TL;DR
- Ukumelana komhlaba (okulinganiswe ngee-ohm-meters) kumisela ukuba umsinga wenkunkuma usasazeka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani emhlabeni kwaye loluphi uhlobo lwentonga yomhlaba omele ulufake.
- Uvavanyo lweWenner olune-point 4 lukunika idatha yokumelana nomhlaba ethembekileyo ebaleni ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele kuyilo lokumisa umhlaba.
- Umhlaba ongakwazi ukumelana negesi kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-100 ohm-m) uvumela iintonga ezisemgangathweni zekopolo; umhlaba ongakwazi ukumelana negesi kakhulu (ngaphezulu kwe-1,000 ohm-m) ufuna ii-electrode zeekhemikhali, iimodyuli zomhlaba, okanye ii-arrays ezinzulu zeentonga ezininzi.
- Ukuthelekisa izinto zentonga, ububanzi, kunye nobunzulu neemeko zomhlaba zokwenyani kuthintela ukugqwala kwangaphambi kwexesha, ukusilela kwangaphambi kwexesha, kunye namaxabiso okumelana nomhlaba angasebenzi kakuhle.
- Esi sikhokelo sigubungela iindlela zokulinganisa, iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha izinto, ijometri yokufakela, kunye neempazamo esizibona rhoqo kwiiprojekthi zokwenyani.
Kutheni Ukumelana Nomhlaba Kungumlinganiselo Wokuqala Owufunayo
Ngaphambi kokuba ucacise ububanzi bentonga yomhlaba, ngaphambi kokuba ukhethe phakathi kwentsimbi egqunywe ngobhedu kunye nentsimbi egalelwe ngesinyithi, nangaphambi kokuba ubale ukuba zingaphi iintonga ezifunekayo kwi-substation pad, udinga inombolo enye: ukumelana nomhlaba kwindawo ofakelwe kuyo. Isigqibo ngasinye soyilo olusezantsi sixhomekeke kuloo mlinganiselo.
Apha eShibang, iqela lethu lobunjineli lihlola iinkcukacha zomhlaba ezivela kwiiprojekthi kumazwekazi amathandathu. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yeengxaki zasentsimini esidibana nazo asikuko ukuba intonga inesiphako okanye uqhagamshelo olubi. Yinkqubo yokumisa umhlaba eyayenzelwe ngaphandle kophando olufanelekileyo lokuxhathisa umhlaba. Iinjineli ezitsiba eli nyathelo zigqibela ngokusebenza ngokutsha kofakelo, zongeza iintonga ezongezelelweyo, okanye zisebenzise izilungiso zomhlaba kwiinyanga emva komhla wokuqala wokuqalisa.
Ukumelana nomhlaba kukuxelela indlela umhlaba kwindawo yakho ochasa ngayo ukuhamba kombane. Intaba enesihlabathi neyomileyo embindini we-Australia inokubhalisa ii-ohm-meters ezingama-2,000. I-delta yomlambo etyebileyo ngodongwe eBangladesh inokufunda ii-ohm-meters ezingama-30. Imodeli efanayo yentonga yomhlaba egqunywe ngobhedu iziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwezo ndawo zimbini, kwaye uyilo kufuneka lubonise loo mahluko ukususela ekuqaleni.
Imibutho yemigangatho iyakuqonda oku.Iikhowudi kunye nemigangatho ye-NFPAumgaqo-nkqubo, kunye ne-IEC 62305 kunye ne-IEEE 80, zonke zifuna okanye zicebisa kakhulu idatha yokumelana nomhlaba kwindawo ethile ngaphambi kokuba uyilo lwenkqubo yokumisa umhlaba luqhubeke. Ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neziseko zeiinkqubo zokumba umhlabakwaye njaniumhlaba (umbane)usebenza kubunjineli bombane ukuqonda ukuba kutheni olu vavanyo luqhuba yonke into.
Oko Kulinganiswayo Ngokwenyani Kokumelana Nomhlaba
Ukumelana nomhlaba kulinganisa ukuchasana okuboniswa yiyunithi yomthamo womhlaba ekuhambeni kombane. Iinjineli ziyichaza ngee-ohm-meters (ohm-m). Inani lixhomekeke kwizinto ezine eziphambili:
Ubungakanani bokufuma.Amanzi anciphisa kakhulu ukumelana nobushushu. Umhlaba owomileyo ungafunda i-1,000+ ohm-m; umhlaba ofanayo kumthamo wentsimi unokwehla ngaphantsi kwe-100 ohm-m. Yiyo loo nto uvavanyo lwexesha lonyaka lubalulekile, kwaye kutheni sicebisa ukuba ulinganise ngexesha leemeko ezomileyo ezilindelekileyo ukuze uyile umda ombi kakhulu kwinkqubo.
