Mu gihembwe gishize umuguzi yanyoherereje umunywanyi weikizamini cyo gusukura umunyu w'inkoni yo hasiraporo maze ambaza ikibazo kimwe ati: “Ese amasaha 96 ni meza?” Igisubizo cyanjye cyaramutunguye: umubare wari umurongo utari uw'ingenzi cyane ku rupapuro. ASTM B117 ni ikigo gikora ibyumba - kibwira laboratwari uburyo bwo gukoresha igihu, kandi cyanze kukubwira neza icyo umusaruro usobanura ku buzima bwa serivisi. Ikigena niba iyo raporo irinda umushinga wawe ni byose bijyanye n'umubare w'amasaha: ibipimo bitanu by'ibyumba, itegurwa ry'ibipimo, uburyo bwo gusuzuma, umubare w'amasaha yiyongera, n'iyemewe rya laboratwari. Ndemera cyangwa nanga ibimenyetso by'umucanga by'abatanga serivisi buri kwezi, kandi iyi nyandiko ni yo nkoresha neza - hamwe n'imibare igomba kugaragara kuri raporo yizewe, ibimenyetso byerekana ko amasaha yo gusukura umunyu adahuza imyaka, hamwe n'ikimenyetso cyerekana ko ushobora gukoresha kuri PDF iyo ari yo yose umutanga serivisi akoherereza.
TL;DR — Soma Raporo muri uru rutonde
- ASTM B117 isobanura gusa imiterere y’ibizamini, ntabwo ari ugutsinda cyangwa gutsindwa: ihame ubwaryo rivuga ko “ridateganya ubwoko bw’ikizamini cyangwa igihe cyo kugaragara… cyangwa ibisobanuro bigomba gutangwa ku bisubizo” — bityo raporo iyo ari yo yose idafite ibipimo byemerwa n’umuguzi ntiyuzuye mu buryo bugenwa.
- Raporo yizewe ivuga ibipimo bitanu by'icyumba: 5% NaCl solution, 35°C ± 2°C, pH 6.5–7.2, igipimo cyo kwimuka k'ibihu cya 1.0–2.0 mL/h kuri cm² 80, n'ibipimo kuri 15–30° uvuye ku ruhande ruhagaze; ibipimo bibura bivuze ko imiterere idashobora gukosorwa.
- Amasaha yo gusukura umunyu ntabwo ahinduka imyaka yo gukora: hari amakuru yanditswe agaragaza ko icyitegererezo cy'amasaha 200 cyamaze imyaka 20 i Mumbai mu gihe icyitegererezo cy'amasaha 144 cyananiwe gukora mu myaka 2 i New Delhi - isano ya Pearson iri hagati ya +0.66 gusa ndetse no mu bice bisa by'icyuma.
- Ku nkoni y'umuringa ifatanye n'ubutaka, ingese itukura ishobora guturuka gusa mu cyuma cyagaragaye, bityo aho ingese igaragara - impera z'ibice, imigozi, imirongo y'icyuma - ikubwira neza aho urwego rw'umuringa rwananiwe, niyo mpamvu inyandiko zo gutegura ingero z'ibipimo ari ingenzi kuruta amasaha y'ibanze.
- Isuzuma ryacu rya 8-point checker riri hepfo ritanga amanota kuri raporo iyo ari yo yose y’umutanga serivisi mu minota ibiri; ikintu cyose kibura mu byumba, uburyo bwo gusuzuma, cyangwa icyemezo cya laboratwari gisubiza ibibazo mbere yo kwemezwa.
Icyo ASTM B117 ari cyo mu by'ukuri — Inzira y'Urugereko, Si Icyemezo
Ikintu cya mbere nsuzuma kuri icyo ari cyo cyoseInkoni y'ubutaka ya ASTM B117Raporo ni ukumenya niba umucuruzi asobanukiwe icyo afite. Izina ryuzuye rya B117 ni Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus, naho ijambo ry’ibanze ni “operating.”Incamake ya ASTM International ubwayo ya B117-19Mu Gika cya 1.2, havugwa ko ubu buryo “budateganya ubwoko bw’ikizamini cyangwa ibihe byo kwigaragaza bigomba gukoreshwa ku gicuruzwa runaka, cyangwa se ibisobanuro bigomba gutangwa ku bisubizo.” Igice cya 3.2 kikomeza kigira kiti: “Guhanura imikorere mu bidukikije bisanzwe ntabwo byakunze kujyana n’ibisubizo bya spray y’umunyu iyo bikoreshejwe nk’amakuru yihariye.”Kubera ko ibipimo ngenderwaho bigena gusa aho igihu kizaba kiri kandi bikanga kugena umurongo wo kurangiza, raporo igaragaza amasaha adafite ibisabwa byo kwemerwa n'umuguzi ntabwo ari igisubizo cy'ikizamini - ni raporo y'ikirere iturutse mu gasanduku.
