Kwata na ƙarshe wani mai siye ya tura min na mai fafatawagwajin feshin gishirin sandar ƙasarahoto kuma na yi tambaya ɗaya: "Shin awanni 96 suna da kyau?" Amsar da na bayar ta ba shi mamaki: lambar ita ce mafi ƙarancin layi a shafin. ASTM B117 aiki ne na gudanar da ɗaki - yana gaya wa dakin gwaje-gwaje yadda ake gudanar da hazo, kuma ya ƙi gaya muku abin da sakamakon ke nufi ga rayuwar sabis. Abin da ya yanke shawara ko wannan rahoton yana kare aikinku shine komai game da ƙidayar sa'o'i: sigogin ɗaki biyar, shirye-shiryen samfuri, hanyar kimantawa, ƙidayar maimaitawa, da kuma amincewar dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ina amincewa ko ƙin shaidar tsatsa ta masu samar da kayayyaki kowane wata, kuma wannan jagorar ita ce ainihin tsarin karatu da nake amfani da shi - tare da lambobin da ya kamata su bayyana akan rahoto mai inganci, shaidar da aka rubuta cewa lokutan fesa gishiri ba sa nuna shekaru, da kuma na'urar duba ja-ja da za ku iya gudanar da ita akan kowane PDF da mai samar da kayayyaki ya aiko muku.
TL;DR — Karanta Rahoton a cikin Wannan Umarni
- ASTM B117 ya bayyana yanayin gwaji ne kawai, ba ya wuce/kasawa: ma'aunin da kansa ya ce "bai tsara nau'in samfurin gwaji ko lokutan fallasa ba... ko kuma fassarar da za a bayar ga sakamakon" - don haka duk wani rahoto ba tare da ka'idojin karɓar masu saye ba cikakke ne ta hanyar ƙira.
- Wani rahoto mai inganci ya bayyana sigogi guda biyar na ɗaki: ruwan NaCl 5%, 35°C ± 2°C, pH 6.5–7.2, ƙimar daidaitawar hazo na 1.0–2.0 mL/h a kowace 80 cm², da kuma samfuran a 15–30° daga tsaye; sigar da ta ɓace tana nufin ba za a iya sake maimaita gudu ba.
- Lokacin fesa gishiri ba ya canzawa zuwa shekarun aiki: wani bayanan da aka rubuta a filin ya nuna samfurin sa'o'i 200 da ya daɗe yana aiki a Mumbai yayin da samfurin sa'o'i 144 ya gaza a cikin shekaru 2 a New Delhi - alaƙar Pearson da +0.66 kawai ko da a tsakanin sassan ƙarfe iri ɗaya.
- A kan sandar ƙasa mai ɗaure da tagulla, jajayen tsatsa na iya fitowa ne kawai daga ƙarfe da aka fallasa, don haka inda tsatsar ta bayyana - ƙarshen yanke, zare, layukan rubutu - suna gaya muku daidai inda layin tagullar ya lalace, shi ya sa bayanin shirye-shiryen samfura ya fi muhimmanci fiye da lokutan kanun labarai.
- Mai duba maki 8 ɗinmu a ƙasa yana auna duk wani rahoton mai samar da kayayyaki cikin mintuna biyu; duk wani abu da ya ɓace na sigogin ɗaki, hanyar tantancewa, ko takardar shaidar dakin gwaje-gwaje yana komawa da tambayoyi kafin amincewa.
Abin da ASTM B117 Ainihin Shi Ne - Aikin Ɗakin Hulɗa, Ba Hukunci Ba
Abu na farko da nake duba duk wani abuSandunan ƙasa na ASTM B117Rahoton shine ko mai samar da kayayyaki ya fahimci abin da suke riƙewa. Cikakken taken B117 shine Tsarin Aiki na Daidaitacce don Feshin Gishiri (Hazo), kuma kalmar aiki ita ce "aiki."Takaitaccen bayani game da B117-19 na ASTM Internationalya bayyana a Sashe na 1.2 cewa wannan tsari "bai tsara nau'in samfurin gwaji ko lokutan fallasa da za a yi amfani da su ga wani takamaiman samfuri ba, ko kuma fassarar da za a bayar ga sakamakon." Sashe na 3.2 ya ci gaba da cewa: "Hasashen aiki a cikin muhallin halitta ba kasafai ake danganta shi da sakamakon fesa gishiri ba lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman bayanai na tsaye kai tsaye."Domin kuwa mizanin ya bayyana hazo ne kawai kuma ya ƙi bayyana layin ƙarshe, rahoton da ke nuna sa'o'i ba tare da sharuɗɗan karɓuwa da mai saye ya amince da su ba sakamakon gwaji ne - rahoton yanayi ne daga cikin akwati.