Uxinzelelo lwe-ion.Iityuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo emanzini omhlaba zonyusa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi. Iindawo ezikunxweme, umhlaba wokulima onembali yesichumiso, kunye neendawo ezithe tyaba zetyuwa yasentlango zonke zivelisa ukufundwa kokumelana okuphantsi kunesanti ye-quartz ecocekileyo. Iirekhodi zethu zemveliso zibonisa ukuba abathengi kuMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika bahlala bejongana nomhlaba wesanti omelana nokumelana okuphezulu ofuna ukongezwa kweekhemikhali.
Ubushushu.Ukumelana nomhlaba kuyakhula njengoko umhlaba uphola. Umhlaba oqandisiweyo unokwandisa ukumelana nomhlaba ngesantya seshumi nangaphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nomhlaba ofanayo kwi-20 degrees Celsius. Iiprojekthi ezikumntla weKhanada, eScandinavia, okanye eRashiya kufuneka ziqwalasele ubunzulu beqabaka kwaye zibeke iintonga zomhlaba ngaphantsi kwayo.
Ukwakheka komhlaba kunye noxinano lwawo.Amasuntswana odongwe aqhuba ngcono kunesanti okanye igrabile kuba agcina umswakama kunye nee-ion kwindawo yawo enkulu. Ilitye, i-shale, kunye ne-granite ebolileyo zahlukile kakhulu. Indawo ene-geology enamaleko iya kubonisa ukumelana okwahlukileyo kubunzulu obahlukeneyo, yiyo loo nto i-profiling yokumelana nobunzulu ibaluleke kakhulu njengokulinganisa umphezulu.
Uvavanyo lweWenner olune-4-Point: Indlela iiNjineli ezilinganisa ngayo ukuxhathisa komhlaba ebaleni
Indlela yeWenner 4-point isasebenza njengeyona ndlela isemgangathweni yovavanyo lokumelana nomhlaba. Ilula, iyaphatheka, kwaye inika iziphumo ezihambelana ngqo nezibalo zoyilo lomhlaba. I-TestGuy inika indlela ebalaseleyo yokuchazauvavanyo lokuxhathisa umhlaba luchaziwengokweenkcukacha ezisebenzayo.
Iinjineli zethu zasemaphandleni zilandela le nkqubo kuyo yonke uphando olutsha lwendawo:
Inyathelo 1: Uyilo.Qhuba ii-electrode ezine ezilinganayo emhlabeni ngomgca othe tye. Zibhale iileyibhile ku-C1, P1, P2, kunye no-C2 ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Isithuba phakathi kwesibini ngasinye esikufutshane ngu-“a,” kwaye ukhetha esi sithuba ngokusekwe kubunzulu bomhlaba ofuna ukuwuphanda. Isithuba semitha e-1 sikunika uxhathiso oluqhelekileyo malunga neemitha ezi-0.5 eziphezulu. Isithuba seemitha ezili-10 sihlola ukuya kuthi ga kwiimitha ezi-5.
Inyathelo lesi-2: Faka umsinga.Qhagamshela isixhobo sokuvavanya ukumelana nomhlaba (njengothotho lweMegger DET okanye iFluke 1621) kwii-electrodes zangaphandle (C1 kunye neC2). Esi sixhobo sifaka umsinga we-AC owaziwayo emhlabeni ophakathi kwazo.
Inyathelo lesi-3: Linganisa amandla.Esi sixhobo silinganisa umahluko wevolthi phakathi kwee-electrode zangaphakathi (P1 kunye neP2). Oku kwehla kwevolthi, okwahlulwe yi-injected current, kunika ixabiso lokumelana ne-R.
Inyathelo lesi-4: Bala.Sebenzisa ifomula kaWenner:
Ukumelana (rho) = 2 x pi xax R
apho u-“a” isithuba se-electrode kwiimitha kwaye u-R yi-resistance elinganisiweyo kwii-ohms. Isiphumo kukuxhathisa komhlaba kwi-ohm-m.
Ubunzulu beprofayili.Phinda uvavanyo kwiindawo ezininzi (1m, 2m, 5m, 10m, 20m) ukuze wakhe iprofayili yokumelana nobunzulu. Le profayili ibonisa ukuba kukho umaleko oqhubayo onzulu ngaphantsi komhlaba, nto leyo enokuthethelela iintambo zokuqhuba ukuya kwiimitha ezi-3 endaweni yeemitha ezi-2.4 eziqhelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuvavanya.Sichaza uvavanyo phantsi kweemeko zonyaka ezomileyo nezilindelekileyo, kuba iinkqubo zokumisa umhlaba kufuneka zisebenze unyaka wonke. Uvavanyo kuphela ngexesha lemvula lunika amanani athembisayo angabonisi iimeko zasehlotyeni okanye zembalela ezimbi kakhulu.
