TL;DR
- Ukumelana nenhlabathi (okukalwa ngama-ohm-meter) kunquma ukuthi ugesi wephutha usakazeka ngokushesha kangakanani emhlabeni nokuthi iyiphi intonga yomhlabathi okufanele uyifake.
- Ukuhlolwa kwamaphuzu angu-4 kweWenner kukunikeza idatha yokumelana nenhlabathi ethembekile ensimini ngaphambi kokuba uzibophezele ekwakhiweni komhlabathi.
- Inhlabathi ekwazi ukumelana kancane (ngaphansi kuka-100 ohm-m) ivumela izinduku ezijwayelekile zethusi ezimbozwe; inhlabathi ekwazi ukumelana kakhulu (ngaphezu kuka-1,000 ohm-m) idinga ama-electrode amakhemikhali, amamojula angaphansi komhlaba, noma ama-array amaningi ajulile.
- Ukuqondanisa izinto zenduku, ububanzi, kanye nokujula nezimo zangempela zenhlabathi kuvimbela ukugqwala ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye namanani okumelana nomhlaba angasebenzi kahle.
- Lo mhlahlandlela uhlanganisa izindlela zokulinganisa, izindlela zokukhetha izinto, i-geometry yokufaka, kanye namaphutha esiwabona kaningi kumaphrojekthi angempela.
Kungani Ukumelana Nenhlabathi Kuyinombolo Yokuqala Oyidingayo
Ngaphambi kokuthi ucacise ububanzi benduku yomhlabathi, ngaphambi kokuthi ukhethe phakathi kwensimbi embozwe ngethusi kanye nensimbi egayiwe, nangaphambi kokubala ukuthi zingaki izinduku ezidingwa yi-substation pad, udinga inombolo eyodwa: ukumelana nenhlabathi endaweni yakho yokufaka. Isinqumo ngasinye sokuklama esingezansi sincike kulokho kulinganisa.
KwaShibang, ithimba lethu lobunjiniyela libuyekeza imininingwane yesisekelo esivela kumaphrojekthi asemazwekazini ayisithupha. Umthombo owodwa ovame kakhulu wezinkinga zasensimini esibhekana nawo akuyona induku enephutha noma uxhumano olubi. Luyisistimu yesisekelo eyaklanywa ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okufanele kokumelana nenhlabathi. Onjiniyela abaqa lesi sinyathelo bagcina besebenza kabusha ukufakwa, befaka izinduku ezengeziwe, noma besebenzisa izilungiso zenhlabathi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kosuku lokuqala lokuqaliswa.
Ukumelana nenhlabathi kukutshela ukuthi umhlaba endaweni yakho umelana kangakanani nokugeleza kwamandla kagesi. Intaba enesihlabathi, eyomile e-Australia ephakathi ingase ibhalise amamitha angu-2,000 ohm. I-delta yomfula ecebile ngobumba eBangladesh ingase ifunde amamitha angu-30 ohm. Imodeli efanayo yenduku yomhlabathi embozwe ngethusi iziphatha ngendlela ehlukile ngokuphelele kulezo zindawo ezimbili, futhi umklamo kumele ubonise lowo mehluko kusukela ekuqaleni.
Izinhlangano ezijwayelekile ziyakuqaphela lokhu.Amakhodi nezindinganiso ze-NFPAuhlaka, kanye ne-IEC 62305 kanye ne-IEEE 80, konke kudinga noma kuncoma kakhulu idatha yokumelana nenhlabathi ethile ngaphambi kokuba kuqhubeke ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yokumisa umhlabathi. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezisekelo zeizinhlelo zokumba umhlabanokuthi kanjaniumhlabathi (ugesi)usebenza kwezobunjiniyela kagesi ukuze aqonde ukuthi kungani lokhu kulinganisa kuqhuba konke.
Lokho Ukumelana Nenhlabathi Okukulinganisa Ngempela
Ukumelana nenhlabathi kulinganisa ukumelana okulethwa yiyunithi yevolumu yenhlabathi ekugelezeni kwamandla kagesi. Onjiniyela bakuveza ngama-ohm-meter (ohm-m). Inani lincike ezintweni ezine eziyinhloko:
Umswakama.Amanzi anciphisa kakhulu ukumelana. Inhlabathi eyomile ingafunda ama-ohm-m angu-1,000+; inhlabathi efanayo lapho insimu inamandla ingase yehle ngaphansi kwama-ohm-m angu-100. Yingakho ukuhlolwa kwesizini kubalulekile, futhi kungani sincoma ukulinganisa ngesikhathi sezimo ezomile kakhulu ukuze sakhe umkhawulo omubi kakhulu ohlelweni.