Wannan ba ƙaramin karatu ba ne, kuma ni kaɗai nake faɗin hakan.Sanarwar fasaha ta Sherwin-Williams game da iyakokin B117ya ambaci takardar SSPC ta 1995 da ta kammala da cewa hanyar tana ba da "hanya mai sauri amma ba ta da tabbas don hasashen halayen shafa," kuma ta lura cewa ba a taɓa tsara aikin don kwatanta samfuran da aka gudanar a ɗakuna daban-daban a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya ba. Duk da haka har yanzu ina ganin RFQs waɗanda ke cewa kawai "gwajin fesa gishiri ana buƙata," wanda ke ba wa mai samar da cak mara komai: suna zaɓar lokutan, suna zaɓar kimantawa, suna bayyana izinin. Gyaran ba shi da tsada, kuma ina rubuta shi a cikin kowane RFQ da na sake dubawa: mai siye yana saita layin karɓa, kuma dakin gwaje-gwaje yana gudu zuwa gare shi.
Sigogi Biyar na Ɗaki da Dole ne su Bayyana a Shafin
Lokacin da na buɗeRahoton gwajin lalata, Ina tafiya kai tsaye zuwa ga toshewar yanayin gwaji, saboda ana iya sake haifar da hazo ne kawai idan an rubuta lambobi biyar. Bisa ga sigogin aiki da aka rubuta taTakaitaccen bayani game da hanyar ASTM B117 ta Cotec Labs, feshin gishiri mai tsaka-tsaki mai dacewa yana ɗauke da maganin sodium chloride na 5% a pH 6.5–7.2, zafin ɗaki na 35°C ± 2°C, danshi kusan 95% ± 5%, da kuma ƙimar hazo na 1.0–2.0 mL a kowace awa a kowace 80 cm² na yankin tattarawa, tare da samfuran da aka karkatar da 15–30° daga tsaye. Idan rahoto ya nuna tsawon lokaci da hoto kawai, ba zan iya bambance gudu mai dacewa da na'urar busar da gashi da ke nuna bokiti ba.
| Sigogi | Ƙimar da ta dace | Abin da zan yiwa alama idan ya ɓace |
|---|---|---|
| Yawan gishiri | 5% NaCl ta nauyi (nau'in 50 g/L) | Daidaitaccen maida hankali yana canza yanayin lalata; sakamakon ya zama ba za a iya kwatanta shi ba |
| Maganin pH | 6.5–7.2 lokacin da aka tace sinadarin atom a 35°C | Hazo mai narkewa a cikin acid (pH < 6.5) wani gwaji ne daban, mai tsauri wanda aka yi watsi da shi azaman tsaka tsaki |
| Zafin ɗakin | 35°C ± 2°C | Zafin jiki mai yawa yana hanzarta kai hari; "aiki" mai yawa wanda mai siye zai kashe |
| Adadin biyan hayaki | 1.0–2.0 mL/h a kowace 80 cm² | Rashin hazo a lokacin hazo shine hanya mafi sauƙi ta yin jabun dogon sa'o'i |
| Tsarin samfurin | 15–30° daga tsaye, babu hulɗa, babu digo-digo a saman | Samfuran da ke kwance a lebur ko taɓawa suna tattara electrolyte da tsatsa da wuri - ko a makare, idan an kare su |
Domin kuwa kowanne daga cikin waɗannan sigogi guda biyar yana motsa ƙimar tsatsa, rahoton da ya cire ko da ɗaya daga cikinsu ba za a iya sake buga shi ta hanyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na biyu ba - kuma ba za a iya tabbatar da sakamakon da ba za a iya sake bugawa ba.ASTM da kanta ta yi gargaɗi a Sashe na 3.3 cewa bambancin yana bayyana tsakanin ɗakunan hazo daban-daban ko da a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya, shi ya sa wannan sashe yake buƙatar isassun kwafi. Nawa yana da samfura uku a kowane gudu; samfurin da aka goge guda ɗaya da aka ɗauka a sa'a ta 96 yana gaya mini game da daukar hoto, ba samarwa ba.