Isixhobo se-petrochemical kwiPhondo laseMpuma laseSaudi Arabia silinganise ukumelana nomhlaba ongaphezulu kwi-1,800 Ω·m ngexesha lemvula. Emva kokuba iqela lethu lobuchwephesha lichaze iintonga ezintathu zekopolo eziziimitha ezi-3 (AF-0232, umaleko wobhedu ongu-0.254mm) eziqhutywa kubunzulu beemitha ezi-5 kunye nomgama weemitha ezi-6, ukumelana komhlaba okulinganisiweyo kwehle kwaya kwi-3.8 Ω — ngaphantsi kakhulu kwethagethi ye-5 Ω efunekayo yi-IEC 62305 yokukhusela umbane kwiitanki zokugcina.
Indlela Ukumelana Nomhlaba Okukhokelela Ngayo Ukukhetha Intonga Yomhlaba
Wakuba unedatha yakho yokumelana nomhlaba, ungakhetha intonga yomhlaba efanelekileyo ngokuzithemba. Inombolo yokumelana ikuxelela izinto ezintathu: zeziphi izinto eziya kumelana nokugqwala ixesha elide kuloo mhlaba, yeyiphi ijiyometri yentonga (ububanzi nobude) oyifunayo, kunye nokuba intonga enye iya kufezekisa ukuxhathisa komhlaba okujoliswe kuko okanye nokuba ufuna iintonga ezininzi kuluhlu.
Nantsi indlela esiyisebenzisayo eShibang xa sicebisa abathengi:
| Uluhlu lokuxhathisa umhlaba | Uphawu Lomhlaba | Indlela Ecetyiswayo Yentonga |
|---|---|---|
| Ngaphantsi kwe-100 ohm-m | Umhlaba omanzi, omdaka, okanye otyumkileyo | Intonga yentsimbi egqunywe ngobhedu eqhelekileyo, intonga enye idla ngokwanela |
| 100 – 500 ohm-m | Umxube wodongwe nesanti ofumileyo, umhlaba ophakathi ofudumeleyo | Intonga egqunywe ngekopolo enobunzulu obuphakathi, uluhlu olunokwenzeka lweentonga ezimbini |
| 500 – 1,000 ohm-m | Umhlaba onesihlabathi okanye onamatye, owomileyo kancinci | Iintonga ezinzulu, uluhlu lweentonga ezininzi, okanye ukwandiswa kwee-electrode zamakhemikhali |
| Ngaphezulu kwe-1,000 ohm-m | Isanti eyomileyo kakhulu, ilitye, ilitye elirhabaxa | Ii-electrode zokumisa umhlaba zekhemikhali, iimodyuli zomhlaba, okanye iinkqubo zomqhubi weradial ezibanzi |
Le theyibhile yindawo yokuqala, ayithathi indawo yoyilo oluneenkcukacha. Injineli kufuneka iqwalasele i-pH yomhlaba, umxholo we-chloride, amanqanaba e-sulfate, kunye notshintsho lokufuma ukuze ikhethe okokugqibela. Siza kuchaza ngokuhambelana kwezinto kwicandelo elilandelayo.
Zethuintonga yomhlaba egqunywe ngobheduuluhlu (imodeli ye-AF-0232) lugubungela ububanzi ukusuka kwi-14.2 mm ukuya kwi-25 mm (5/8 intshi ukuya kwi-3/4 intshi) kunye nobude ukusuka kwi-1.2 m ukuya kwi-3.0 m (4 ft ukuya kwi-10 ft). Umaleko wobhedu ulinganisa ubuncinane i-0.254 mm ubukhulu kunye nobunyulu be-99.95% nangaphezulu, ubotshelelwe kwisiseko sentsimbi esinekhabhoni ephantsi. Oku kunika intonga amandla aphezulu okutsalwa (ubuncinane i-580 N/mm) yokuqhuba ngelixa igcina ukumelana nokugqwala kobhedu kwiintlobo ezininzi zomhlaba. Siqinisekisa olu luhlu lwemveliso phantsi kwe-ISO 9001:2008.
Ekuqaleni kowama-2023, injineli yeprojekthi yesitishi esingaphantsi kwe-132 kV eTamil Nadu yachaza iintonga ze-galvanized ukunciphisa ubunzima bokuthengwa kwendawo ekude yentaba. Xa iqela lethu laliphonononga ingxelo yomhlaba — umhlaba we-laterite, i-pH 4.8, i-resistivity engama-280 Ω·m kubunzulu beemitha ezi-3 — sacebisa ukuba sitshintshele kwiintonga ze-copper clad nangona ubunzima beyunithi nganye buphezulu. Isizathu: i-pH ephantsi ye-laterite kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-iron oxide kukhawulezisa ukubola kwe-zinc, kwaye indawo ekude yenza ukuba izinto zokutshintshwa kweentonga kwixesha elizayo zibize kakhulu. Injineli yamkele isindululo. Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokufakwa, ukufundwa kokumelana nomhlaba kuhlala kuzinzile kwi-1.6 Ω.