Ukuhlushwa kwe-ion.Usawoti oncibilikisiwe emanzini enhlabathini wandisa ukuguquguquka komoya. Izindawo ezisogwini, umhlaba wezolimo onomlando womanyolo, kanye nezindawo eziphansi zikasawoti ogwadule konke kukhiqiza ukufundwa kokumelana okuphansi kunesihlabathi se-quartz esimsulwa. Amarekhodi ethu okukhiqiza abonisa ukuthi amakhasimende eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika avame ukubhekana nenhlabathi yesihlabathi ekumelana okuphezulu edinga ukwandiswa kwamakhemikhali.
Izinga lokushisa.Ukumelana kuyanda njengoba inhlabathi iphola. Inhlabathi eqandisiwe ingandisa ukumelana kwayo ngesilinganiso seshumi noma ngaphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomhlabathi ofanayo kuma-degree Celsius angu-20. Amaphrojekthi asenyakatho yeKhanada, eScandinavia, noma eRussia kumele abheke indawo yokujula kweqhwa futhi abeke izinduku zomhlabathi ngaphansi kwayo.
Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuminyana kwayo.Izinhlayiya zobumba zisebenza kangcono kunesihlabathi noma amatshe ayigugu ngoba zibamba umswakama nama-ion endaweni yazo enkulu. Idwala, i-shale, kanye ne-granite ebolile ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Indawo ene-geology enezingqimba izobonisa ukumelana okuhlukile ekujuleni okuhlukene, yingakho iphrofayili yokumelana nokujula ibaluleke kakhulu njengokulinganisa ubuso.
Ukuhlolwa Kwamaphuzu Amane Kwa-Wenner: Indlela Onjiniyela Abalinganisa Ngayo Ukumelana Nenhlabathi Ensimini
Indlela ye-Wenner enamaphuzu angu-4 isalokhu iyindlela ejwayelekile embonini yokuhlola ukumelana nenhlabathi. Ilula, iyaphatheka, futhi inikeza imiphumela ehambisana ngqo nezibalo zomklamo womhlaba. I-TestGuy inikeza indlela enhle kakhulu yokuhlola ukumelana nenhlabathi.Kuchazwe ukuhlolwa kokumelana nenhlabathingemininingwane engokoqobo.
Onjiniyela bethu basensimini balandela le nqubo kuyo yonke inhlolovo entsha yesayithi:
Isinyathelo 1: Ukuhlelwa.Shayela ama-electrode amane ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo emhlabathini ngomugqa oqondile. Wabhale nge-C1, P1, P2, kanye ne-C2 kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla. Isikhala phakathi kwebhangqa ngalinye eliseduze lingu-“a,” bese ukhetha lesi sikhala ngokusekelwe ekujuleni kwenhlabathi ofuna ukuyihlola. Isikhala semitha eli-1 sikunikeza ukumelana okulinganiselwe cishe kumamitha angu-0.5 aphezulu. Isikhala samamitha ayi-10 sihlola phansi cishe kumamitha ama-5.
Isinyathelo 2: Faka ugesi.Xhuma isihloli sokumelana nomhlaba (njengochungechunge lwe-Megger DET noma i-Fluke 1621) kuma-electrode angaphandle (C1 no-C2). Ithuluzi lifaka ugesi we-AC owaziwayo enhlabathini ephakathi kwawo.
Isinyathelo 3: Linganisa amandla.Ithuluzi lilinganisa umehluko we-voltage phakathi kwama-electrode angaphakathi (P1 kanye ne-P2). Lokhu kwehla kwe-voltage, okuhlukaniswe ngogesi ojoviwe, kunikeza inani lokumelana i-R.
Isinyathelo 4: Bala.Sebenzisa ifomula kaWenner:
Ukumelana (rho) = 2 x pi xax R
lapho u-“a” eyisikhawu se-electrode ngamamitha kanti u-R ewukumelana okulinganisiwe kuma-ohms. Umphumela uba ukumelana kwenhlabathi ku-ohm-m.
Ukucacisa ukujula.Phinda ukuhlolwa ngezikhala eziningi (1m, 2m, 5m, 10m, 20m) ukuze wakhe iphrofayili yokumelana nobubanzi. Le phrofayili yembula ukuthi ngabe kukhona ungqimba oluqhubayo olujulile ngaphansi komhlaba, okungase kuvumele izinduku zokushayela zibe amamitha ama-3 esikhundleni samamitha angu-2.4 ajwayelekile.
Isikhathi sokuhlola.Sichaza ukuhlolwa ngaphansi kwezimo zesizini ezomile kakhulu ezilindelwe, ngoba izinhlelo zokufaka umhlabathi kumele zisebenze unyaka wonke. Ukuhlola kuphela ngesikhathi semvula kunikeza amanani amahle angabonisi izimo zasehlobo noma zesomiso ezimbi kakhulu.
