemai. Tata ki te 6% o ā mātou mōkihi kua arotakehia, he pūrongo kāore anō kia hainatia, he pūrongo rānei kua hainatia wāhangatia.

Ko ēhea ngā whanonga e toru a ngā kaiwhakarato e tohu ana i te mōrearea nui rawa atu mō te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga?

Ko te nuinga o ngā kaikawemai e mahi tahi ana mātou ka whakatau i tētahi kaiwhakarato ESE arresters i runga i te utu, te wā arahi, me te MOQ. Kāore i roto i aua paearu e toru te taha o te hanganga ture. Anei ētahi whanonga kaiwhakarato e toru e rapuhia ana e au i te waea tuatahi - me ngā take motuhake i ako i ahau ki te rapu i ia whanonga. Ko ia whanonga i ahu mai i tētahi whanaungatanga kaiwhakarato tūturu i mutu, i tika rānei kia mutu, i te whakakorenga.

Whanoke 1 — Te kore e pai ki te tohatoha i te pūrongo whakamātautau katoa i roto i te PDF.Ko te kaiwhakarato e tuku ana i tētahi whakarāpopototanga whārangi kotahi anake, e tuku ana rānei i te pūrongo i muri i tētahi NDA kua hainatia e aukati ana i te kaikawemai ki te tohatoha ki tā rātou kaihautū inihua, kei te tohu ia kei roto i te pūrongo ngā mōhiohio e hiahia ana rātou kia kaua e kitea e te kaihoko. Ko ngā take noa ko: he tawhito ake te pūrongo i te mea i kīia e te kaiwhakarato, kāore te ingoa taiwhanga e ōrite ki te mea i whakahuatia e te kaihoko, he iti iho rānei te uara ΔT i te kereme hokohoko. I mātakitaki ahau i tēnei mahi me tētahi kamupene hokohoko i Yiwu i te tau 2024. I whakahuahia e rātou tētahi rārangi ESE me tētahi whakarāpopototanga whakamātautau whārangi kotahi e whakarārangi ana i te ingoa taiwhanga me te uara ΔT, ā, kua whiriwhiria kētia e te kaikawemai te ota i runga i te kaha o taua whakarāpopototanga. I taku tono mō te PDF pūrongo whārangi 47 katoa hei manatoko i te whārangi uhi me te poraka waitohu, i kī te kamupene hokohoko he mea huna te tuhinga katoa ki te taiwhanga, ā, kāore e taea te tohatoha. Ko te take i puta he māmā ake, he kino ake hoki - kua tukuna e te taiwhanga he whakatikatika ki te pūrongo taketake i whakaheke i te hoahoa rūma i ngā marama e ono i muri i te whakamātautau taketake, ā, kāore te kamupene hokohoko i hiahia kia kite te kaihoko i te whārangi whakatikatika. Kāore i tutuki te whakaaetanga, ā, ka neke te kaihoko kawemai ki tētahi atu kaiwhakarato me tētahi kete tuhinga mārama.Ka haere tahi te pūrongo whakamātautau tika me ngā taonga, ā, e wātea ana ki te kiritaki whakamutunga a te kawemai, kāore he herenga.He kaiwhakarato e tika ana kia whakarērea te kaiwhakarato e kore e pai ki te whakapuaki i mua i te PO.