Ukufanisa Izinto Zentonga Yomhlaba Neemeko Zomhlaba
Abavelisi bezintonga zomhlaba banikezela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha izinto, kwaye nganye ihambelana neemeko ezithile zomhlaba. Nantsi indlela esizithelekisa ngayo:
Iintonga zentsimbi ezigqunywe ngethusi
Iintonga zekopolo zidibanisa isiseko sentsimbi (sokuba namandla oomatshini kunye nokuqina kokuqhuba) kunye nomaleko wangaphandle wobhedu otyebileyo (wokuba ungangenisi umhlwa kwaye ungangenisi umngxuma emhlabeni).intonga yomhlaba egqunywe ngobheduIimodeli zisebenzisa inkqubo yokubopha ubhedu eqhubekayo, hayi iplating encinci. Oku kubalulekile kumhlaba orhabaxa apho umaleko wobhedu ogqunywe okanye odibeneyo unokwahlukana ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Iintonga ezigqunywe ngekopolo zisebenza kakuhle kumhlaba ongathathi cala ukuya kwi-alkaline (pH 6 ukuya kwi-9) onokufuma okuphakathi. Zimelana nokugqwala okuvela kwiikhemistri ezininzi zomhlaba kwaye zigcina ukumelana nomhlaba okuzinzileyo kangangeminyaka emininzi. Sizichaza kwizityalo zamandla, izitishi ezincinci, iitoweri zothumelo, izitishi zeziseko zonxibelelwano, izikhululo zeenqwelo moya, oololiwe, izakhiwo eziphakamileyo, kunye neendawo zokucoca ioyile. Ixesha lokusebenza lidlula iminyaka engama-50 kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zomhlaba.
Iintonga zentsimbi ezigayiweyo
Sixabisa iintonga ezigqunywe nge-galvanized (ezigqunywe nge-zinc) ngaphantsi kunezo zigqunywe nge-copper, kwaye zibonelela ngokhuseleko lokugqwala olwamkelekileyo kumhlaba we-alkaline. Nangona kunjalo, idatha yethu yokuvelisa kunye neyasentsimini ibonisa ukuba i-zinc inyibilika ngokukhawuleza kunobhedu kumhlaba one-asidi (pH engaphantsi kwe-5) nakumhlaba onomxholo ophezulu we-sulfate. Sibhale phantsi iimeko ezininzi apho iintonga ezigqunywe nge-galvanized kumhlaba ovuthayo zasilela ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba ixesha lenkonzo lilindelwe, yiyo loo nto sicebisa abathengi kwiindawo ezishushu okanye ezichaphazeleke yimvula ene-asidi ukuba bakhethe i-copper clothed kune-galvanized kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi enobomi boyilo beminyaka engama-25 okanye ngaphezulu.
Iirekhodi zethu zewaranti ezivela ekuthunyelweni ngo-2019 ukuya kwindawo eselunxwemeni kumazantsi eVietnam zibonisa ukuba iintonga ze-galvanized ezifakwe emhlabeni one-pH 5.2 kunye nokumelana kwe-120 Ω·m zaqala ukubonisa ukugqwala okubonakalayo kumphezulu kwiinyanga ezili-18. Ugqubuthelo lwezinc lwalunciphile ukusuka kwi-86 microns echaziweyo ukuya kwi-40 microns kwindawo yokujonga umhlaba nomoya. Sitshintshe lonke ukufakelwa kweentonga ezingama-240 ngeeyunithi ze-copper clad ngexabiso lethu phantsi kwewaranti, kwaye iintonga ezitshintshiweyo ngoku sele zisebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu ngaphandle kokonakala okunokulinganiswa.
Ii-Electrode zokuGxotha iiKhemikhali
Xa ukumelana nomhlaba kuhlala kungaphezulu kwe-500 ohm-m nokuba kubunzulu, intonga engenanto yodwa ayinakufikelela kumaxabiso okuxhathisa ekujoliswe kuko.Ii-electrode zekhemikhali zokumisa umhlabagcwalisa esi sikhewu. Ezi yunithi ziqulathe umbhobho wobhedu ongenanto ogcwele iityuwa zeminerali eziphuma kancinci ziye kumhlaba ojikelezileyo, zinciphisa ukumelana kwendawo kangangeenyanga neminyaka. Zigcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezomileyo nezinamatye apho ukufuma kwendalo kunqongophele khona.