Isikhungo samakhemikhali kagesi eSifundazweni SaseMpumalanga saseSaudi Arabia silinganise ukumelana komhlabathi ongaphezulu ku-1,800 Ω·m ngesikhathi sesomiso. Ngemva kokuba ithimba lethu lobuchwepheshe lichaze izinduku ezintathu zethusi ezingamamitha amathathu (AF-0232, ungqimba lwethusi olungu-0.254mm) eziqhutshwa ziye ekujuleni kwamamitha ama-5 ngesikhala esingamamitha ayi-6, ukumelana komhlaba okulinganisiwe kwehle kwaya ku-3.8 Ω — ngaphansi kakhulu kwethagethi engu-5 Ω edingekayo yi-IEC 62305 yokuvikela umbani wamathangi okugcina izinto.
Indlela Ukumelana Nenhlabathi Okushukumisa Ngayo Ukukhethwa Kwenduku Yomhlabathi
Uma usunayo idatha yakho yokumelana nenhlabathi, ungakhetha induku yomhlaba efanele ngokuzethemba. Inombolo yokumelana ikutshela izinto ezintathu: ukuthi iyiphi into ezomelana nokugqwala isikhathi eside kuleyo nhlabathi, ukuthi iyiphi i-geometry yenduku (ububanzi nobude) oyidingayo, nokuthi induku eyodwa izofinyelela yini ukumelana nomhlaba okuqondiwe noma ukuthi udinga induku eziningi ku-array.
Nasi uhlaka olujwayelekile esilusebenzisa kwaShibang lapho siluleka amaklayenti:
| Ububanzi Bokumelana Nenhlabathi | Isici Somhlabathi | Indlela Enconywayo Yenduku |
|---|---|---|
| Ngaphansi kwe-100 ohm-m | Inhlabathi emanzi, i-loam, noma i-saline | Induku yensimbi ejwayelekile embozwe ngethusi, induku eyodwa ivame ukwanele |
| 100 – 500 ohm-m | Ingxube yobumba nesihlabathi emanzi, inhlabathi evamile enesimo sezulu esipholile | Induku embozwe ngethusi enobubanzi obuphakathi, uhla lwezinduku ezimbili olungenzeka |
| 500 – 1,000 ohm-m | Inhlabathi enesihlabathi noma enamadwala, eyomile kancane | Izinduku ezijulile, uhlu lwezinduku eziningi, noma ukukhuliswa kwama-electrode amakhemikhali |
| Ngaphezu kwe-1,000 ohm-m | Isihlabathi esomile kakhulu, idwala, ugwadule | Ama-electrode amakhemikhali asekela umhlabathi, amamojula omhlabathi, noma izinhlelo zokuqhuba ugesi ezibanzi |
Leli thebula liyindawo yokuqala, hhayi indawo yomklamo onemininingwane. Unjiniyela kumele futhi acabangele i-pH yenhlabathi, okuqukethwe yi-chloride, amazinga e-sulfate, kanye nokushintshashintsha komswakama ukuze enze ukukhetha kokugcina kwezinto. Sichaza kabanzi ngokufanisa izinto esigabeni esilandelayo.
Okwethuinduku yomhlabathi embozwe ngethusiububanzi (imodeli ye-AF-0232) buhlanganisa ububanzi obusukela ku-14.2 mm kuya ku-25 mm (5/8 intshi kuya ku-3/4 intshi) kanye nobude obusukela ku-1.2 m kuya ku-3.0 m (4 ft kuya ku-10 ft). Ingqimba yethusi ilinganisa okungenani ubukhulu obungu-0.254 mm nobumsulwa obungu-99.95% noma ngaphezulu, obuhlanganiswe nensimbi engaphansi kwekhabhoni. Lokhu kunikeza induku amandla aphezulu okudonseka (okungenani u-580 N/mm) okushayela ngenkathi igcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwethusi ezinhlotsheni eziningi zenhlabathi. Siqinisekisa lo mkhiqizo ngaphansi kwe-ISO 9001:2008.
Ekuqaleni kuka-2023, unjiniyela wephrojekthi wesiteshi esincane esingu-132 kV eTamil Nadu wachaza izinduku ezihlanganisiwe ukuze anciphise isisindo sokuthengwa kwendawo esegqumeni elikude. Lapho ithimba lethu libuyekeza umbiko wenhlabathi — inhlabathi ye-laterite, i-pH 4.8, ukumelana okungu-280 Ω·m ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-3 — seluleka ukushintshela ezindongeni ezimbozwe ngethusi naphezu kwesisindo esiphezulu ngeyunithi ngayinye. Isizathu: i-pH ephansi ye-laterite kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-iron oxide kusheshisa ukugqwala kwe-zinc, futhi indawo ekude yenza izinto zokufaka esikhundleni sezinduku zesikhathi esizayo zibize kakhulu. Unjiniyela wamukela isincomo. Eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kokufakwa, ukufundwa kokumelana nomhlaba kuhlala kuzinzile ku-1.6 Ω.
