Ndikatumiza gulu lazolumikizira ndodo zolumikizidwaKuchokera ku fakitale yathu ku Xinchang, funso limodzi lomwe ndimamva kwambiri kuchokera kwa mainjiniya ogula ndi lakuti: "Ndingadziwe bwanji kuti ulusiwo udzakwanira ukafika pamalopo?" Ndi nkhani yabwino. Ndodo yomangira yomwe singalumikizidwe m'munda si vuto chabe - ndi kulephera kwa makina omangira omwe akuyembekezera kuchitika. Munkhaniyi, ndikuyang'ana miyezo ya ulusi, macheke olekerera, ndi zitsanzo za njira zovomerezeka zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito mkati ndipo ndikulimbikitsa wogula aliyense kuti atsimikizire asanasainire oda yoyamba.

Chifukwa Chake Ubwino wa Ulusi pa Ndodo Yotsika Si Tsatanetsatane Waing'ono

Malinga ndi zomwe ndakumana nazo, electrode yoyambira imagwira ntchito bwino komanso ngati cholumikizira chake chofooka kwambiri. Mu malo athu opangira zinthu, tawona zitsanzo zobwezedwa pomwe chophimba cha mkuwa chinali chopanda cholakwika pa thupi la ndodo koma ulusi wolumikizira unachotsedwa panthawi yoyendera chifukwa kulekerera kunali kosasunthika kuyambira pachiyambi. Gulu lathu la QA linapereka ndodoyo pakuwunika kowoneka bwino padoko lonyamulira katundu, komabe inalephera pamunda panthawi yoyika m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku West Africa komwe kontrakitala anali kuponya ndodo mu dothi la laterite panthawi yovuta.

Popeza ulusiwu ndi mlatho wamakina ndi wamagetsi pakati pa magawo awiri a ndodo, ulusi wodulidwa bwino kapena wosakulungidwa bwino umakhala malo olimbikira kwambiri panjira yonse yolowera pansi. Kukaniza kumeneko ndikofunikira pakagwa mphezi pamene ma ampere zikwizikwi amafunika kufalikira padziko lapansi mkati mwa masekondi ang'onoang'ono.

Tikapangandodo zachitsulo zokutidwa ndi mkuwa, ulusi umadulidwa kapena kuzunguliridwa pambuyo pa sitepe ya mkuwa. Njira yathu ikutsimikizira kuti izi zimateteza pamwamba pa pulasitiki panthawi yopangidwa, komanso zikutanthauza kuti cholakwika chilichonse mu ulusi chimawonekera mwachindunji mu chinthu chomalizidwa. Palibe gawo lobisika la buffer lobisa vuto.

Miyezo Yomwe Mudzakumane Nayo Pogula Malo Okhazikika

Kwa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zomwe ndakhala ndikutumiza zinthu zomangira kuchokera ku fakitale yathu, ndagwira ntchito ndi ogula m'maiko opitilira makumi anayi. Mitundu ya ulusi yomwe imapezeka nthawi zambiri mu zikalata za RFQ za ndodo za nthaka ndi zolumikizira zimagawidwa m'mabanja anayi:

Unified National Coarse (UNC) — Chokhazikika cha ku North America

Ulusi wa UNC, womwe umayendetsedwa ndi ASME B1.1, ndi waukulu kwambiri m'misika ya US, Canada, ndi Mexico. Pa ndodo zoyambira, kukula kofala kwambiri ndi 5/8″-11 UNC ndi 3/4″-10 UNC. "11″ ndi "10" amatanthauza ulusi pa inchi (TPI). Ndodo ya UNC ya 5/8″-11 ili ndi mainchesi akuluakulu a 15.875 mm ndi kutalika kwa 2.309 mm. Timapanga kukula kumeneku kwambiri kwa makasitomala omwe akuyika ma gridi oyambira pansi ndi maziko a nsanja ya telecom kum'mwera kwa United States.

Nthawi ina tinapereka famu ya solar ku central Texas yokhala ndi ma coupler a 5/8″-11 UNC a ndodo zomangidwa ndi mkuwa zomwe zimayendetsedwa pansi pa nthaka ya mamita atatu. Wokhazikitsayo adati kulumikizana kosalala mu gulu lonselo chifukwa tidatsimikizira kukula kwa pitch pa 14.705 mm (mkati mwa band ya 2A tolerance) pa ndodo iliyonse ya khumi panthawi yopanga.