Ibi si ugusoma ibintu mu buryo burambuye, kandi si njye wenyine ubivuga.Itangazo rya tekiniki rya Sherwin-Williams ku nzitizi za B117Isubiramo inyandiko ya SSPC yo mu 1995 ivuga ko ubu buryo butanga "uburyo bwihuse ariko butizewe bwo guhanura imyitwarire yo gusiga," kandi ivuga ko ubu buryo butigeze bugamije kugereranya ingero zikorerwa mu byumba bitandukanye mu bihe bisa. Nyamara ndacyabona RFQ zivuga gusa "ikizamini cyo gusukura umunyu gikenewe," ziha umucuruzi sheki y'ubusa: bahitamo amasaha, bahitamo isuzuma, batangaza ko ikarita yatanzwe. Gukosora ntacyo bihenze, kandi ndabyandika muri buri RFQ nsuzuma: umuguzi ashyiraho umurongo wo kwakira, maze laboratwari igakora kuri wo.
Ibipimo bitanu by'Icyumba bigomba kugaragara ku Rupapuro
Iyo mpuguyeRaporo y'ikizamini cy'ingwate, Njya mu gice cy’ibizamini, kuko ahantu hashobora guhindurwamo ibihu bishobora kongera guhindurwa iyo imibare itanu yanditswe. Dukurikije ibipimo by’imikorere byanditswe naIncamake y'uburyo bwa Cotec Labs bwa ASTM B117, umuti ukoreshwa mu gusukura umunyu udafite aho ubogamiye ufata 5% bya sodium chloride kuri pH 6.5–7.2, ubushyuhe bw'icyumba bwa 35°C ± 2°C, ubushuhe buri hagati ya 95% ± 5%, n'igipimo cyo gufunga igihu cya 1.0–2.0 mL ku isaha kuri cm² 80 y'ubuso bwo gukusanya, hamwe n'ibipimo biri hagati ya 15–30° uvuye ku ruhande ruhagaze. Niba raporo igaragaza igihe n'ifoto gusa, sinshobora kumenya igihe cyujuje ibisabwa cyavuye ku cyuma cyumisha umusatsi cyerekejwe ku ndobo.
| Igipimo | Agaciro kujuje ibisabwa | Icyo nagaragaza niba ntakibuze |
|---|---|---|
| Umunyu mwinshi | 5% NaCl ukurikije uburemere (50 g/L) | Gushyira ibintu mu buryo butari bwo bihindura imiterere y'ingufu; ibisubizo ntibiba bigereranywa |
| pH y'umuti | 6.5–7.2 iyo ishyizwe muri atome kuri 35°C | Igihu gifite aside (pH < 6.5) ni ikizamini gitandukanye, gikomeye gifatwa nk'ikidahinduka |
| Ubushyuhe bw'icyumba | 35°C ± 2°C | Ubushyuhe bwinshi bwihutisha igitero; "imikorere" yiyongereye ku giciro cy'umuguzi |
| Igipimo cyo kwishyura ibihu | 1.0–2.0 mL/isaha kuri cm² 80 | Gupfuka igicu ni bwo buryo bworoshye bwo kwiyitirira amasaha menshi |
| Icyerekezo cy'ingero | 15–30° uvuye ku ruhande ruhagaze, nta gukoraho, nta gutonyanga hejuru | Ingero ziryamye cyangwa zikorakora zikusanya electrolyte n'ingese hakiri kare - cyangwa nyuma, iyo zikingiwe |
Kubera ko buri kimwe muri ibi bipimo bitanu kigabanya umuvuduko wa corruption, raporo idafite na kimwe muri byo ntishobora gukosorwa na laboratwari ya kabiri - kandi igisubizo kidashobora gukosorwa ntigishobora kwemezwa.ASTM ubwayo iburira mu Gice cya 3.3 ko itandukaniro rigaragara hagati y’ibyumba bitandukanye by’ibihu nubwo byaba bimeze nk’aho bisa, ari yo mpamvu igice kimwe gisaba ko hakorwa ingero zihagije. Ahantu ngeramo ni hatatu kuri buri gipimo; icyitegererezo kimwe cyafashwe ku isaha ya 96 kimbwira ibijyanye no gufotora, ntabwo ari ugukora.