Ukufanisa Izinto Zenduku Yomhlabathi Nezimo Zenhlabathi
Abakhiqizi bezinduku zomhlabathi banikeza izinketho eziningana zezinto zokwakha, futhi ngayinye ifanelana nesethi ethile yezimo zenhlabathi. Nansi indlela esizifanisa ngayo:
Izinduku Zensimbi Ezimbozwe Ngethusi
Izinduku ezimbozwe ngethusi zihlanganisa ingaphakathi lensimbi (ukuqinisa imishini nokuqina kwayo) nengqimba yangaphandle yethusi ejiyile (ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokumelana okuphansi kokuthintana nomhlabathi).induku yomhlabathi embozwe ngethusiAmamodeli asebenzisa inqubo yokubopha ithusi eqhubekayo, hhayi i-plating encane. Lokhu kubalulekile enhlabathini enolaka lapho ungqimba lwethusi olufakwe noma oluhlanganisiwe lungahlukana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinduku ezimbozwe ngethusi zisebenza kahle kakhulu enhlabathini engathathi hlangothi kuya kwe-alkaline (pH 6 kuya ku-9) enomswakama omaphakathi. Zimelana nokugqwala okuvela emakhemikhali amaningi enhlabathi futhi zigcina ukumelana nomhlaba okuzinzile amashumi eminyaka. Sizichaza ngezitshalo zikagesi, iziteshi ezincane, imibhoshongo yemigqa yokudlulisa, iziteshi zokuxhumana, izikhumulo zezindiza, izitimela, izakhiwo eziphakeme, kanye nezindawo zokuhlanza uwoyela. Incazelo yokuphila kwenkonzo idlula iminyaka engama-50 ezimweni zenhlabathi ezijwayelekile.
Izinduku Zensimbi Ezihlanganisiwe
Sibiza izintambo ezifakwe i-galvanized (ezimbozwe nge-zinc) ngentengo ephansi kunezethusi, futhi zinikeza ukuvikelwa kokugqwala okwamukelekayo enhlabathini ene-alkaline. Idatha yethu yokukhiqiza kanye nensimu ikhombisa, nokho, ukuthi i-zinc incibilika ngokushesha kunethusi enhlabathini ene-acidic (pH ngaphansi kuka-5) kanye nasenhlabathini enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-sulfate. Sibhale phansi amacala amaningi lapho izintambo ezifakwe i-galvanized enhlabathini enolaka zehluleka khona isikhathi eside ngaphambi kwesikhathi senkonzo esilindelekile, yingakho seluleka amakhasimende asezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezithintekile yimvula ene-acid ukuthi akhethe insimbi efakwe i-galvanized kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi onempilo yokuklama yeminyaka engu-25 noma ngaphezulu.
Amarekhodi ethu ewaranti avela ekuthunyelweni ngo-2019 endaweni esogwini eningizimu yeVietnam abonisa ukuthi izinduku ezifakwe enhlabathini ene-pH engu-5.2 kanye nokumelana okungu-120 Ω·m kwaqala ukubonisa ukugqwala okubonakalayo ebusweni phakathi nezinyanga ezingu-18. Ukwembozwa kwe-zinc kwancipha kusukela kuma-micron angu-86 acacisiwe kuya ngaphansi kwama-micron angu-40 endaweni yokuxhumana nomhlabathi nomoya. Sishintshe konke ukufakwa kwezinduku ezingu-240 ngamayunithi e-copper clad ngezindleko zethu ngaphansi kwewaranti, futhi izinduku ezithathelwe indawo sezisebenze iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu ngaphandle kokuwohloka okulinganiselwe.
Ama-Electrode Okusekela Amakhemikhali
Uma ukumelana nenhlabathi kuhlala ngaphezu kwama-ohm-m angu-500 ngisho nasekujuleni, induku engenalutho yodwa ayikwazi ukufeza amanani okumelana okuqondiwe.Ama-electrode amakhemikhali asekela umhlabagcwalisa lesi sikhala. Lawa mayunithi aqukethe ithubhu yethusi elingenalutho eligcwele usawoti wamaminerali ogeleza kancane kancane enhlabathini ezungezile, wehlise ukumelana kwendawo izinyanga neminyaka. Agcina ukusebenza ezindaweni ezomile nezinamatshe lapho umswakama wemvelo ungekho khona.