Chindapusa cha Dziko Lonse Chogwirizana (UNF) — Chosazolowereka koma Chosafotokozedwabe

Malinga ndi zomwe takumana nazo, ulusi wa UNF umawonekera m'njira zina zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi ku Europe komanso m'magwiritsidwe ntchito komwe pitch yocheperako imakondedwa kuti isagwedezeke. Cholumikizira cha 5/8″-18 UNF chili ndi mainchesi ofanana ndi a UNC koma pafupifupi kawiri TPI. Pitch yocheperako imatanthauza kukhudzidwa kwambiri pa milimita iliyonse ya kutalika kwa axial, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri m'nthaka ya miyala komwe mphamvu zoyendetsera zimakhala zambiri. Komabe, ulusi wa UNF umakhala wosavuta kuthyola ulusi panthawi yosonkhanitsa, kotero ndikulangiza ogula omwe atchula UNF kuti apemphenso chamfered lead-in kumapeto kwa cholumikizira chachimuna.

Chitoliro Chokhazikika cha ku Britain (BSP) — Chofala ku Middle East ndi Africa

Ulusi wa BSP, makamaka mndandanda wa G (parallel) womwe wafotokozedwa mu ISO 228, ndi wofala m'mafotokozedwe ochokera ku mayiko a Gulf, Nigeria, Kenya, ndi South Africa. Kuphatikiza kwa G1/2 kapena G3/4 sikuchepa - kumadalira kuyenererana kofanana. Izi zimapangitsa kutsimikizira kwa miyeso kukhala kofunika kwambiri chifukwa palibe njira yolumikizirana yolipirira kukula pang'ono. Monga momwe taonera poperekandodo ya pansi ndi ndodo ya pansiZogulitsa ku mapulojekiti ku Dubai ndi Lagos, BSP couplers zomwe zimapambana mayeso a ring gauge pa siteshoni yathu ya QC zimagwira ntchito bwino mu nthaka yamchenga komanso yolimba kwambiri.

Mizere ya ISO ya Metric (M-Series) — The Global Standard

Ulusi woyezera pa ISO 261 ndi ISO 965 ndi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Europe, Asia, Australia, ndi madera ena a South America. Pa ndodo zoyambira, M16 ndi M20 ndi kukula kofala. Cholumikizira cha M16x2.0 chili ndi mainchesi 16 mm ndi 2.0 mm. Kalasi yoyezera yokhazikika ndi 6g (yakunja) / 6H (yamkati). Chifukwa ulusi woyezera umafotokozedwa mu miyezo ya ISO yomwe mabungwe ambiri adziko agwiritsa ntchito, chitsanzo chomwe chimadutsa 6g ring gauge nthawi zambiri chimakwaniritsa owerengera mosasamala kanthu kuti polojekitiyi ili kudziko liti. Tili ndi zolumikizira zoyezera za metric-threaded zathu.ndodo zophwanyidwa ndi chitsulo cholimbandi athundodo zoyera zamkuwamu kukula kwa M12 mpaka M24.

Kulekerera ndi Kuyenerera kwa Ulusi: Kodi Manambala Amatanthauza Chiyani Pochita

Kulekerera ulusi kumatiuza ngati zigawo ziwiri zidzasonkhanitsidwa ndi manja, ndi wrench, kapena ayi. Nayi tebulo lofotokozera miyezo ya ulusi wa ndodo yophwanyidwa yomwe mudzakumane nayo:

Mu fakitale yathu, timagwiritsa ntchito ma ring gauges ndi ma plug gauges olinganizidwa ndi ma tolerance bands awa nthawi iliyonse yopanga. Kwa wogula amene akuyang'ana chitsanzo, upangiri wothandiza kwambiri womwe ndingapereke kutengera zaka zanga pantchitoyi: Nthawi zonse ndimatenga cholumikizira mating kapena gauge yodziwika bwino popita kukayang'ana chitsanzo. Kuyang'ana kuti muyendere/musapite kumatenga masekondi khumi pa ndodo iliyonse ndipo kumakhudza kusuntha kwa dimensional komwe muyeso wa caliper wokha ungaphonye.

