TL;DR

He aha te Ātete Oneone te Tau Tuatahi e Hiahiatia ana e Koe

I mua i te tautuhi i te diameter o te tokotoko whenua, i mua i te whiriwhiri i waenga i te maitai parahi me te maitai piauau, ā, i mua i te tatau i te maha o ngā tokotoko e hiahiatia ana e te papa teihana hiko, kotahi te tau e hiahiatia ana e koe: te ātete oneone i tō wāhi tāutanga. Ko ia whakatau hoahoa o raro iho ka whakawhirinaki ki taua inenga.

I Shibang, ka arotakehia e tā mātou tīma hangarau ngā whakaritenga whenua mai i ngā kaupapa i ngā whenua e ono. Ko te pūtake kotahi o ngā raruraru whenua e tūpono ana ki a mātou ehara i te tokotoko hapa, i te hononga ngoikore rānei. He pūnaha whenua i hangaia me te kore he rangahau ātete oneone tika. Ko ngā miihini e peke ana i tēnei taahiraa ka mutu ka mahi anō i ngā tāutanga, ka tāpiri tokotoko tāpiri, ka whakamahi rānei i ngā whakatikatika oneone i ngā marama i muri i te rā whakatūnga taketake.

Mā te ātete oneone e whakaatu ki a koe te kaha o te ātete o te whenua i tō papaanga ki te rere o te iahiko hiko. Tērā pea ka eke te taumata o te 2,000 ohm-mita ki te tihi pukepuke maroke o waenganui o Ahitereiria. Tērā pea ka eke te taumata o te 30 ohm-mita ki te awaawa momona i Bangladesh. He rerekē rawa te whanonga o te tauira tokotoko whenua kua whakakikoruatia ki te parahi i roto i aua taiao e rua, ā, me whakaata te hoahoa i taua rerekētanga mai i te tīmatanga.

E whakaae ana ngā whakahaere paerewa ki tēnei.Ngā waehere me ngā paerewa NFPAanga, me te IEC 62305 me te IEEE 80, e hiahia ana, e tino taunaki ana rānei i ngā raraunga ātete oneone motuhake mō te wāhi i mua i te haere tonu o te hoahoa pūnaha whenua. Ka taea e koe te pānui atu mō ngā kaupapa matua ongā pūnaha whenuame pēhea hokiwhenua (hiko)e mahi ana i roto i te miihini hiko kia mārama ai he aha tēnei inenga e ārahi ana i ngā mea katoa.

He aha te Ine Tuturu o te Ātete Oneone

Ka inehia e te ātete oneone te ātete e puta mai ana i te rahinga oneone kotahi ki te rere o te iahiko hiko. Ka whakaatuhia e ngā miihini i roto i ngā mita ohm (ohm-m). E whakawhirinaki ana te tau ki ngā āhuatanga matua e whā:

Te nui o te makuku.Ka tino whakaitihia te ātete o te wai. Ka taea e te oneone maroke te pānui i te 1,000+ ohm-m; ko te oneone kotahi i te kaha o te mara ka heke pea ki raro i te 100 ohm-m. Koia te take he mea nui te whakamātautau ā-wā, ā, he aha mātou ka tūtohu kia inehia i ngā āhuatanga maroke rawa atu hei hoahoa i te tawhē kino rawa atu ki roto i te pūnaha.

Te kukū o te katote.Ka whakanui ake te kawe hiko o te wai i ngā tote rewa i roto i te oneone. Ko ngā wāhi takutai moana, ko ngā whenua ahuwhenua he hītori tongi, me ngā papa tote koraha he iti ake te ātete i te onepu kiripaka parakore. E whakaatu ana ā mātou tuhinga whakaputa he maha ngā wā e pāngia ana ngā kiritaki i te Middle East me Awherika ki te Raki e ngā oneone onepu ātete teitei e hiahia ana kia whakanuia te matū.