Whanoke 2 — Te whakaatu i tētahi pūrongo neke atu i te 5 tau te pakeke, me te kore e tuku whakamātautau anō.Tata ki te 27% o ā mātou kete i arotakehia he hapa tēnei, ā, i ia wā, ko te whakautu a te kaiwhakarato i te wā i werohia ai he rite tonu - "kāore te paerewa i rerekē, kei te whai mana tonu te pūrongo." He pono tēnei mō te paerewa engari kāore e pā ki te hua: i whakamatautauria e te taiwhanga tētahi wae motuhake me tētahi hoahoa ā-roto motuhake, ā, mēnā kua whakarerekētia e te kaiwhakarato te hoahoa rūma, te pūtake rānei o ngā hikohiko mai i te whakamātautau, kāore te pūrongo e pā. Nā te kaupapa mahi tūmatanui o Casablanca i te tau 2023 i mārama ai tēnei take ki ahau. I whakaaetia e tētahi kaihoko tētahi uta 150-wae ki tētahi pūrongo whakamātautau 7-tau te pakeke - he rite te pūrongo ki te pepa, ā, i tautohe angitu te kaiwhakarato kāore te paerewa tonu i rerekē. I kitea e te kaitirotiro hiko o te mana whakahaere o Moroko te rerekētanga o te rā i te tauranga, i puritia te uta mō ngā rā 22 i te wā i whakaritea ai he whakamātautau anō i tētahi taiwhanga Wīwī, i tangohia e te kaikawemai ngā utu whakahekenga, ā, i ngaro i te kaupapa tōna rā kati tuku i Oketopa. Ko te utu mō te arotakenga ture taketake i te wā whakahua he wāhanga iti noa iho o te whakahekenga me te whiu i whakakotahihia.Ka tukuna e te kaiwhakarato pono he whakamātautau anō, ka whakaingoatia rānei te whānau hua kāore i whakarerekētia e pupuri ana i te pūrongo taketake kia tika. Ka tautohe te kaiwhakarato tinihanga.

Whanoke 3 — Te whakawhiti ingoa taiwhanga i waenga i ngā kōrero whakahua me te kore whakamārama.Ka whakahuahia e ētahi kaiwhakarato he taiwhanga mai i tētahi wheketere, he taiwhanga rerekē mai i tētahi wheketere tuahine, ka huri rānei ki tētahi taiwhanga hou i muri i te whakaara ake a te taiwhanga taketake i ngā āwangawanga mō te hoahoa hua. He tohu pono ēnei e rua mō te kore pumau o te mekameka tuku ka riro mai i te kaikawemai hei mōrearea tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. I kite mātou i tēnei tauira i te tau 2024 me tētahi kaiwhakarato kei Ningbo i whakahua mai i tētahi pūrongo whakamātautau LSEE i te tau 2023 mō tētahi raina ESE, kātahi ka huri ki tētahi "taiwhanga hoa Pākehā" kāore i te ingoa mō te whakahua o te tau 2024 me te kore whakamārama. I te pātai atu mātou he aha i huri ai te ingoa o te taiwhanga, i kī tuatahi te kaiwhakarato kua mutu te whakamātautau ESE a te taiwhanga taketake (he teka - kei te mahi tonu a LSEE), kātahi ka kī kua whakahoutia te hoahoa rūma mō ngā take utu (koinei te tino take). I whakaarahia e te taiwhanga taketake he āwangawanga mō te mahi ionision o te rūma i hangaia anō, ā, i tono kia whakamātautau anō; i whiriwhiria e te kaiwhakarato te neke i te pakihi ki tētahi taiwhanga iti ake te uaua i te utu mō te whakamātautau anō.Kotahi te taiwhanga, kotahi te pūrongo, me te whānau hua o te kaiwhakarato pono — ā, koinei anake te whirihoranga e ora tonu ana i te rangahau mōrearea a te kaituhi inihua i te ūnga.

He aha i whakatauhia ai te tutuki o ngā whakaritenga tāutanga i mua i te whakarewanga o te hononga tuatahi?

Kia tae mai ngā tuhinga, ā, kia tae mai te pūmau ESE ki te papaanga, ko te pātai whai muri mō te hanganga ture ko te tāutanga. Koinei te wāhi e uru ai ngā kaihoko kawemai e hoko ana ki ngā mākete reo Pākehā ki roto i tētahi mahanga kāore i roto i te mahi IEC 62305: i raro i te NFC 17-102, ko te tatau i te radius tiaki, te rahi o te hiko-ki raro, te whakaritenga ātete-whenua, me te mokowā i waenga i ngā pūmau kua whakaritea katoatia e te paerewa — ehara i te mea he whakatau hangarau. Ko te tāutanga kāore e ōrite ki ngā uara whakahau a te paerewa ka rahua i te rangahau inihua ahakoa kua tino whakamanahia te ESE.