Awowi Ba Shekaru Ba Ne — Karanta Layin Tsawon Lokaci Da Gaskiya
Mafi tsadar fahimtar kurakurai a cikin cancantar masu samar da kayayyaki shine canza lokutan fesa gishiri zuwa shekarun aiki. Babu wani abin da ke haifar da canji, kuma a cikin karatuna na bayanan yana ƙara muni da zarar ka duba. Wani bincike da aka buga ta hanyarSashen bincike na Presto GroupAn bi diddigin sassa huɗu na masana'antu daga ɗaki zuwa shigarwa kuma an gano wannan: haɗuwar matsewa da ta kai awanni 216 a cikin hazo ta nuna tsatsa ta farko a filin shekaru 5 a Chennai na bakin teku; ƙullin anga mai zafi da aka yi amfani da shi wanda ya kai awanni 200 ya ɗauki shekaru 20 a Mumbai; kuma maƙallin ƙarfe mai laushi wanda ke sarrafa awanni 144 kawai har yanzu yana ɗaukar shekaru 2 a cikin gurɓataccen iska na New Delhi. Na karanta wannan teburin kamar yadda kowane mai siye ya kamata ya yi: awanni 200 da aka saya shekaru ashirin a cikin birni ɗaya, yayin da awanni 216 da aka sayi biyar a wani. Ma'aunin Pearson a cikin samfuran ƙarfe ya fito a +0.66 - siginar matsayi mai amfani, ba kusa da hasashen rayuwa ba - kuma ya faɗi zuwa −0.16 lokacin da aka ƙara wani ɓangaren da aka fenti.
| samfurin | Sakamakon ASTM B117 | Tsatsa ta farko a filin | Yanayin filin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haɗa matsewa (an rufe shi da MoS₂) | 216 h zuwa babban tsatsa ja | Shekaru 5 | Tekun Chennai, 25–35°C, 65–85% RH |
| Anga ƙulli mai zafi da aka yi da galvanized | Awanni 200 zuwa babban tsatsa mai farin | Shekaru 20 | Mumbai, 25-33°C, 80–90% RH |
| Maƙallin ƙarfe mai laushi mai rufi da foda | Awanni 144 zuwa babban tsatsa ja | Shekaru 2 | New Delhi, gurɓataccen iska mai yawa PM2.5/PM10 |
| Baƙar fata mai fentin Matt panel | An wuce awanni 432 | Shekaru 5 (na ƙarshe) | Pune urban, 40–65% RH |
Masana'antar ta faɗi haka a sarari tsawon shekaru da dama.Mujallar Coatings ta Ƙungiyar Coatings ta AmurkaYa kira B117 mai shekaru 86 "ma'aunin asali" don kwatanta matsayi - kuma ya yi gargaɗin cewa masu siye waɗanda "ke danganta kansu da gazawar fesa gishiri da tsawon lokacin samfurin" suna amfani da shi ba daidai ba, saboda fallasa ta ainihi yana ƙara UV, zagayowar bushewa da danshi, canjin zafin jiki, da gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda hazo mai ci gaba ba ya sake haifarwa. A cikin rahotannin da ke kan teburina, tagogi masu fallasa suna gudana daga awanni 24 zuwa sama da awanni 1,500 dangane da ƙayyadaddun bayanai - wanda ke nuna muku yadda lambar take da laushi.Saboda tsatsar ƙasa tana faruwa ne sakamakon juriyar ƙasa, haɗuwar galvanic, da kuma kwararar ruwa maimakon hazo na chloride, lambar yabo ta ɗakin ajiya ta sa'o'i 500 ba ta nuna komai game da shekaru 30-50 da kuke buƙata daga na'urar lantarki ta ƙasa ba.