Amasaha Si Imyaka — Gusoma umurongo w'igihe mu buryo buboneye
Uburyo buhenze cyane bwo gusoma nabi mu bijyanye n’impamyabumenyi y’umutanga serivisi ni uguhindura amasaha yo gusukura umunyu mu myaka yo gukora. Nta kintu na kimwe gifatika gihari, kandi mu gusoma amakuru yanjye birarushaho kuba bibi uko urushaho kubyihanganira. Inyigo y’imikoranire hagati y’ibigo yasohotse naIshami ry'ubushakashatsi rya Presto GroupYakurikiranye ibice bine by'inganda kuva mu cyumba kugeza ku gikoresho cyashyizweho maze asanga ibi: ihuriro rya compressor ryageze ku masaha 216 mu gihu ryagaragaje ingese ya mbere mu myaka 5 mu nkombe za Chennai; umugozi w'icyuma gishyushye wa galvanize wageze ku masaha 200 wamaze imyaka 20 i Mumbai; naho agasanduku k'icyuma gakoresha icyuma gito gakoresha amasaha 144 gusa kamaze imyaka 2 mu kirere cyanduye cya New Delhi. Nasomye iyo mbonerahamwe uko buri muguzi yagombye: amasaha 200 yaguzwe imyaka makumyabiri mu mujyi umwe, mu gihe amasaha 216 yaguzwe atanu mu wundi. Igipimo cya Pearson ku ngero z'icyuma cyavuye kuri +0.66 - ikimenyetso cy'ingirakamaro cyo gushyira ibintu ku murongo, ntaho kiri hafi y'aho umuntu ateganya ubuzima - maze gicika kigera kuri -0.16 igihe igice cyashushanyijweho irangi cyongeweho.
| Ingero | Ibisubizo bya ASTM B117 | Kwangirika kw'umurima wa mbere | Ibidukikije byo mu murima |
|---|---|---|---|
| Guteranya kompreseri (MoS₂ ipfutse) | Amasaha 216 kugeza ku ivumbi rikomeye ritukura | Imyaka 5 | Chennai yo ku nkombe, 25–35°C, 65–85% RH |
| Umugozi w'icyuma gishyushye gikozwe mu cyuma gishyushye | Amasaha 200 kugeza ku ivumbi rikomeye ry'umweru | Imyaka 20 | Mumbai, 25-33 ° C, 80-90% RH |
| Agapfundikizo k'icyuma cyoroshye gitwikiriwe n'ifu | Amasaha 144 kugeza ku ivumbi rikomeye ritukura | Imyaka 2 | New Delhi, umwanda mwinshi wa PM2.5/PM10 |
| Igice cy'umukara cya Matt gishushanyijeho irangi | Yarenze amasaha 432 | Imyaka 5 (gucika uduheri) | Pune urban, 40–65% RH |
Inganda zimaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo zivuga ibi ku buryo bweruye.Ikinyamakuru CoatingsTech cy’ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika rishinzwe imikinoyise B117 "igipimo fatizo" cy'imyaka 86 cyo kugereranya amanota - kandi ikaburira abaguzi "bihuza amasaha yo kwisiga umunyu n'ubuzima bw'ibicuruzwa" babikoresha nabi, kuko kwisiga nyabyo byongera UV, ubwikorezi bw'amazi bugashira, impinduka z'ubushyuhe, n'imyanda ihumanya ikirere idakomeza kwiyongera. Mu makuru anyura ku meza yanjye, amadirishya yo kwisiga amara amasaha 24 kugeza ku masaha arenga 1,500 bitewe n'imiterere - ibi bikwereka uburyo umubare urushaho kugorana.Kubera ko ingese yo munsi y’ubutaka iterwa no kudashobora gutwarwa n’ubutaka, ibyuma bihuza amashanyarazi, n’imigezi itemba aho kuba igihu cya chloride, umudari w’icyumba cy’amasaha 500 ntacyo uvuga ku myaka 30-50 ukeneye kuri electrode y’ubutaka.