Ko te hapa tāutanga e kitea ana e au i roto i ngā kaupapa reo Pākehā ko te tatau i te radius tiaki e whakamahi ana i te uara ΔT mai i te pepa raraunga hokohoko kaua ki te uara ΔT mai i te pūrongo whakamātautau. E ai ki te tātai radius tiaki Rp = √(2·r·h − h² + ΔL²) ko r te radius porowhita hurihuri, ā, ko h te teitei o te pou, ko te 25 µs ΔT e homai ana he radius tiaki tata ki te 45 mita, ko te 60 µs ΔT e homai ana tata ki te 80 mita. Mena ka whakamahia e te kaiwhakauru te kereme hokohoko (80 mita) engari e whakaatu ana te pūrongo whakamātautau i te 25 µs (e tika ana kia 45 mita anake), kāore i te tino tiakina te whare, ā, kāore te tāutanga e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. I mātakitaki ahau i tēnei momo rahunga i te whakahoutanga o tētahi hōhipera i Abidjan i te tau 2024. I whakamanahia katoatia te ESE — i paahitia ngā tuhinga me te kore he raruraru i ngā tari tāke — engari i whakahaerehia e te kaimahi hiko tāutanga i te papaanga he 25 mm² ngā kaiārahi parahi iho, kaua ki te iti rawa 50 mm² e whakaritea ana e te NFC 17-102 mō te tāutanga noa, nā te mea kua tae kē te taura 25 mm² ki te papaanga mai i tētahi atu mahi, ā, he poto te rā kati tuku. I rahua te tirotiro NFC 17-102 i te tukunga i te wāhanga whakawhiti o te kaiārahi iho, me hutia anō e te kaiwhakauru ngā kaiārahi iho katoa i runga i te whare, ā, e rua marama te ngaronga o te kaupapa i runga i te wātaka ā-iwi kāore i rua marama hei ngaro. Ehara i te mea ko te ESE tonu te take o te hapa — engari ko te tikanga tuhi anake. I mōhio te kaiwhakauru ko te paerewa e hiahia ana kia 50 mm², engari ko te pēhanga o te wātaka i akiaki i a ia ki te whakamahi i te mea kua runga i te papa.Mō iaNgā paerewa IEC, ko te kaiārahi-ki raro te haurua tuarua o te pūnaha tiaki — ko te ESE kua whakamanahia ki te 60 µs ΔT ka rite noa te pai ki te taura e kawe ana i te tukunga ki te whenua.

Ko te tuarua o ngā hapa tāutanga tino kitea ko te whakawhiti i te ara iahiko hiko ki raro kāore e rite ki te paerewa. E tohu ana te NFC 17-102 i te iti rawa o te whakawhiti parahi o te 50 mm² mō te ara iahiko hiko ki raro mai i te ESE ki te pito whenua, me te iti rawa o te ātete irahiko whenua o te 10 ohms mō te tāutanga noa. Ko te kaiwhakauru e whakamahi ana i te parahi 25 mm² nā te mea he iti ake te utu, e whakaae ana rānei ki te pānui ātete whenua o te 18 ohms nā te mea he kino te āhua o te oneone, kei te hanga i tētahi tāutanga ka rahua i te tirotiro ahakoa kua whakamanahia te ESE tonu.

He aha ngā mea e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaihokohoko o Āwherika reo-Wīwī, engari kāore e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaihokohoko o te EU?