Shirye-shiryen Samfura: Inda Rahotanni Masu Rauni Ke Boye Jiki
A kan sandar da aka haɗa da tagulla, binciken tsatsa yana da matuƙar alheri ga mai siye - ina cewa hakan daga shekaru da yawa na karanta samfuran da suka gaza.Domin jan ƙarfe shine ƙarfe mai daraja a cikin wannan nau'in, tsatsa ja na iya bayyana ne kawai a inda ƙarfe ya bayyana - don haka taswirar tsatsa akan samfurin da aka gwada shine hoton X-ray kai tsaye na inda layin jan ƙarfe ya karye, ya lalace, ko ya bare.Shi ya sa na ɗauki bayanan shirye-shiryen a matsayin sakin layi mafi inganci a cikin rahoton. An gwada sandar kamar yadda take, tare da yanke ƙarshen da aka fallasa? Shin an rufe zare da ƙarshen drive ɗin da kakin zuma ko tef? An yanke wa marubci ta cikin jaket ɗin har zuwa tsakiyar? Kowane zaɓi yana canza abin da sa'o'in suka tabbatar.
Ga yadda nake karanta shirye-shirye guda uku da na fi gani akai-akai. Sanda mai yankewa tare da ƙarshen da aka fallasa yana gwada mafi munin yanayin da mai shigar da ku ke ƙirƙira a kowane yanke filin - ana tsammanin tsatsa ja da wuri a ƙarshen kuma ba zai hana cancanta ba idan saman silinda ya kasance mai tsabta. Sanda mai ƙarshen da aka rufe da zare yana gwada jaket ɗin kanta; duk wani tsatsa ja a kan ganga yanzu yana nufin ramuka ko porosity a cikin jan ƙarfe mai lantarki, wanda shine gazawar tsari na gaske. Kuma samfurin da aka rubuta wanda aka kimanta a ƙarƙashin ISO 10289 - inda aka ba da rahoton sakamakon bayanin Cotec Labs a matsayin lambar Rp don kariyar ja-tsatsa da lambar A don bayyanar - yana gwada ƙwanƙwasa a ƙarƙashin fim, yana gaya muku ko ƙazanta da ke aiki ya zama tabo ko rauni na tsari. Bayanin samfurinmu yana buƙatar rufin jan ƙarfe ya kasance mai ci gaba gaba ɗaya "ba tare da wani fashewa, ramuka, ramuka ba," da lanƙwasa 90° a radius 100 mm ba tare da karyewa ba - daidai saboda jaket ɗin dole ne ya tsira daga ɗakin da guduma mai tuƙi.
Gudanar da Duk wani Rahoton Mai Ba da Lamuni Ta Wannan Mai Duba Maki 8
Wannan shine ainihin allon da nake amfani da shi kafinTabbatar da ingancin sandar ƙasaFayil ɗin ya isa ga abokan cinikinmu. Yi alama a kan abin da rahoton da ke gabanka ya ƙunsa - mai duba ya yi masa maki kamar yadda zan yi.
Rahoton Fesa Gishiri Mai Duba Tutar Ja
Abin da Na Sanya Suna a Kai Maimakon Hoton Ɗakin Zama
Feshin gishiri ya sami matsayinsa a cikin fayil ɗin amincewa da mai samar da kayayyaki na a matsayin allon kwatantawa, ba kamar harsashi ba. Tushen shine abin da zan iya aunawa a kowace ranar samarwa a masana'antarmu ta Xinchang. Ga namuSandunan ƙasa masu rufi da tagulla, hujjar tsatsa ta fara ne da jaket mai cike da lantarki mai tsawon akalla 0.254 mm a ≥99.95% tsarkin jan ƙarfe akan tsakiyar ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon - ajin kauri namusandar ƙasa mai rufi da tagulla 0.254 mmAn gina layi a kusa. An tsara kauri da ma'aunin micrometer akan kayan da aka samo daga kowane tsari, ana riƙe madaidaiciyar a cikin mm 1 a kowace mita, ƙarfin tauri a ≥580 N/mm², kuma kowane sanda dole ne ya tsira daga lanƙwasa 90° a radius 100 mm ba tare da karyewar jan ƙarfe ko lalacewar haɗin gwiwa ba - gwajin da ya kama lahani na jaket ɗin ɗakin hazo ya ga ya makara.