Gutegura ingero: Aho raporo z'intege nke zihisha umubiri
Ku nkoni ifatanye n'umuringa, abaganga b'ibiza bagaragaza ubuntu budasanzwe ku muguzi - ndavuga ibyo kubera imyaka myinshi basoma ingero zananiwe.Kubera ko umuringa ari wo cyuma cyiza muri ibi byombi, ingese itukura ishobora kugaragara gusa aho icyuma cyagaragaye - bityo ikarita y'ingese ku gipimo cyapimwe ni X-ray itaziguye yerekana aho urwego rw'umuringa rwamenetse, rufite imyenge, cyangwa rwakuweho.Niyo mpamvu mfata inyandiko zo gutegura nk'igika cyo gusuzuma cyane muri raporo yose. Ese inkoni yapimwe uko iri, impera z'ibice zagaragaye? Ese imigozi n'igice cy'inyuma byafunzwe hakoreshejwe ishashi cyangwa kaseti? Ese hari umwanditsi waciye ikoti kugeza ku mutima? Buri guhitamo guhindura icyo amasaha agaragaza.
Dore uko nasomye ibintu bitatu nkunda kubona. Inkoni isanzwe ifite impera zigaragara isuzuma ikibazo kibi cyane uwashyizeho akora kuri buri gice cy’umurima - ingese itukura ikiri kare ku mpera irateganijwe kandi ntabwo ikuraho uburenganzira niba ubuso bwa cylindrical bukomeje kuba bwiza. Inkoni ifite impera zifunze n'imigozi ipima ikoti ubwaryo; ingese itukura iyo ari yo yose ku gikoresho ubu isobanura utwenge cyangwa imyenge mu muringa wa electroplated, ari ukunanirwa kw'imikorere. Kandi icyitegererezo cyanditswe hakurikijwe ISO 10289 - aho Cotec Labs isobanura ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ivuga ko ibisubizo byatanzwe nk'umubare wa Rp wo kurinda ingese itukura n'umubare wa A wo kugaragara - isuzuma imiterere y'icyuma, ikakubwira niba igisebe kirimo gihinduka ikizinga cyangwa igikomere cy'imiterere. Ibisobanuro byacu bwite bisaba ko igipfundikizo cy'umuringa gikomeza "nta myenge, imyobo, umwobo," kandi kigahinduka 90° kuri radius ya mm 100 nta kuvunika - kubera ko ikoti rigomba kubaho mu cyumba no mu inyundo iyobora.
Kora Raporo y'Umutanga Serivisi Uyikoresha Ukoresheje Iki Gipimo cy'Amanota 8
Iyi ni yo ecran nyayo nshyiramo mbere yukokugenzura ubuziranenge bw'inkoni yo hasidosiye igera ku bakiriya bacu. Shyira akamenyetso ku byo raporo iri imbere yawe irimo — umuhanga mu kugenzura ayitanga amanota nk'uko nanjye nabikora.
Raporo y'umunyu wo gusuzuma ibendera ry'umunyu
Icyo nashyize ku izina ryacu aho kuba ifoto yo mu cyumba
Ifuru y'umunyu ihabwa umwanya wayo mu idosiye yanjye yemewe n'umutanga serivisi nk'isuzuma rigereranya, ntabwo ari ishingiro. Ifatizo ni ryo nshobora gupima buri munsi w'umusaruro mu ruganda rwacu rwa Xinchang. Ku bwacuinkoni z'ubutaka zitwikiriwe n'umuringa, ikibazo cyo kwangirika gitangirana n'ikoti rikomeza rikozwe mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki rifite nibura 0.254 mm kuri ≥99.95% by'ubuziranenge bw'umuringa hejuru y'inkingi y'icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa karuboni nkeya — urwego rw'ubunini bwacuinkoni y'ubutaka ifite umuringa wa 0.254 mmUmurongo wubatswe hirya no hino. Ubunini bupimwa hakoreshejwe mikorometero ku bice byatoranijwe muri buri gice, ubugororangingo bufatwa muri mm 1 kuri metero, imbaraga zo gukurura kuri ≥580 N/mm², kandi buri nkoni igomba kurokoka 90° ku bugari bwa mm 100 nta kuvunika cyangwa kwangirika k'umuringa - ikizamini gifata inenge z'ikoti icyumba cy'igihu gisanga cyaratinze.