Ko te kaihoko kawemai e hoko ana ki Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Cameroon, te DRC rānei, e pāngia ana e tētahi paparanga tuhinga kāore e pāngia ana e te kaihoko kawemai o te EU. E kore te mana hiko ā-rohe i te nuinga o ngā whenua o Āwherika reo-Wīwī e whakaae ki tētahi pūrongo whakamātautau NFC 17-102 anake — me whai manatoko SONCAP (Nigeria me ētahi atu whenua ECOWAS) me tētahi kaupapa VoC (Manatoko i te Whakaritenga) e whakahaerehia ana e tētahi rōpū tirotiro pērā i a SGS, Bureau Veritas, Intertek rānei i runga i te uta i te ūnga. I roto i ngā arotake tuhinga 168 i whakahaerehia e mātou mō ngā uta o Āwherika reo-Wīwī i waenga i te tau 2024 me te 2026, ko te wātaka whakaaetanga VoC/SONCAP taha ūnga i wehea penei: 9 ngā rā te toharite mō ngā uta o Côte d'Ivoire e haere ana mā SGS Abidjan, 11 ngā rā mō Senegal mā Bureau Veritas Dakar, me 14 ngā rā mō Cameroon mā SGS Douala. He iti noa te ōrau o te utu o te utanga, ā, ko te wātaka te taurangi e pā ana ki ngā kaikawemai kāore anō kia whakaurua ki roto i tā rātou maramataka tuku — ehara i te mea whiriwhiri te wā whakawātea 9-rā mō Côte d'Ivoire, engari ko te pūnaha e mahi ana i runga i te hoahoa. Ko te kaikawemai tuatahi e whakaaro ana he nui te pūrongo whakamātautau anake, ka kitea e ia tā rātou ipu e takoto ana i te tauranga mō taua wā, e utu ana i te utunga i ia rā, ā, e ngaro ana i a ia te rā tuku o te kaupapa.

Ko te tuarua o ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō te reo Wīwī-Āwherika ko te tiwhikete whakamanahia e te karere. He maha ngā whenua (inā koa ko Morocco, Tunisia, me te DRC) e hiahia ana kia whakamanahia te whakapuakitanga CE o te mahi me ngā tuhinga whakahaere whakaputa wheketere e te karere o Haina, kātahi ka whakamanahia e te karere o te whenua e haere atu ana ki Beijing i mua i te whakaaetia o ngā tuhinga ki ngā tari taake. He tukanga puhoi tēnei — ka taea e te whakamanatanga o te karere te tāpiri i te toru ki te ono wiki ki te tukunga tuatahi, ā, ko te kaihoko kawemai kāore anō kia mahi i mua ka whakaiti i te roa o te wā arahi.

Ko te tuatoru ko te tapanga reo Wīwī kei runga i te hua tonu. He maha ngā whenua (Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal) e hiahia ana kia mau te hua i tētahi tapanga reo Wīwī me te ingoa o te kaiwhakarato, te tohutoro hua, me te paerewa tutukitanga kua tohua. Me tāpiri anō e te kaihoko kawemai tana hua me tētahi tapanga reo Ingarihi anake i te taenga atu, he hapa tuhinga tēnei ka tohua e te kaitirotiro mana whakahaere ā-rohe i te haerenga tuatahi. Ka whakaratohia e te kaiwhakarato pono he tauira tapanga reo Wīwī hei wāhanga o te takai paerewa.

Rārangi Arowhai Whakatutukitanga NFC 17-102 i mua i te Tukunga

Whakamātauria tēnei rārangi arowhai i mua i te whakamana i te tuku i tētahi ota hou mō te taputapu hopu ESE. Me ĀE ia taonga, me tohu rānei hei okotahi e mōhiotia ana. Ko te kaihoko kawemai e whakaaro ana ki tētahi mea i roto i te pou "KĀORE" he mea whakaaetia, kei te hanga hapa tuhinga ki roto i te utanga.

Ngā Pātai Auau mō te Whakatutukitanga o te NFC 17-102 mō ngā Kaihomai

Hēni Yang· Kaiwhakahaere Hoko, Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
12 tau i roto i te tiaki uira me te hokohoko whenua ki tāwāhi · 17 tau o te hanga pūmau ESE mō te mākete kaweake reo Wīwī.
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