Zolakwika Zofala za Ulusi ndi Momwe Mungazizindikirire

Kwa zaka zambiri ku fakitale yathu, ndalemba zolakwika zomwe zimayambitsa madandaulo m'munda nthawi zambiri. Izi ndi zomwe gulu lathu la QC ndi oyang'anira makasitomala athu amayembekezera - ndi zomwe ndikukulimbikitsani kuti muwone mukamawerenga chitsanzo chanu chotsatira:

• Kuwonongeka kwa ulusi wopingasa: Kumachitika pamene ulusi wa mwamuna ndi mkazi sukugwirizana usanamangidwe. Ulusi woyamba uwiri kapena itatu umawonetsa kusintha. Pa chitsanzo, izi zimadziwonetsa ngati kumverera koyipa potembenuza cholumikizira ndi dzanja. Timachotsa izi popanga mwa kuphwanya ulusi wa mwamuna pa madigiri 30.
• Kukula kwakukulu kwa mainchesi akuluakulu: Chigoba cha ulusi chomwe chimapitirira malire apamwamba a gulu lololera sichidzalowa mu cholumikizira. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri pa ndodo zomwe kuzunguliza ulusi kunachitika pambuyo poti chophimba cha mkuwa chagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo chophimbacho chinawonjezera makulidwe osayembekezereka. Timalamulira izi mwa kuyang'anira kulemera kwa chophimba pa gawo lililonse musanayambe sitepe yopangira ulusi.
• Kukula kwa dayamita ya pitch yocheperako: Kulumikizana kosasunthika komwe kumalola kulumikizana kugwedezeka. Ngakhale kungawoneke kothandiza pakumanga, ulusi wosasunthika umatanthauza malo ochepa olumikizirana komanso kukana kwamagetsi kwakukulu pamalo olumikizirana. Mainjiniya athu amaika ma rolling dies kuti ayang'ane pakati pa band yololera, osati malire otsika.
• Ma Burr pa mizu ya ulusi: Ma Burr akuthwa omwe amasiyidwa ndi chida chodulira chofooka kapena chodulira chosweka. Amatha kudula ulusi wolumikizana panthawi yosonkhanitsa ndipo amapanga malo opsinjika omwe amathandizira kutopa chifukwa cha kutentha mobwerezabwereza. Mayeso achangu omwe gulu lathu limagwiritsa ntchito: yendetsani nsalu ya thonje pa ulusiwo - ngati ulusiwo wagwira, ma Burr amapezeka.
• Kuphimba ulusi: Chophimba cha mkuwa kapena zinc chomwe chimachotsa ulusiwo pamene ukupanga. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chitsulo chapansi chiziwonongeke, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafupa azilimba pakapita nthawi. Timayesa kulimba pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokhotakhota ndi kupeta pa gulu lililonse.

Mndandanda Wowunikira Zovomerezeka: Ndondomeko Yamkati ya Fakitale Yathu

Pamene m'modzi mwa makasitomala athu akupempha chitsanzo cha zinthu zathu zomwe zisanapangidweZolumikizira za ndodo zapadziko lapansi zolumikizidwa ndi ulusi wa 14.2mmkapena chinthu china chilichonse chopangidwa ndi ulusi, timayang'ana mndandanda wa mfundo khumi ndi ziwiri. Ndikugawana gawo la ulusi pano chifukwa ndi gawo lomwe ogula ambiri amafunsa za:

1. Kutsimikizira mawonekedwe a ulusi: Tsimikizani ngodya ya ulusi (madigiri 60 a UNC/UNF/metric, madigiri 55 a BSP) pogwiritsa ntchito choyerekeza cha kuwala kapena choyezera ulusi.
2. Muyeso wa pitch: Gwiritsani ntchito thread pitch gauge kuti mutsimikizire kuti TPI kapena mm pitch ikugwirizana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa. Pa 5/8″-11 UNC, inchi iliyonse ya ulusi iyenera kuwonetsa ulusi wonse 11.
3. Ma diameter akuluakulu: Yesani ndi micrometer pamalo awiri patali madigiri 90. Mawerengedwe onse awiri ayenera kukhala mkati mwa gulu lololera la kalasi yomwe yatchulidwa.
4. Kuchuluka kwa ulusi: Gwiritsani ntchito micrometer ya ulusi kapena njira ya waya zitatu. Ichi ndiye chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha ulusi.
5. Mayeso a Go/No-go gauge: Go gauge iyenera kudutsa momasuka; go gauge yosadutsa siyenera kudutsa maulendo opitilira awiri. Mayeso amodzi awa amagwira ntchito zambiri zokhudzana ndi kukula kwa malo.
6. Kuyesa kokwanira kwa cholumikizira: Sakanizani ndodo ya chitsanzo ndi dzanja pogwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira cholumikizira. Cholumikiziracho chiyenera kukhala bwino ndi mphamvu yogwira zala komanso osatembenuza nthawi imodzi ndi theka ndi wrench.
7. Kuyang'ana kooneka ndi kogwira: Yang'anani ngati pali ziphuphu, zolakwika pa plating, ndi kukhwima kwa pamwamba. Oyang'anira athu amaika msomali pa ulusi - uyenera kumveka wosalala komanso wofanana.
8. Kuyesa kwa torque: Ikani torque yodziwika bwino yopangira (pakupanga kwathu, timatchula 40-60 Nm ya cholumikizira cha ndodo ya 5/8″-11 UNC) ndikutsimikizira malo ogwirira olumikizirana popanda kuchotsa.

Mu mzere wathu wopanga, timajambula zithunzi za gauge ya gulu lililonse la zitsanzo ndipo timaphatikiza zithunzi mu lipoti lowunikira lomwe limatumizidwa ndi chitsanzocho. Kuwonekera bwino kumeneku kwakhala chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe makasitomala athu m'magawo a telecom ndi mautumiki akupitilizabe kufotokoza za ife.ndodo zolumikizira za gawo la nthaka zolumikizidwa.

Zofunika Kuganizira: Momwe Chitsulo Choyambira Chimakhudzira Kugwira Ntchito kwa Ulusi

Ulusiwo ndi wodalirika ngati chinthu chomwe chadulidwa. Umu ndi momwe zipangizo zitatu za ndodo zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito zimagwirira ntchito pa ulusiwu:

Chitsulo Chokutidwa ndi Mkuwa

Zambiri mwa mabuku athu zimapita kundodo zophikidwa ndi mkuwa. Chigawo cha mkuwa (nthawi zambiri chimakhala 0.254 mm kapena osachepera 0.508 mm) chimapereka mphamvu yolimbana ndi dzimbiri komanso kuyendetsa bwino, pomwe pakati pa chitsulo chimapatsa mphamvu yoyendetsera. Timalumikiza ndodo zathu titamaliza kuziyika pogwiritsa ntchito zida zozungulira zokhala ndi tips ya carbide zomwe zimakanikiza m'malo modula mkuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigawocho chikhale chosasunthika. Timalangiza ogula kuti awonetsetse kuti mkuwa ukuwoneka bwino komanso wosasweka pamwamba pa ulusi - chitsulo chopanda kanthu chidzawononga, zomwe tawona poyang'anira minda m'nthaka mkati mwa miyezi ingapo.

Chitsulo Chotentha Choviikidwa

Zathundodo zoyambira zotenthagwiritsani ntchitoNdodo ya dziko lapansi yopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha Q235kapangidwe kake. Chophimba cha zinc chimagwiritsa ntchito ma microns osachepera 50-80 pa ISO 1461, chomwe chimayikidwa poviika ndodo yomalizidwa mu zinc yosungunuka. Pakupanga kwathu, ulusi umadulidwa pambuyo poyika galvanizing, zomwe zimawonetsa chitsulo chopanda kanthu pamwamba. Izi ndizovomerezeka ngati cholumikiziracho chili ndi galvanizing ndipo cholumikiziracho chatsekedwa. Timaperekansondodo yophwanyidwa ndi galvanizezinthu zokhala ndi njira zopangira ulusi zomwe zakonzedwa kale.