Sihlinzeka ngama-electrode amakhemikhali kumaphrojekthi kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNyakatho Afrika, nase-Australia ephakathi. Ekufakweni okuvamile, uchwepheshe ubhoboza imbobo, afake i-electrode, agcwalise nge-conductive compound, bese exhuma i-electrode kugridi eyinhloko yokusekela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusabalala kukasawoti kudala i-enclosure yokumelana okuphansi ezungeze i-electrode.
Amamojula Omhlaba
Amamojula aphansiinikeza enye indlela yenhlabathi enzima. Lawa mayunithi akhiqizwe ngaphambilini ahlanganisa umqhubi wensimbi nomzimba ozungezile wezinto eziqhuba umoya (ngokuvamile i-carbon-based compound noma i-clay-based compound). Onjiniyela bayawangcwaba ezindaweni eziqondile kugridi yokumisa umhlabathi ukuze banciphise ukumelana kwendawo ngaphandle kokunakwa kokugcinwa okudingwa ama-electrode amakhemikhali ngezinye izikhathi.
Amamojula omhlaba asebenza kahle kumaphrofayili enhlabathi exubile lapho kukhona khona ungqimba oluqhubayo kodwa olungajulile kakhulu ekushayeleni induku evamile. Sithumele amamojula omhlaba eziteshini zokudlulisa izintambo eziya phezulu ezintabeni e-Andes, ukufakwa kwe-radar yasehlane e-Oman, kanye neziteshi ezincane zepulazi lomoya eliseceleni eVietnam.
Phequlula Zonke Izinketho
Okuphelele kwethuisigaba senduku yomhlabathi kanye nenduku yomhlabathiihlanganisa ithusi elimbozwe nge-galvanized, insimbi engagqwali, kanye nokwakheka okukhethekile. Ukukhetha okufanele kuncike embikweni wakho we-chemistry yenhlabathi, ukumelana kwakho nomgomo, kanye nokuphila kwesikhathi senkonzo okulindelekile kokufakwa.
Ukujula Kokufakwa, Ububanzi Benduku, kanye Nomthetho Wenduku Eningi
Idatha yokumelana nenhlabathi iphinde iqondise imingcele emithathu yokwakheka ngokomzimba: ukuthi induku kufanele ishayelwe kangakanani, ububanzi obungakanani okufanele busetshenziswe, nokuthi zingaki izinduku okufanele zifakwe.
Ukujula
Izinduku ezijulile zifinyelela izingqimba zomhlabathi ezibamba umswakama omningi kanye nokumelana okuphansi. Ukufakwa okujwayelekile kwezindlu zokuhlala kungasebenzisa induku engamamitha angu-2.4 (8-foot). Igridi yokumisa phansi yesiteshi esincane ivame ukucacisa izinduku ezingamamitha amathathu (10-foot). Ezindaweni ezinokumelana okuphezulu, onjiniyela ngezinye izikhathi bashayela izinduku ziye kumamitha angu-6 noma ngaphezulu ngokuhlanganisa izingxenye eziningi ndawonye.
Izinduku zethu ezimbozwe ngethusi zinesivikelo sokuxhuma esivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ensimini. Induku engamamitha amathathu enokwelulwa okungamamitha angu-1.5 ifinyelela amamitha angu-4.5. Ukuxhuma kugcina imininingwane yokunemba (iphutha elingu-1 mm/m noma ngaphansi) phakathi kwejoyinti ukuze induku ingabophi ngesikhathi sokushayela.
Ububanzi
Ububanzi benduku engaphansi buthinta kokubili ukuqina kwemishini ngesikhathi sokufakwa kanye nokuphila kokugqwala kwesikhathi eside. Induku engu-14.2 mm (5/8 intshi) ifanelana nezindawo eziningi zokuhlala kanye nezindawo zokuhweba ezilula lapho umshayeli noma i-hammer drill isunduza khona. Induku engu-25 mm (3/4 intshi) iphatha imithwalo ephezulu yemishini yokushayela okujulile enhlabathini ehlanganisiwe noma enamatshe futhi inikeza indawo engaphezulu yethusi yomkhawulo wokugqwala.
Amarekhodi ethu okukhiqiza abonisa ukuthi izinduku ezingama-intshi angu-5/8 zibanga iningi levolumu kumaphrojekthi esimo sezulu esifudumele (eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu, eMpumalanga Asia), kuyilapho izinduku ezingama-intshi angu-3/4 zibona isidingo esikhulu kumaphrojekthi aseMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Australia lapho ukujula kwenhlabathi eqinile kuvamile khona.