Sinikezela ngee-electrode zamakhemikhali kwiiprojekthi kulo lonke elaseMbindi Mpuma, eMntla Afrika, nakwi-Ostreliya ephakathi. Kwindawo eqhelekileyo yokufaka, ingcali igrumba umngxuma, ifake i-electrode, igcwalise nge-conductive compound, ize iqhagamshele i-electrode kwigridi ephambili yokumisa umhlaba. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukusasazeka kwetyuwa kudala i-envelope yokumelana nombane ejikeleze i-electrode.
Iimodyuli zomhlaba
Iimodyuli zomhlabazibonelela ngenye indlela yokulungisa umhlaba onzima. Ezi yunithi zenziwe kwangaphambili zidibanisa umqhubi wesinyithi kunye nomzimba ojikelezileyo wezinto eziqhubayo (ngokuqhelekileyo i-compound esekelwe kwikhabhoni okanye yodongwe). Iinjineli ziyazingcwaba kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kwigridi yokumisa umhlaba ukuze zinciphise ukumelana kwendawo ngaphandle kwengqwalasela yokugcinwa efunekayo ngamanye amaxesha kwii-electrodes zeekhemikhali.
Iimodyuli zomhlaba zisebenza kakuhle kwiiprofayili zomhlaba ezixutyiweyo apho kukho umaleko oqhubayo kodwa ungaphantsi kakhulu ukuba ungaqhutywa ngenduku eqhelekileyo. Sithumele iimodyuli zomhlaba kwizikhululo zokudlulisa iintambo ezikwi-Andes, ukufakwa kwe-radar yasentlango e-Oman, kunye nezikhululo zefama yomoya elunxwemeni eVietnam.
Khangela Zonke Iinketho
Iphelele yethuudidi lwentonga yomhlaba kunye nentonga yomhlabaigquma i-copper clad, i-galvanized, i-stainless steel, kunye neendlela ezikhethekileyo zokukhetha. Ukhetho olufanelekileyo luxhomekeke kwingxelo yakho yekhemistri yomhlaba, ukumelana kwakho nomnqweno, kunye nobomi benkonzo obulindelekileyo bokufakelwa.
Ubunzulu boFakelo, Ububanzi beRod, kunye noMthetho weMulti-Rod
Idatha yokumelana nomhlaba ikwakhokela iiparameter ezintathu zoyilo olubonakalayo: ubunzulu bokuqhuba intonga, ububanzi obuya kusetyenziswa, kunye nenani leentonga ekufuneka zifakwe.
Ubunzulu
Iintonga ezinzulu zifikelela kumaleko omhlaba agcina ukufuma okungakumbi kunye nokuchasana okuphantsi. Ufakelo oluqhelekileyo lwendlu yokuhlala lungasebenzisa intonga ye-2.4 yeemitha (8-foot). Igridi yokumisa isiseko sesitishi esingaphantsi idla ngokuchaza iintonga ze-3-meter (10-foot). Kwimimandla echasana nokuchasana okuphezulu, iinjineli ngamanye amaxesha ziqhuba iintonga ukuya kwiimitha ezi-6 nangaphezulu ngokuzidibanisa kunye.
Iintonga zethu ezigqunywe ngobhedu zinesingxobo sokudibanisa esivumela ukudibana kwamacandelo. Intonga yemitha ezi-3 enolwandiso lwemitha eli-1.5 ifikelela kwiimitha ezi-4.5. I-coupling igcina iinkcukacha zobuchule (impazamo ye-1 mm/m okanye ngaphantsi) kwi-joint ukuze intonga ingabotshelelwa ngexesha lokuqhuba.
Ububanzi
Ububanzi bentonga yomhlaba buchaphazela zombini ukuqina koomatshini ngexesha lokufakelwa kunye nobomi bokugqwala ixesha elide. Intonga eyi-14.2 mm (5/8 intshi) ifanele uninzi lweendawo zokuhlala kunye neendawo zorhwebo ezilula apho umqhubi okanye i-hammer drill ityhala khona. Intonga eyi-25 mm (3/4 intshi) iphatha imithwalo ephezulu yoomatshini yokuqhuba nzulu kumhlaba oxineneyo okanye onamatye kwaye ibonelela ngendawo engaphezulu yobhedu yomphezulu wokugqwala.
Iirekhodi zethu zemveliso zibonisa ukuba iintonga ze-5/8-intshi zibangela uninzi lobuninzi kwiiprojekthi zemozulu epholileyo (eMntla Melika, eYurophu, eMpuma Asia), ngelixa iintonga ze-3/4-intshi zibona imfuno ephezulu kwiiprojekthi zaseMbindi Mpuma nase-Australia apho ukuntywila kakhulu kumhlaba oqinileyo kuqhelekile.