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri

Pa malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri kwambiri — malo oikira m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomera za mankhwala, kapena nthaka yokhala ndi chloride yambiri — timaperekandodo zosapanga dzimbiri zolumikizidwa ndi ulusimu magiredi 304 ndi 316. Ntchito yosapanga dzimbiri ya Austenitic imalimbitsa ikagubuduzika, zomwe zimatha kukweza kukula kwa pitch kunja kwa kulolerana. Gulu lathu la mainjiniya limakwaniritsa njira yogubuduzika kawiri komanso muyeso wa mkati mwa ndondomeko pakati pa ma pass.

Malangizo Okhazikitsa Ndodo Zolumikizira Ulusi

Ngakhale ndodo yolumikizidwa bwino kwambiri ikhoza kulephera kugwira ntchito ngati woyikirayo satsatira njira yoyenera. Kutengera ndi ndemanga kuchokera kwa makasitomala athu komanso kuchokera ku maulendo anga patsamba, nazi njira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi magwiridwe antchito odalirika kwa nthawi yayitali:

• Tsukani ulusi musanawusonkhanitse. Dothi, matope, ndi zinyalala zomwe zili mu ulusiwo zidzaletsa kukhudzana kwathunthu ndipo zitha kuwononga chivundikiro cha ulusi. Burashi yolimba ndi chopukutira ndi nsalu yoyera zimatenga masekondi makumi atatu ndipo zimaletsa maola ambiri othetsera mavuto.
• Lumikizani bwino musanamange. Yambani kulumikizana ndi dzanja, kuzunguliza ndodo mozungulira wotchi ndi mphamvu yocheperako ya axial. Ngati ndodoyo siitembenuka momasuka pa kuzungulira koyamba kawiri konse, timabwerera m'mbuyo ndikuyiyikanso pampando. Kukakamiza ulusi wolakwika kudzaichotsa.
• Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala oletsa okosijeni pa malo olumikizirana okhala ndi mkuwa. Timayika phala lochepa la mankhwala oletsa okosijeni pa ulusi tisanasonkhanitse kuti tidzaze ma micro-voids ndikuletsa kulowa kwa chinyezi komwe kumabweretsa dzimbiri la galvanic pa malo olumikizirana.
• Yendetsani ndi nyundo yogundana, osati nyundo yogundana. Kugundana mobwerezabwereza kuchokera ku nyundo yogundana kumapanga nthawi yopindika pa cholumikizira chomwe chingaswe ulusi wokhuthala. Nyundo yoyendetsa ndodo yogwetsedwa imapereka mphamvu yolunjika.
• Tsimikizirani kukana kwa nthaka mutatha kuyiyika. Gwiritsani ntchito choyesera kukana kwa nthaka (njira yoyesera kukana kwa nthaka paIEEE 81) kutsimikizira kuti ndodo yoyikidwayo ikukwaniritsa kukana kwa kapangidwe kake. Kukwera mwadzidzidzi kwa kukana poyerekeza ndi ndodo yokhala ndi gawo limodzi kungasonyeze kuti cholumikizira cha ulusi sichili bwino.

Kasitomala wathu kumpoto kwa Canada adagwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezerandodo zomangira nthakandi ma UNC couplings kuti afike mamita 18 kudzera mu permafrost. Potsatira njira yolinganiza yomwe ili pamwambapa, ogwira ntchito adalumikizana ndikuyendetsa magawo khumi ndi awiri a mamita 1.5 popanda kulephera kwa ulusi ngakhale umodzi ndipo adapambana mayeso olandirira kampaniyi pakuyesera koyamba.

Udindo wa Miyezo Yogwirizana ndi Ulusi Potsatira Malamulo a Dongosolo

M'malingaliro mwathu, njira zomangira nthaka sizipezeka zokha. Ndi gawo la zonsechitetezo cha mphezi ndi kuyika pansi kwa magetsikukhazikitsa komwe kuyenera kukwaniritsa malamulo adziko lonse ndi apadziko lonse lapansi. Muyezo wa ulusi pa cholumikizira chanu cha ndodo yapansi ungawoneke ngati mfundo yaying'ono, koma umalumikizana ndi dongosolo lalikulu lotsatira malamulo m'njira zomwe owerengera ndalama ndi oyang'anira inshuwaransi amafufuza:

• IEEE 80 (AC substation grounding) — imafuna kupitiliza kwa magetsi. Kulekerera kwakunja kwa cholumikizira kumatha kukhala ndi kukana komwe kumaphwanya izi.IEEE 80.
• UL 467 (Zida zomangira ndi zomangira) — UL imayesa ma electrode omangira pansi kuti ione ngati ali ndi mphamvu ya makina, mphamvu yoyendetsera magetsi, komanso kukana dzimbiri. Cholumikizira chomwe sichinathe mayeso a UL 467 sichidzalandira mndandanda. Chizindikiro:UL.
• IEC 62561 (Zigawo zotetezera mphezi) — imaphimba zolumikizira, ma conductor, ndi ma electrode a dziko lapansi. Gawo 7 limayang'ana makamaka kuyika kwa nthaka. Zolumikizira za ulusi ziyenera kupambana mayeso amakina ndi amagetsi mu muyezo uwu wa kukhazikitsa kwa LPS.
• Ma code amagetsi a dziko lonse (NEC, BS 7671, AS/NZS 3000) — ma code ambiri amafuna zigawo zoyambira zomwe zalembedwa. Cholumikizira chosalembedwa chingapangitse kuti kukhazikitsa kulephere kuyang'aniridwa.

Mu ntchito yanga ndi makasitomala akunja, ndathandiza anthu angapo omwe adapeza ndodo zoyambira kuchokera kwa ogulitsa omwe sanatsimikizire miyezo ya ulusi, koma panthawi yowunikira adapeza kuti olumikizawo sanakwaniritse zomwe adalemba. Kusokonezeka kwa kuyang'ananso ndi kugulanso kunapitirira nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti kutsimikizire kulolerana kwa ulusi pagawo la zitsanzo. Chifukwa kulephera kutsatira malamulo kumachitika kudzera mu ndondomeko ya polojekiti, kupeza ulusi woyenera pa chitsanzo choyamba ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe mainjiniya ogula angachite.

Momwe Timathandizira Makasitomala Kudzera mu Njira Yovomerezeka ya Chitsanzo

Mukapempha chitsanzo kuchokera ku fakitale yathu yopanga zinthu — kaya ndindodo ya nthaka yachitsulo chopakidwa mkuwa, cholumikizira cha galvanized, kapenandodo yosapanga dzimbiri yopangidwa ndi ulusi— nayi zomwe timapereka:

• Lipoti lowunikira la miyeso ya ulusi lomwe latengedwa pa mfundo zitatu motsatira kutalika kwa cholumikizira.
• Zithunzi zapafupi za ulusi wopangidwa pa kukula kwa 10x zomwe zikuwonetsa momwe korona ilili komanso momwe plating imagwirizanirana.
• Zikalata zoyesera zinthu zomwe zimatsimikizira mtundu wa chitsulo choyambira (nthawi zambiri Q235 kapena chofanana pa GB/T 700), mtundu wa chophimba, ndi makulidwe a chophimba.
• Kanema woyesera kukwanira kwa cholumikizira chowonetsa kusonkhana kwa manja ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa chitsanzo chenicheni.
• Ngati pakufunika, tikhoza kukonza mayeso a anthu ena kudzera m'ma laboratories ovomerezeka kuti titsimikizire zina.

Timasunga ma geji oyezedwa a UNC, UNF, BSP, ndi mitundu ya ulusi wa metric mu labotale yathu ya QC. Oyang'anira athu amaphunzitsidwa miyezo yofanana ndi ma protocol oyezera omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa, ndipo timayesanso ma geji athu kotala lililonse motsutsana ndi miyezo yayikulu yomwe ingatsatidwe.NISTkapena mabungwe ofanana ndi a dziko lonse oyesa zinthu.

Ngati mukuyang'ana wogulitsa ndodo watsopano kapena ngati mwakhala ndi vuto logwirizana ndi wogulitsayo, ndikukulimbikitsani kuti muyambe ndi chitsanzo cha oda kuchokera ku kampani yathu.zolumikizira ndodo zolumikizidwaTidzakupatsani phukusi lonse lowunikira kuti muthe kupanga chisankho chovomerezeka musanapereke katundu wa chidebe.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri: Ndodo Zolumikizira Pansi Zolumikizidwa ndi Ulusi