Te pāmahana.Ka piki ake te ātete i te mātao o te oneone. Ka taea e te oneone tio te whakanui ake i te ātete mā te tekau, neke atu rānei, ki te whakatauritea ki te whenua kotahi i te 20 nekehanga Celsius. Me whai whakaaro ngā kaupapa i te raki o Kanata, Scandinavia, Rūhia rānei ki te rohe hohonu o te huka, ā, me whakatakoto he tokotoko whenua ki raro iho.

Te hanganga oneone me te mātotorutanga.He pai ake te rere o ngā matūriki uku i te onepu, i te kirikiri rānei, nā te mea ka mau tonu te makuku me ngā katote i runga i tō rātou mata nui. He rerekē rawa ngā toka, te kirikiri, me te kirikiri kua pirau. Ka rerekē te ātete o te whenua i ngā hohonutanga rerekē i tētahi wāhi he paparanga whenua, koia te take he rite te hiranga o te whakatauira hohonu-ātete ki te ine i te mata.

Te Whakamātautau 4-Pōna a Wenner: Te Ine a ngā Kaihangarau i te Ātete Oneone i te Marae

Ko te tikanga Wenner 4-ira tonu te tikanga paerewa ā-umanga mō te whakamātautau ātete oneone. He māmā noa iho, he kawe, ā, ka puta he hua e tautoko tika ana i ngā tātaitanga hoahoa whenua. Ka whakaratohia e TestGuy he aratohu pai mōwhakamārama mō te whakamātautau ātete oneonei roto i ngā taipitopito mahi.

Ka whai ā mātou miihini mara i tēnei tikanga mō ia rangahau papa hou:

Hipanga 1: Tahora.Tāia kia whā ngā irahiko e ōrite ana te tawhiti ki roto i te whenua i roto i te rārangi tika. Tāpirihia he tapanga C1, P1, P2, me C2 mai i te maui ki te matau. Ko te tawhiti i waenga i ia takirua tata ko "a," ā, ka whiriwhiria e koe tēnei tawhiti i runga i te hohonutanga o te oneone e hiahia ana koe ki te tirotiro. Mā te tawhiti 1 mita ka hoatu he ātete i toharitehia mō te 0.5 mita o runga. Mā te tawhiti 10 mita ka heke ki te 5 mita pea.

Hipanga 2: Werohia te iahiko.Honoa he whakamātautau ātete whenua (pēnei i te raupapa Megger DET, i te Fluke 1621 rānei) ki ngā irahiko o waho (C1 me C2). Ka werohia e te taputapu he iahiko AC e mōhiotia ana mā roto i te oneone i waenganui i a rātou.

Hipanga 3: Ine i te pūmanawa.Ka ine te taputapu i te rerekētanga ngaohiko i waenga i ngā irahiko o roto (P1 me P2). Mā tēnei hekenga ngaohiko, ka wehea e te iahiko i werohia, ka puta te uara ātete R.

Hipanga 4: Tātaihia.Whakamahia te tātai Wenner:

Ātete (rho) = 2 x pi xax R

ko "a" te mokowā irahiko i roto i ngā mita, ā, ko R te ātete i inehia i roto i ngā ohm. Ko te hua he ātete oneone i roto i te ohm-m.

Te whakatauira hohonu.Whakahokia te whakamātautau i ngā mokowā maha (1m, 2m, 5m, 10m, 20m) hei hanga i tētahi kōtaha ātete-whakahāngaitanga-hōhonu. E whakaatu ana tēnei kōtaha mēnā kei raro i te whenua he paparanga kawe hiko, ā, tērā pea ka tika te whakamahi i ngā tokotoko taraiwa ki te 3 mita hei utu mō te 2.4 mita paerewa.

Āhea te whakamātautau.Ka tohua e mātou te whakamātautau i raro i ngā āhuatanga maroke rawa o te wā, nā te mea me mahi ngā pūnaha whenua i te tau katoa. Ko te whakamātautau i te wā ua anake ka puta he tau pai kāore e whakaata i ngā āhuatanga kino rawa o te raumati, o te tauraki rānei.