Ii-Arrays ze-Multi-Rod
Xa intonga enye ingakwazi ukufikelela kumandla okumelana nomhlaba ekujoliswe kuwo, wongeza izintonga. Umgaqo oqhelekileyo: beka indawo yeentonga ezikufutshane ubuncinane ngokulinganayo nobunzulu bazo obuqhutywayo. Kwiintonga eziziimitha ezi-3, sebenzisa ubuncinane isithuba seemitha ezi-3. Esi sithuba sithintela iindawo zokunciphisa ukumelana ezijikeleze intonga nganye ukuba zingabhidana kakhulu.
Ukumelana okudibeneyo kwe-multi-rod array akusiyo nje ukuxhathisa kwe-single-rod okwahlulwe ngenani lee-rod. Ukusebenzisana komhlaba nomhlaba kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle. I-two-rod array ifikelela malunga ne-60% yokuxhathisa kwe-single rod, hayi i-50%. I-three-rod array ifikelela malunga ne-45-50%. La ngamanani aqikelelweyo; umlinganiselo wokwenyani uxhomekeke kukulingana komhlaba kunye nomgama we-rod.
Iziphene Ezisixhenxe Zokumisa Izinto Ezifunyenwe Yilebhu Yethu Yefektri Kwiphepha Leenkcukacha Ezibuyisiweyo
Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-17 yokwenza iimveliso zomhlaba kunye nokuxhasa iiprojekthi kwihlabathi liphela, iqela lethu liye ladwelisa iinkcukacha eziphindaphindiweyo kunye neziphene zokufakelwa ezibonakala kuphando lwewaranti kunye nokuhlolwa kweprojekthi emva kokufa kumazwe nakwimizi-mveliso. Ezi mpazamo zisixhenxe zilandelayo zibangela uninzi lokusilela kweentonga ngaphambi kwexesha kunye nokufundwa kokuxhathisa umhlaba okungasebenzi kakuhle esidibana nako:
Ukutsiba uphando lokuxhathisa umhlaba.Ngamanye amaxesha iinjineli azisebenzisi amaxabiso omhlaba weencwadi kwindawo ethile endaweni yokuvavanya indawo yokwenyani. Nokuba ngaphakathi kwipropati enye, ukumelana nobushushu kunokwahluka ngesiqingatha sesihlanu phakathi kwesiphelo esisemantla nesiphelo esisemazantsi ngenxa yeepateni zokukhupha amanzi, imbali yokuzalisa, okanye ubunzulu belitye.
Uvavanyo lukwinqanaba elinye kuphela.Uvavanyo olunye lweWenner kwindawo enye lukuxelela phantse nto malunga neprofayili engaphantsi komhlaba enamaleko. Soloko uvavanya ubuncinane izithuba ezintathu ukuze uchonge iileya eziqhubayo, iileya ezithintelayo, kunye notshintsho phakathi kwazo.
Ukungahoyi ukwahluka kwexesha lonyaka.Uvavanyo kuphela ngexesha lemvula lunika iziphumo ezilahlekisayo. Iinkqubo zokumisa umhlaba kufuneka zisebenze kwiimeko ezomileyo, ezishushu kakhulu, nezibandayo kakhulu eziya kuhlangabezana nazo indawo. Sicebisa abathengi ukuba bavavanye ubuncinane kabini: kube kanye ngexesha lemvula kwaye kube kanye ngexesha lemvula.
Ububanzi bentonga obungachazwanga kakuhle.Ukusebenzisa intonga encinci ekhoyo ukunciphisa ubunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo kunokubonakala kunengqondo ephepheni, kodwa kumhlaba oqinileyo okanye onamatye, intonga ebhityileyo iyagoba, iyabhijeka, okanye iyaphuka ngexesha lokuqhuba. Oku kuchitha ixesha lokufakela kwaye kushiya inkqubo ingacwangciswanga kakuhle. Sichaza iintonga ze-3/4-intshi (25 mm) kuyo nayiphi na indawo eneemeko ezinamatye okanye ezixineneyo.
Ukulibala ukudibana.Xa iinjineli zifuna ubunzulu bentonga obuziimitha ezi-4.5 okanye ezi-6, ngamanye amaxesha zizama ukudibanisa amacandelo amabini entonga kunye. Ukuwelda kutshabalalisa umaleko wobhedu kwindawo edibeneyo, kudala indawo eshushu yokugqwala engaphumeleliyo kwiminyaka embalwa. Soloko usebenzisa i-mechanical coupling eyenzelwe injongo ethile egcina i-copper jacket iqhubeka.