Hirya no hinoinkoni zifatanye mu muringauburebure — uburebure bwa mm 14.2–25, uburebure bwa metero 1.2–3.0, ibice 50.000 ku kwezi — inyandiko z’itsinda zigaragaza ubugari bw’icyuma, gufatana, ibisubizo byo kugonga, no gukomeza gupfunyika, n’ibindi byoseIcyiciro cy'inkoni yo hasiyohereza inyandiko za sisitemu ya ISO 9001 inyuma yayo. Iyo umukiriya asabye ibimenyetso byo gusukura umunyu hejuru, ndabyemera - ariko ndabivuga mu by'ukuri: amakuru agereranywa yavuye mu buryo bwagenwe, hamwe n'ibipimo by'itsinda biteganya ubuzima bw'imyaka 50 mu butaka. Niba urubuga rwawe ruri ku nkombe z'inyanja cyangwa rufite ubukana bwa shimi, dusabe inzira yo gupima uruziga; twakwishimira gukora ikizamini gikomeye kuruta kureba ko wemeza icyoroshye.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Inkoni y'umucanga ifatanye n'umuringa igomba kunyura amasaha angahe?
Nta kimenyetso cy’impamyabushobozi gihari, kuko ASTM B117 nta na kimwe ishyiraho nkana — igihe cyo kugaragara n’ibipimo byo kwemerwa ni ibyagenwe n’umuguzi. Mu by’ukuri mbona amasaha 48-96 asabwa mu isuzuma rusange ry’inganda n’amasaha amagana aho abaguzi bashaka irembo rikomeye ryo kugereranya. Uburyo bworoshye ni ukubanza gukosora ibipimo — urugero, nta ngese itukura ku buso buzunguruka ku masaha 96 afite impera zifunze — hanyuma ugafata buri mutanga serivisi ku buryo bumwe. Amasaha yo guha abatanga serivisi ni yo ashyira abaguzi mu byiciro gusa; ntibigera bemeza imyaka.
Ese igisubizo cya ASTM B117 gisobanura igihe inkoni imara munsi y'ubutaka?
Oya, kandi ibipimo ni ko bibivuga: Igice cya 3.2 kivuga ko guhanura imikorere mu bidukikije karemano bitakunze kugaragara bitewe n'ibisubizo bya spray y'umunyu ikoreshwa nk'amakuru yihariye. Electrode zishyinguwe zihura n'ubudahangarwa bw'ubutaka, guhuza galvanic, ubushuhe, n'imigezi itemba - nta na kimwe muri ibyo gihu cya chloride cya 35°C cyiyongera. Amakuru y'umurima ashyigikira iki cyitonderwa: ibimenyetso byanditse bigaragaza amasaha 200 y'icyumba ahwanye n'imyaka 20 y'umurima mu mujyi umwe n'amasaha 216 kugeza ku myaka 5 gusa mu wundi. Ubuzima bwo munsi y'ubutaka buvugwaho kuva ku bunini bw'icyuma, imiterere yacyo, n'imiterere y'ubutaka, ntabwo ari amasaha y'igihu.
Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya ASTM B117 na ISO 9227 ku nkoni z'ubutaka?
Mu mikorere yabo ni impanga: zombi zigaragaza igihu cya NaCl cya 5% kidahinduka kuri 35°C gifite pH 6.5–7.2, kandi raporo yandikiwe imwe muri rusange ishobora gusomwa ugereranije n'indi. ASTM B117 niyo iyoboye ibipimo bya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru; ISO 9227 niyo iyoboye ibyo mu Burayi no mu mahanga, aho ISO 10289 itanga ururimi rw'igipimo cya Rp/A ku bisubizo. Icyo nshaka ni raporo ivuga ibipimo bimwe, ikayikurikiza neza, kandi ikavuga uburyo bwo gusuzuma - umurongo wa "wageragejwe kuri ASTM/ISO" udafite ibipimo ni ikimenyetso cy'umutuku, ntabwo ari ubwumvikane.
Raporo y'umutanga serivisi ivuga ko “nta ngese itukura igaragara mu masaha 96.” Ibyo byagaragaje iki koko?
Gusa icyo gutegura byatumye bigaragazwa. Niba impera n'imigozi byaciwe byari bifunze, bigaragaza ko ikoti ryakomeje kuri izo ngero mu gihe cy'amasaha 96 - umusaruro nyakuri ariko uciriritse, kuko amasaha 96 ari ecran yoroheje y'inganda. Niba impera zagaragaye, tegereza ingese no ku nkoni nziza, kandi kubura kwayo byaba biteye amakenga. Uko byagenda kose, ibivugwa ni ibigereranyo: bigufasha gushyira uyu mucuruzi mu mwanya umwe n'undi mu gihe kimwe. Icyo bitagaragaje ni igihe cyo gukora munsi y'ubutaka, imiterere y'itsinda rimwe, cyangwa imikorere mu butaka bwawe - ibyo bikeneye ubunini bw'ibipimo, kandi ku hantu habi, isuzuma ry'imikorere.