I inehia e tētahi whare matū hinu i te Rohe Rawhiti o Saudi Arabia te ātete o te mata o te oneone i te 1,800 Ω·m i te wā maroke. Whai muri i te tautuhi a tā mātou tīma hangarau i ngā tokotoko parahi e toru, 3-mita te roa (AF-0232, paparanga parahi 0.254mm) i whakamaua ki te hohonutanga 5-mita me te tawhiti 6-mita, ka heke te ātete whenua i inehia ki te 3.8 Ω — he iti rawa atu i te whāinga 5 Ω e hiahiatia ana e te IEC 62305 mō te tiaki uira o ngā tāke rokiroki.

Te Ātete Oneone e Ārahi ana i te Kōwhiringa o te Rākau Whenua

Kia whiwhi koe i ō raraunga ātete oneone, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i te tokotoko whenua tika me te māia. E toru ngā mea e whakamāramahia ana e te tau ātete: ko tēhea rauemi ka roa te ātete ki te waikura i roto i taua oneone, he aha te āhua o te tokotoko (te whānui me te roa) e hiahiatia ana e koe, me te mea ka tutuki i te tokotoko kotahi te ātete whenua e hiahiatia ana e koe, me te mea rānei me maha ngā tokotoko i roto i te rarangi.

Anei te anga whānui e whakamahia ana e mātou ki Shibang ina tuku tohutohu ana ki ngā kiritaki:

He tīmatanga tēnei ripanga, ehara i te mea hei whakakapi mō te hoahoa taipitopito. Me whai whakaaro hoki te kaihangarau ki te pH o te oneone, te nui o te pūhaumāota, ngā taumata o te whanariki, me te rerekētanga o te makuku hei whakatau i te rauemi whakamutunga. Ka whakamāramahia e mātou te taurite rauemi i te wāhanga e whai ake nei.

Tō mātoutokotoko whenua whakakikoruatia ki te parahiKo te whānuitanga (tauira AF-0232) e kapi ana i ngā diameter mai i te 14.2 mm ki te 25 mm (5/8 inihi ki te 3/4 inihi) me te roa mai i te 1.2 m ki te 3.0 m (4 putu ki te 10 putu). Ko te matotoru o te paparanga parahi he 0.254 mm te iti rawa, me te parakore o te 99.95%, neke atu rānei, e herea ana ki te matua maitai waro-iti. Mā tēnei ka nui te kaha kume o te tokotoko (neke atu i te 580 N/mm) mō te taraiwa me te pupuri tonu i te ātete waikura o te parahi i roto i te nuinga o ngā momo oneone. Ka whakamanahia e mātou tēnei raina hua i raro i te ISO 9001:2008.

I te tīmatanga o te tau 2023, i tohua e tētahi miihini kaupapa mō tētahi teihana hiko 132 kV i Tamil Nadu ngā tokotoko whakarewa hei whakaiti i te taumaha hoko mō tētahi wāhi tawhiti i runga i te puke. I te arotakenga a tā mātou tīma i te pūrongo oneone — oneone laterite, pH 4.8, ātete 280 Ω·m i te hohonutanga 3-mita — i tohutohu mātou kia huri ki ngā tokotoko parahi ahakoa te taumaha teitei ake mō ia waeine. Ko te take: ko te pH iti o te laterite me te nui o te waikura rino ka tere ake te waikura konutea, ā, nā te wāhi tawhiti i nui ai te utu mō ngā mahi whakakapinga tokotoko ā muri ake nei. I whakaae te miihini ki te taunakitanga. E rua tau i muri i te tāutanga, ka noho pumau tonu ngā pānui ātete whenua ki te 1.6 Ω.

Te Whakataurite i te Rauemi Toko Whenua ki ngā Āhuatanga o te Oneone

He maha ngā momo rauemi e tukuna ana e ngā kaihanga tokotoko whenua, ā, he pai ia rauemi mō ngā āhuatanga oneone motuhake. Anei tā mātou whakataurite i a rātou:

Ngā Rakau Rino Whakapaipai Parahi

Ka whakakotahi ngā tokotoko parahi i te matua maitai (mō te kaha ā-mīhini me te roa o te taraiwa) me te paparanga parahi matotoru o waho (mō te ātete ki te waikura me te ātete iti ki te pa ki te oneone).tokotoko whenua whakakikoruatia ki te parahiKa whakamahia e ngā tauira he tukanga here parahi tonu, ehara i te whakakikorua angiangi. He mea nui tēnei i roto i ngā oneone kaha ka taea e te paparanga parahi kua whakakikoruatia, kua whakarewaina rānei te pakaru i roto i te wā.