Ukungawunaki umgangatho woqhagamshelo.Intonga yomhlaba engcono kakhulu emhlabeni ayisebenzi ukuba uqhagamshelo kumqhubi lukhululekile, lubolile, okanye lwenziwe ngeentsimbi ezingahambelaniyo. Uqhagamshelo lwe-copper-to-copper kunye nee-exothermic welds okanye izihlanganisi ze-mechanical ezidwelisiweyo zigcina ukuthembeka kwexesha elide. Ukuxuba iintonga ze-copper kunye nee-clamps ze-galvanized kwindawo emanzi kudala i-galvanic corrosion cell etshabalalisa uqhagamshelo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukungafundi ikhemistri yomhlaba.Ukumelana kuphela akubonisi ukugqwala. Umhlaba onokumelana okuphakathi (300 ohm-m) kodwa unomxholo ophezulu we-sulfate kunye ne-pH ephantsi uya kuhlasela ithusi ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bekulindelwe. Soloko udibanisa uvavanyo lokumelana nohlalutyo lwekhemistri yomhlaba (pH, ii-chloride, ii-sulfates, umxholo womswakama) ukuze ukhethe izinto zentonga ngokuchanekileyo.
Ilebhu yethu esemgangathweni eXinchang isebenzisa uvavanyo lokutshiza ngetyuwa (ASTM B117) kuyo yonke imveliso entsha yeentonga ezigqunywe ngobhedu. Kuzo zonke iibatch zokugqibela ezingama-47 (N=47, ezimele malunga neentonga ezingama-235,000), ubukhulu bomgangatho wobhedu obuphakathi bulinganiswe yi-0.268 mm kunye nokuphambuka okuqhelekileyo kwe-0.012 mm. Akukho batch iwele ngaphantsi kwe-0.254mm ubuncinci. Ixesha lovavanyo lokugqwala ziiyure ezili-1,000, kwaye akukho batch ibonakalise ukuvezwa kwesinyithi esisisiseko kuloo festile.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Liliphi ixabiso lokumelana nomhlaba elifuna ii-electrode zokumisa iikhemikhali endaweni yeentonga eziqhelekileyo?
Akukho mkhawulo mnye, kodwa ekusebenzeni, xa ukumelana nomhlaba kudlula i-1,000 ohm-m kubunzulu bentonga obucwangcisiweyo, ii-electrode zokumisa iikhemikhali okanye iimodyuli zomhlaba ziba yimfuneko esebenzisekayo. Ngaphantsi kwe-500 ohm-m, uluhlu lwentonga yobhedu olunobukhulu obufanelekileyo ludla ngokufikelela kuxhathiso olwamkelekileyo. Phakathi kwe-500 kunye ne-1,000 ohm-m, injineli kufuneka ibale ukuba ingaba ii-arrays zokuqhuba ezinzulu okanye ii-arrays ze-multi-rod zinokufikelela kuxhathiso olujoliswe kulo ngaphandle kokwandiswa kweekhemikhali.
Ndifanele ndivavanye kangaphi kwakhona ukuba umhlaba awusakwazi ukumelana nawo emva kokuba kufakwe inkqubo yokumisa umhlaba?
Uninzi lwemigangatho lucebisa uvavanyo ngexesha lokuqalisa ukusebenza kwaye emva koko ngamaxesha athile ngexesha lomsebenzi. I-IEEE 81 icebisa uvavanyo lonyaka okanye lweminyaka emibini lokufakelwa okubalulekileyo (izitishi zedatha, amaziko edatha, izibhedlele). Kwizakhiwo zoshishino ezineemeko zomhlaba ezizinzileyo, ixesha lovavanyo lweminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu liqhelekile. Soloko uvavanya kwakhona emva kokutshintsha komhlaba omkhulu, uhlengahlengiso, okanye ukukhupha amanzi kwindawo.
Ndingayisebenzisa i-multimeter eqhelekileyo kuvavanyo lwe-Wenner olune-point 4?
Hayi. I-multimeter eqhelekileyo ayifaki umbane owaneleyo emhlabeni kwaye ayinakulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuhla kwe-voltage ye-impedance ephezulu phakathi kwee-electrodes ezinokubakho. Udinga isivavanyeli sokumelana nomhlaba esizinikeleyo esenzelwe indlela yeWenner. Ezi zixhobo zifaka umbane we-AC kwi-frequency ethintela ukuphazamiseka kwi-harmonics yenkqubo yamandla kwaye zilinganise ukumelana ngokuthe ngqo.
Bungakanani ubukhulu bomaleko wobhedu endifanele ndibumkele kwintonga egqunywe ngobhedu?
Apha eShibang, sichaza umaleko wobhedu ubuncinane obuyi-0.254 mm kwimodeli yethu ye-AF-0232. Obu bukhulu bubonelela ngokhuseleko lokugqwala olunentsingiselo kwiminyaka engama-50 yobomi benkonzo kwiimeko ezininzi zomhlaba. Iileya zobhedu ezincinci (ngaphantsi kwe-0.15 mm) ziyaguga kumhlaba odlamkileyo kwisithuba seminyaka eli-15-20, nto leyo ebangela ukuba intsimbi ichaphazeleke ngokukhawuleza. Soloko ubuza umenzi ngobukhulu obuqinisekisiweyo, hayi umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo okanye oqhelekileyo.