A fadin cikakkensandunan jan ƙarfe masu ɗaurekewayon - diamita 14.2–25 mm, tsayin mita 1.2–3.0, guda 50,000 a kowane wata - bayanan rukuni suna rufe kauri mai layin tagulla, mannewa, sakamakon lanƙwasa, da ci gaban plating, da kuma dukaRukunin sandar ƙasayana jigilar takardu na tsarin ISO 9001 a bayansa. Idan abokin ciniki ya nemi shaidar fesa gishiri a sama, ina maraba da shi - amma ina ambaton sa da gaskiya: ma'aunin bayanai na kwatantawa daga takamaiman gudu, tare da tsarin kimantawa wanda a zahiri ya annabta tsawon shekaru 50 na ƙira a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Idan shafin yanar gizon ku yana da bakin teku ko kuma yana da guba ta sinadarai, ku tambaye mu hanyar gwajin-zagaye; za mu fi son yin gwajin mai wahala fiye da kallon yadda kuka amince da wanda ya fi sauƙi.
Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi
Sa'o'i nawa ne ya kamata sandar ƙasa mai haɗin jan ƙarfe ta wuce?
Babu alamar wucewa ta duniya baki ɗaya, domin ASTM B117 da gangan bai sanya komai ba - tsawon lokacin fallasa da sharuɗɗan karɓa suna cikin ƙayyadaddun mai siye. A aikace na ga ana buƙatar awanni 48-96 don tantance masana'antu gabaɗaya da kuma sa'o'i da yawa inda masu siye ke son ƙofar kwatantawa mai ƙarfi. Hanyar gaskiya ita ce a fara gyara ma'aunin - misali, babu ja tsatsa a saman silinda a awanni 96 tare da rufe ƙarshen - sannan a riƙe kowane mai samar da kaya a daidai wannan lokacin. Sa'o'i kawai suna sanya masu samar da kayayyaki; ba sa taɓa tabbatar da shekaru.
Shin sakamakon ASTM B117 yana annabta tsawon lokacin da sandar za ta daɗe a ƙarƙashin ƙasa?
A'a, kuma ma'aunin ya faɗi haka da kansa: Sashe na 3.2 ya bayyana cewa hasashen aiki a cikin yanayi ba kasafai ake danganta shi da sakamakon fesa gishiri da aka yi amfani da shi azaman bayanai daban-daban ba. Electrodes ɗin da aka binne suna fuskantar juriyar ƙasa, haɗin galvanic, canjin danshi, da kwararar ruwa - babu ɗayansu da hazo na chloride na 35°C da ke sake haifuwa. Bayanan filin sun goyi bayan gargaɗin: shari'o'in da aka rubuta sun nuna sa'o'in ɗakuna 200 waɗanda suka yi daidai da shekaru 20 na filin a cikin birni ɗaya da sa'o'i 216 zuwa shekaru 5 kawai a wani. Ana jayayya game da rayuwar ƙasa daga kauri mai launi na tagulla, ci gaba, da yanayin ƙasa, ba sa'o'in hazo ba.
Menene bambanci tsakanin ASTM B117 da ISO 9227 ga sandunan ƙasa?
A aikace, su tagwaye ne: duka biyun sun ƙayyade hazo na NaCl mai tsaka-tsaki 5% a 35°C tare da pH 6.5–7.2, kuma rahoton da aka rubuta wa ɗaya gabaɗaya ana iya karantawa akan ɗayan. ASTM B117 ya mamaye ƙayyadaddun bayanai na Arewacin Amurka; ISO 9227 ya mamaye na Turai da na ƙasashen waje, tare da ISO 10289 yana ba da harshen ƙimar Rp/A don sakamakon. Abin da nake nema shine rahoto wanda ya ambaci ma'auni ɗaya, yana bin sa gaba ɗaya, kuma yana bayyana hanyar kimantawa - layin "wanda aka gwada bisa ga ASTM/ISO" wanda ba shi da sigogi alama ce ta ja, ba sulhu ba.
Rahoton wani mai samar da kayayyaki ya ce "babu tsatsa mai ja a cikin awanni 96." Me hakan ya tabbatar da hakan?
Abin da shiri ya ba shi damar tabbatarwa ne kawai. Idan an rufe ƙarshen yanke da zare, yana nuna cewa jaket ɗin yana ci gaba da aiki akan waɗannan samfuran na tsawon awanni 96 - sakamako na gaske amma mai sauƙi, tunda awanni 96 allon masana'antu ne mai sauƙi. Idan ƙarshen ya fallasa, yi tsammanin tsatsa ta ƙarshe ko da a kan sanduna masu kyau, kuma rashinsa zai zama abin zargi. Ko ta yaya, da'awar tana kama da kwatancen: yana ba ka damar sanya wannan mai samar da kayayyaki a kan wani a cikin lokaci ɗaya. Abin da bai tabbatar ba shine tsawon lokacin sabis na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, daidaito tsakanin tsari-zuwa-baki, ko aiki a cikin ƙasa - waɗannan suna buƙatar rikodin kauri kuma, don wurare masu wahala, gwajin zagaye.