Ama-Array e-Multi-Rod
Uma induku eyodwa ingakwazi ukufeza ukumelana nomhlaba okuqondiwe, ufaka izinduku. Umthetho ojwayelekile: faka isikhala sezinduku eziseduze okungenani esilingana nokujula kwazo okuqhutshwayo. Ngezinduku zamamitha amathathu, sebenzisa okungenani isikhala samamitha amathathu. Lesi sikhala sivimbela izindawo zokunciphisa ukumelana ezizungeze induku ngayinye ukuthi zingashayisani kakhulu.
Ukumelana okuhlangene kwe-multi-rod array akusikho nje ukumelana kwe-single-rod okuhlukaniswe ngenani le-rod. Ukusebenzisana kwenhlabathi nomhlabathi kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle. I-two-rod array ifinyelela cishe ku-60% wokumelana kwe-single rod, hhayi ku-50%. I-three-rod array ifinyelela cishe ku-45-50%. Lezi yizibalo ezilinganiselwe; isilinganiso sangempela sincike ekumeni kwenhlabathi kanye nesikhala se-rod.
Amaphutha Ayisikhombisa Okusekela Isisekelo Okutholakele Kuma-Factory Lab Ethu Kuma-Spec Sheet Abuyiselwe
Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-17 yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yobumba kanye nokusekela amaphrojekthi emhlabeni wonke, ithimba lethu libhale uhlu lweziphambeko eziphindaphindayo kanye neziphambeko zokufakwa ezibonakala ophenyweni lwewaranti kanye nokuhlolwa kwemisebenzi ngemuva kokufa emazweni nasezimbonini. Amaphutha ayisikhombisa angezansi abangela iningi lokwehluleka kwezinduku ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokufundwa kokumelana komhlaba okungasebenzi kahle esikutholayo:
Ukweqa ucwaningo lokumelana nenhlabathi.Onjiniyela ngezinye izikhathi bakhetha ukusebenzisa amanani enhlabathi yesifunda esikhundleni sokuhlola indawo yangempela. Ngisho nangaphakathi kwendawo eyodwa, ukumelana kungahluka ngesilinganiso sesihlanu phakathi komkhawulo osenyakatho nomkhawulo oseningizimu ngenxa yamaphethini okukhipha amanzi, umlando wokugcwalisa, noma ukujula kwedwala.
Ukuhlola kuphela ekujuleni okukodwa.Ukuhlolwa okukodwa kwe-Wenner ngesikhala esisodwa akutsheli lutho mayelana nephrofayili enezingqimba ngaphansi komhlaba. Njalo hlola okungenani izikhala ezintathu ukuze uthole izendlalelo eziqhubayo, izendlalelo ezivimbelayo, kanye nokushintshana phakathi kwazo.
Ukunganaki ukushintshashintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka.Ukuhlola kuphela ngesikhathi semvula kunikeza imiphumela edukisayo. Izinhlelo zokumisa umhlabathi kumele zisebenze ezimweni ezomile kakhulu, ezishisa kakhulu, nezibandayo kakhulu indawo ezobhekana nazo. Seluleka amakhasimende ukuthi ahlole okungenani kabili: kanye ngesikhathi semvula kanye kanye ngesikhathi sesomiso.
Ububanzi benduku obungacaci kahle.Ukusebenzisa induku encane kunazo zonke etholakalayo ukunciphisa isisindo sezinto kungase kubonakale kunengqondo ephepheni, kodwa enhlabathini eqinile noma enamatshe, induku encane iyagoba, iyabhidlika, noma iphuke ngesikhathi sokushayela. Lokhu kuchitha isikhathi sokufaka futhi kushiya uhlelo lungaklanywanga kahle. Sichaza induku engu-3/4-intshi (25 mm) yanoma iyiphi indawo enezimo ezinamatshe noma ezicinene.
Ukukhohlwa ukuhlanganiswa.Uma onjiniyela bedinga ukujula kwenduku okungamamitha angu-4.5 noma amamitha angu-6, ngezinye izikhathi bazama ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili zenduku ndawonye. Ukushisela kubhubhisa ungqimba lwethusi ejoyintini, okudala indawo eshisayo yokugqwala ehluleka phakathi neminyaka. Sebenzisa njalo ukuhlanganiswa komshini okuklanyelwe injongo okugcina ijazi lethusi liqhubeka njalo.