Ngaba ubude bentonga bubaluleke ngaphezu kobubanzi bentonga ukuze kufikelele ekuxhathiseni okuphantsi komhlaba?
Ewe, kwiimeko ezininzi. Ukwandisa ubude bentonga kunefuthe elikhulu ekunciphiseni ukumelana nomhlaba kunokwandisa ububanzi. Intonga ende idibana nomthamo womhlaba kwaye idla ngokufikelela kwiileya ezinzulu neziqhuba umbane ngakumbi. Ububanzi bunegalelo ekunciphiseni ukumelana (indawo engaphezulu yomphezulu), kodwa isiphumo si-logarithmic, asingomgca. Intonga yemitha ezi-3 kububanzi obuyi-14.2 mm idla ngokugqwesa intonga yemitha eli-1.5 kububanzi obuyi-25 mm kumhlaba ofanayo.
Yeyiphi isithuba endifanele ndisisebenzise phakathi kweentonga zomhlaba kwi-multi-rod array?
Umgaqo jikelele wobunjineli kukuba iintonga zesithuba ubuncinane zilingane nobunzulu obuqhutywayo. Kwiintonga zemitha ezi-3, gcina ubuncinane isithuba seemitha ezi-3. Isithuba esiqinileyo sichitha iintonga kuba iindawo zokunciphisa ukumelana ziyadibana. Ezinye iinjineli zityhala ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.5 isithuba sobunzulu ukuze zisebenze kakuhle, kodwa imida yomhlaba kwiindawo zasezidolophini ngamanye amaxesha inyanzelisa amalungiselelo aqinileyo. Uyilo kufuneka lubonise ukumelana kwe-array yokwenyani, lungacingi ukuba luluhlu olulula ngenani leentonga.
Ubushushu bomhlaba buyichaphazela njani indlela iintonga zomhlaba ezisebenza ngayo ebusika?
Njengoko ubushushu bomhlaba buhla, ukumelana nomhlaba kuyanyuka. Ngaphantsi kwe-frosting, ukumelana nomhlaba kunokunyuka nge-5 ukuya kwi-10 ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo womswakama kunye nohlobo lomhlaba. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokumisa umhlaba elinganise ii-ohms ezi-4 ehlotyeni ingafunda ii-ohms ezili-15-25 phakathi kobusika ukuba indawo yeqabaka ifikelela kubunzulu bentonga. Kwimozulu ebandayo, qhuba iintonga ngaphantsi komgca weqabaka okanye sebenzisa ii-electrodes zeekhemikhali ukugcina i-conductive envelope ejikeleze incam yentonga ngexesha lemijikelo yokukhenkceza nokunyibilika.
Ngaba iintonga ze-copper clad ziyahambelana nee-exothermic welding connections?
Ewe. Iintonga zekopolo ezigqunywe ngekopolo zamkela uqhagamshelo olucocekileyo lwe-exothermic (cadweld) kuba umphezulu wobhedu wangaphandle unika isiseko esihle sokuwelda. I-weld idala i-molecular copper-to-copper bond exhathisa ukugqwala ubomi bonke bentonga. Soloko ucoca umphezulu wentonga ngaphambi kokuwelda kwaye ulandele itemplate yomenzi we-weld yobubanzi bentonga oyidibanisayo.
Ukuze ufumane uluhlu olupheleleyo lweemveliso zokumisa umhlaba ezenziwe kwiziko lethu, ndwendwela i-udidi lwentonga yomhlaba kunye nentonga yomhlabaiphepha. Ungafunda kwakhona malungayintoni isiseko kwaye kutheni kubalulekilekwimithombo yolwazi ebanzi.
Malunga noMbhali
UJane Yang
Umphathi weNtengiso kwiXinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
Lo nguJane waseXinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd ongumzi-mveliso wobuchwephesha wokuvelisa iimveliso zenkqubo yombane kunye neyomhlaba kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwe-17.
Ndingumphathi wentengiso onamava eminyaka eli-12 ekukhuseleni umbane kunye nokuxhasa urhwebo lwangaphandle.
Ndinguchwephesha ekuxhaseni abathengi bamanye amazwe ngokufumana iimveliso zokukhusela umbane kunye nokufaka umhlaba eTshayina, ndigubungela iinkonzo ezipheleleyo kubandakanya ukuhlolwa komgangatho, amalungiselelo ezinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nawo onke amaxwebhu okuthumela ngaphandle. Ndingakunceda nasekuthengeni ezinye iimpahla ezinxulumene nombane.
Ndinguchwephesha, ndithembekile kwaye kulula ukunxibelelana naye, ndikulungele ukukunika izisombululo zokuthenga ezifumaneka kwindawo enye.
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Ixesha leposi: Julayi-24-2026