Shin ya kamata in buƙaci gwajin fesa gishiri a kan kowane rukunin samarwa?
Ba zan yi ba — kuma ina gudanar da masana'anta. Gudun ɗakin yana da jinkiri, kuma gwajin hazo na kowane rukuni zai ƙara makonni ba tare da ƙara tabbacin da ya dace ba, saboda sashin bambancin B117 ya yi gargaɗin cewa ko da ɗakunan da ba su da kama da juna ba su yarda ba. Shaidar kowane rukuni da ke kama ainihin tafiye-tafiyen samarwa tana da sauri kuma mafi kai tsaye: taswirar micrometer na kauri na jan ƙarfe, gwajin mannewa da lanƙwasa a radius 100 mm, da kuma duba ci gaba na gani. Ajiye feshin gishiri don cancanta da sake tabbatarwa lokaci-lokaci — kowace shekara, ko bayan kowane canjin tsari — kuma bari ilimin lissafi na yau da kullun ya tsare rukunin a tsakanin.
Wane izini ya kamata dakin gwaje-gwajen ya samu?
Nemi takardar shaidar ISO/IEC 17025 tare da feshin gishiri a cikin iyakokin da aka buga a dakin gwaje-gwajen - a China galibi an amince da CNAS, a duk duniya kowace ƙungiya mai sanya hannu a ILAC. Sannan a yi tabbatarwa ta mintuna biyu da na ga yawancin masu siye sun tsallake: tuntuɓi dakin gwaje-gwaje kai tsaye tare da lambar rahoton kuma a tabbatar da cewa ya fitar da wannan takardar don bayanin samfurin. Lambar rahoton da za a iya tabbatarwa daga dakin gwaje-gwaje mai izini ta fi kyawun PDF, kuma duk wani mai samar da kayayyaki da ke da kwarin gwiwa a gwajinsa zai taimaka muku duba shi.
Shin rahoton B117 ya isa ga tashar samar da mai ko matatar mai ta bakin teku?
Ba wai kawai ba. Yanayin bakin teku da masana'antu yana ƙara keɓancewar ruwa da bushewa, UV, da gurɓataccen iska wanda hazo mai ci gaba ba ya taɓawa, shi ya sa bitar Ƙungiyar Coatings ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar ƙara feshi mai tsaka tsaki tare da hanyoyin cyclic - nau'ikan ASTM G85, SWAAT, ko prohesion - da ISO 12944-9 don fallasa yanayi. Don ɓangaren da aka binne, haɗa gwajin yanayi tare da bayanan juriyar ƙasa da takaddun kauri na sandar tagulla. Idan wurinku yana cikin iska mai ɗauke da gishiri na bakin teku, gaya mana yanayin da ke cikin RFQ kuma za mu ba da shawarar hanyar gwaji mai wahala tare da ku.
Shin kana duba fayil ɗin lalata na mai kaya yanzu?
Aiko min da rahoton — Zan yi amfani da wannan allon mai maki 8 a kai kuma in gaya muku cikin kwana ɗaya na aiki abin da ya tabbatar, abin da yake ɓoyewa, da kuma abin da za ku nema a gaba. Idan kuna buƙatar sanduna masu kauri na matakin rukuni da takaddun lanƙwasa a bayan bayanan ɗakin, layinmu na kowane wata mai lamba 50,000 a Xinchang ya shirya.Fara tattaunawar a shafin tuntuɓar mu →
Ina taimaka wa masu siye daga ƙasashen waje su samo kayayyakin kariya daga ƙasa da walƙiya daga masana'antarmu ta shekaru 17 - ciki har da duba inganci, dabaru, da cikakkun takardu na fitarwa. Rahoton gwajin masu samar da kayayyaki yana kan teburina kowane wata; wannan jagorar ita ce yadda nake karanta su.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-07-2026