Ukunganaki ikhwalithi yokuxhumana.Induku ephansi engcono kakhulu emhlabeni ayisebenzi uma uxhumano nomqhubi lukhululekile, lugqwalile, noma lwenziwe ngezinsimbi ezingahambisani. Ukuxhumeka kwethusi nethusi ngama-weld e-exothermic noma izixhumi zemishini ezibhalisiwe kugcina ubuqotho besikhathi eside. Ukuxuba izinduku zethusi nama-clamp ahlanganisiwe endaweni emanzi kudala iseli lokugqwala kwe-galvanic elibhubhisa uxhumano ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukungafundi i-chemistry yenhlabathi.Ukumelana kukodwa akubikezeli ukugqwala. Inhlabathi enokumelana okulingene (300 ohm-m) kodwa enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-sulfate kanye ne-pH ephansi izohlasela ithusi ngokushesha kunokulindelekile. Njalo hlanganisa isivivinyo sokumelana nokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali enhlabathi (pH, ama-chloride, ama-sulfate, okuqukethwe komswakama) ukuze ukhethe izinto zenduku ngendlela efanele.
Ilebhu yethu yekhwalithi eXinchang isebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokufuthwa kukasawoti (ASTM B117) kuyo yonke inqwaba entsha yokukhiqiza yezinduku zethusi ezimbozwe ngethusi. Kuwo wonke amaqoqo okugcina angu-47 (N=47, amelela cishe izinduku ezingu-235,000 ngazinye), ubukhulu bengqimba yethusi obumaphakathi bulinganiselwa ku-0.268 mm ngokuphambuka okujwayelekile okungu-0.012 mm. Akukho nqwaba eye yawela ngaphansi kobuncane obungu-0.254mm. Isikhathi sokuhlolwa kokugqwala singamahora ayi-1,000, futhi akukho nqwaba ebonise ukuchayeka kwensimbi eyisisekelo ngaphakathi kwalelo windi.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Yiliphi inani lokumelana nenhlabathi elidinga ama-electrode amakhemikhali okusekela esikhundleni sezinduku ezijwayelekile?
Akukho mkhawulo owodwa, kodwa empeleni, lapho ukumelana nenhlabathi kudlula i-1,000 ohm-m ekujuleni kwenduku okuhleliwe, ama-electrode okumisa amakhemikhali noma amamojula omhlaba aba yisidingo esisebenzayo. Ngaphansi kwe-500 ohm-m, i-array yenduku yethusi efakwe ngobukhulu obufanele ivame ukufeza ukumelana okwamukelekayo. Phakathi kwe-500 ne-1,000 ohm-m, unjiniyela kumele abale ukuthi ama-array okushayela okujulile noma ama-array enduku amaningi angafinyelela ukumelana okuqondiwe ngaphandle kokwandiswa kwamakhemikhali.
Kufanele ngiphinde ngihlole kangaki ukumelana nenhlabathi ngemva kokufakwa kwesistimu yokumisa umhlabathi?
Izindinganiso eziningi zincoma ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza bese kuthi ngezikhathi ezithile ngesikhathi sempilo yesevisi. I-IEEE 81 iphakamisa ukuhlolwa kwaminyaka yonke noma kweminyaka emibili kokufakwa okubalulekile (iziteshi ezincane, izikhungo zedatha, izibhedlela). Ezindaweni zezimboni ezinezimo zenhlabathi ezizinzile, isikhathi sokuhlola seminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu sivamile. Hlola njalo ngemva kwanoma yikuphi ukuguqulwa okukhulu komhlaba, ukukala, noma ukudonsa amanzi endaweni.
Ngingayisebenzisa yini i-multimeter ejwayelekile ekuhlolweni kwe-Wenner kwamaphuzu angu-4?
Cha. I-multimeter ejwayelekile ayifaki ugesi owanele enhlabathini futhi ayikwazi ukukala ukwehla kwe-voltage ephezulu yokuvimba phakathi kwama-electrode angaba khona ngokunembile. Udinga isihloli sokumelana nomhlaba esizinikele esenzelwe indlela ye-Wenner. Lawa mathuluzi afaka ugesi we-AC ngemvamisa egwema ukuphazamiseka okuvela kuma-harmonics esistimu yamandla futhi alinganise ukumelana ngqo.
Yibuphi ubukhulu bengqimba yethusi obuncane okufanele ngibuthathe endukwini embozwe ngethusi?
KwaShibang, sichaza ungqimba lwethusi oluncane oluyi-0.254 mm kumodeli yethu ye-AF-0232. Lobu bukhulu buhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kokugqwala okunenjongo esikhathini sempilo yenkonzo yeminyaka engama-50 ezimweni eziningi zenhlabathi. Izendlalelo zethusi ezincane (ezingaphansi kuka-0.15 mm) ziyaguga enhlabathini enolaka zingakapheli iminyaka eyi-15-20, okuveza ingaphakathi lensimbi ekugqwaleni okusheshayo. Njalo buza umenzi ubukhulu obuncane obuqinisekisiwe, hhayi isibalo esimaphakathi noma esilinganiselwe.