Ese nkwiye gusaba ikizamini cyo gusukura umunyu kuri buri cyiciro cy'umusaruro?
Sinshobora — kandi nyobora uruganda. Gukoresha icyumba buhoro, kandi ikizamini cy’igihu kuri buri cyiciro cyakongera ibyumweru nta gihamya ikwiye, kuko igice cya B117 cyigenga kigaragaza ko n’ibyumba bisa bisa bitavuga rumwe. Ibimenyetso kuri buri cyiciro bigaragaza ko umusaruro uhindagurika byihuse kandi bitaziguye: isuzuma rya mikorometero ry’ubugari bw’umuringa, isuzuma ry’ubufatanye n’impinduka kuri radius ya mm 100, n’igenzura ry’uburyo ibintu bikomeza kugaragara. Teganya imyuka itera umunyu kugira ngo ihabwe impamyabushobozi no kuvugurura buri gihe — buri mwaka, cyangwa nyuma y’impinduka iyo ari yo yose mu mikorere — kandi ureke ibipimo bya buri munsi birinde ibice biri hagati yabyo.
Ni ubuhe burenganzira bwo gupima bukwiye kuba bufite?
Shaka icyemezo cya ISO/IEC 17025 hamwe n’umunyu upfundikiye mu rwego rwa laboratwari rwasohotse - mu Bushinwa akenshi ikigo cyemewe na CNAS, mpuzamahanga gisinya ILAC. Hanyuma kora igenzura ry’iminota ibiri. Nsanga abaguzi benshi badakora: hamagara laboratwari ukoresheje inomero ya raporo hanyuma wemeze ko yatanze iyo nyandiko y’icyo gisobanuro. Inomero ya raporo igenzurwa iva muri laboratwari yemewe iruta PDF nziza, kandi umucuruzi wese ufite icyizere mu isuzuma rye azagufasha kuyigenzura.
Ese raporo ya B117 irahagije ku gice cy’inkombe cyangwa ahantu ho gutunganya amashanyarazi?
Ntabwo ari ubwabyo. Ikirere cyo ku nkombe n'inganda cyongeraho ikirere cyumye, imirasire ya UV, n'ibinyabutabire bihumanya ikirere bidapfa gukwirakwira ku bihu bihoraho, niyo mpamvu isuzuma ry'ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyamerika rishinzwe ibidukikije risaba kongera uburyo bwo gutera umunyu udafite aho ubogamiye hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusimbuka - ASTM G85 variants, SWAAT, cyangwa prohesion - na ISO 12944-9 kugira ngo ikirere gihume. Ku gice cyahishwe, huza isuzuma ry'ikirere n'amakuru ajyanye no kurwanya ubutaka hamwe n'inyandiko z'ubugari bw'icyuma cy'umuringa. Niba aho uherereye hari umwuka wuzuye umunyu mu nkengero z'inyanja, tubwire ibidukikije muri RFQ maze tuzagusaba inzira ikomeye yo kugerageza hamwe nawe.
Urimo gusuzuma dosiye y'umutanga serivisi yangiritse ubu ngubu?
Nyoherereza raporo — nzakoresha ecran imwe y’amanota 8 kuri yo hanyuma nkubwire mu munsi umwe w’akazi icyo igaragaza, icyo ihisha, n’icyo ugomba gusaba ubutaha. Niba ukeneye udukoni dufite ubunini bw’urwego rw’itsinda n’inyandiko zigonga inyuma y’amakuru y’icyumba, umurongo wacu w’ibice 50.000 buri kwezi muri Xinchang urateguye.Tangira ikiganiro ku rubuga rwacu rwo guhamagara →
Nfasha abaguzi bo mu mahanga gushaka ibikoresho byo gutwika no kurinda inkuba mu ruganda rwacu rw’imyaka 17 — harimo igenzura ry’ubuziranenge, ibikoresho byo gutwara ibintu, n’inyandiko zose zo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga. Raporo z’ibizamini by’abatanga ibicuruzwa zinyura ku meza yanjye buri kwezi; iyi nyandiko ni yo nsoma.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-07-2026