Ingabe ubude benduku bubaluleke kakhulu kunobubanzi benduku ukuze kufezwe ukumelana okuphansi komhlaba?
Yebo, ezimweni eziningi. Ukwandisa ubude benduku kunomthelela omkhulu ekunciphiseni ukumelana nomhlaba kunokwandisa ububanzi. Induku ende ithinta ivolumu yenhlabathi eningi futhi ivame ukufinyelela ezingqimbeni ezijulile nezihambisa umoya. Ububanzi bunegalelo ekunciphiseni ukumelana (indawo engaphezulu), kodwa umphumela uba yi-logarithmic, hhayi i-linear. Induku engamamitha amathathu enobubanzi obungu-14.2 mm ivame ukwenza kahle kakhulu kunenduku engamamitha angu-1.5 enobubanzi obungu-25 mm enhlabathini efanayo.
Yisiphi isikhala okufanele ngisisebenzise phakathi kwezinduku zomhlabathi ku-array yezintambo eziningi?
Umthetho ojwayelekile wobunjiniyela ukuthi izinduku zesikhala okungenani zilingane nokujula okuqhutshwayo. Ngezinduku zamamitha amathathu, gcina okungenani isikhala samamitha amathathu. Isikhala esiqinile sichitha izinduku ngoba izindawo zokunciphisa ukumelana ziyahlangana. Abanye onjiniyela bacindezela isikhala sokujula esiphindwe ka-1.5 ukuze basebenze kahle kakhulu, kodwa imingcele yomhlaba ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ngezinye izikhathi iphoqa amalungiselelo aqinile. Umklamo kufanele ubonise ukumelana kwangempela kwe-array, ungacabangi ukuhlukaniswa okulula ngenani lezinduku.
Ukushisa kwenhlabathi kuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kwenduku yomhlabathi ebusika?
Njengoba izinga lokushisa lenhlabathi lehla, ukumelana kuyanda. Ngaphansi kokubanda, ukumelana kunganda ngama-5 kuya kwayi-10 kuye ngokuthi umswakama kanye nohlobo lomhlabathi ungakanani. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlelo lokumisa olulinganisa ama-ohm angu-4 ehlobo lungase lufunde ama-ohm angu-15-25 phakathi nobusika uma indawo yeqhwa ifinyelela ekujuleni kwenduku. Ezimweni ezibandayo, shayela izinduku ngaphansi komugqa weqhwa noma usebenzise ama-electrode amakhemikhali ukuze ugcine imvilophu eqhubayo izungeze isihloko senduku phakathi kwemijikelezo yokuqandisa nokuncibilikisa.
Ingabe izinduku zethusi ezimbozwe ngethusi ziyahambisana nokuxhumeka kokushisela kwe-exothermic?
Yebo. Izinduku ezimbozwe ngethusi zamukela ukuxhumeka kwe-exothermic (cadweld) ngokuhlanzekile ngoba ubuso bethusi bangaphandle buhlinzeka ngesisekelo esihle sokushisela. Ukushisela kudala isibopho se-molecular copper-to-copper esimelana nokugqwala impilo yonke yenduku. Hlanza njalo ubuso benduku ngaphambi kokushisela bese ulandela ithempulethi yomenzi wokushisela yobubanzi benduku ojoyinayo.
Ukuze uthole uhla oluphelele lwemikhiqizo yokumisa umhlabathi ekhiqizwe esakhiweni sethu, vakashela i-isigaba senduku yomhlabathi kanye nenduku yomhlabathiikhasi. Ungafunda futhi mayelanaukuthi kuyini ukusekela futhi kungani kubalulekilekusuka ezinsizeni zemboni ebanzi.
Mayelana noMlobi
UJane Yang
Umphathi Wokuthengisa e-Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
Lo nguJane waseXinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd okuyifektri yobungcweti yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yesistimu yokukhanyisa kanye nombani iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-17.
Ngingumphathi wezokuthengisa onolwazi lweminyaka eyi-12 ekuvikeleni umbani kanye nokusiza ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe.
Ngigxile ekusekeleni amaklayenti aphesheya ngokuthola imikhiqizo yokuvikela umbani kanye neyokufaka umhlabathi evela eShayina, ngihlanganisa izinsizakalo ezigcwele okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, amalungiselelo okuhamba kanye nayo yonke imibhalo yokuthumela ngaphandle. Ngingakusiza futhi ekuthengeni ezinye izimpahla ezihlobene nogesi.
Ngingochwepheshe, ngithembekile futhi kulula ukuxhumana naye, ngikulungele ukukunikeza izixazululo zokuthenga ezifika kanye kuphela.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-24-2026