He pai te mahi a ngā tokotoko parahi ki ngā oneone kūpapa ki te kawakore (pH 6 ki te 9) me te makuku taurite. Ka ātete rātou ki te waikura mai i te nuinga o ngā matū oneone, ā, ka mau tonu te ātete whenua pumau mō ngā tekau tau. Ka tohua e mātou ēnei mō ngā tipu hiko, ngā teihana hiko iti, ngā pourewa raina tuku hiko, ngā teihana turanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ngā taunga rererangi, ngā rēriwe, ngā whare teitei, me ngā whare hanga hinu. Neke atu i te 50 tau te roa o te ora ratonga i roto i ngā āhuatanga oneone noa.

Ngā Rakau Rino Pirau

He iti ake te utu mō ngā tokotoko piauau (panihia ki te konutea) i ngā tokotoko parahi kua whakakikoruatia ki te parahi, ā, he pai te tiaki i te waikura i roto i ngā oneone kawakore. Heoi, e whakaatu ana ā mātou raraunga hanga me te mara, he tere ake te memeha o te konutea i te parahi i roto i ngā oneone waikawa (pH i raro i te 5) me ngā oneone he nui te ihirangi whanariki. He maha ngā take kua tuhia e mātou i pakaru ai ngā tokotoko piauau i roto i te oneone kaha i mua noa atu i te roa o te ora mahi e tumanakohia ana, koia mātou ka tohutohu i ngā kiritaki i ngā rohe pārūrū, i ngā rohe ua waikawa rānei kia whiriwhiria te mea pania ki te parahi i runga i te piauau mō tētahi kaupapa he 25 tau te roa o te ora hoahoa, neke atu rānei.

E whakaatu ana ā mātou tuhinga whakamana mai i tētahi tukunga o te tau 2019 ki tētahi wāhi takutai moana i te tonga o Vietnam, i tīmata ngā tokotoko whakarewa i tāutahia ki te oneone me te pH 5.2 me te ātete o te 120 Ω·m ki te whakaatu i te waikura mata kitea i roto i ngā marama 18. Kua angiangi te paninga konutea mai i te 86 maikorona kua tohua ki raro iho i te 40 maikorona i te atanga oneone-hau. I whakakapia e mātou te tāutanga 240-tokona katoa ki ngā waeine parahi i raro i te whakamana, ā, kua neke atu i te rima tau te roa o te whakamahinga o ngā tokotoko whakakapinga, kāore he pakaru ine.

Ngā Irahiko Whakatakotoranga Matū

Ahakoa te hohonutanga o te oneone, ahakoa kei runga ake i te 500 ohm-m te ātete o te oneone, kāore e taea e te tokotoko tahanga anake te whakatutuki i ngā uara ātete whainga.Ngā irahiko whenua matūWhakakīia tēnei āputa. Kei roto i ēnei waeine he ngongo parahi tuwhera kua whakakiia ki ngā tote kohuke e mimiti mārire ana ki roto i te oneone e karapoti ana, ka whakaiti i te ātete ā-rohe i roto i ngā marama me ngā tau. Ka mau tonu te mahi i roto i ngā taiao maroke me te toka e kore e nui te makuku tūturu.

Ka tukuna e mātou ngā irahiko matū ki ngā kaupapa puta noa i te Middle East, Āwherika ki te Raki, me Ahitereiria waenganui. I roto i te tāutanga noa, ka keria e te tohunga hangarau he poka, ka whakauruhia te irahiko, ka whakakīia ki te matū kawe hiko, ā, ka honoa te irahiko ki te whatunga whenua matua. I roto i te wā, ka hangaia e te horapa tote he takai iti-ātete huri noa i te irahiko.

Ngā Kōwae Whenua

Ngā kōwae whenuaHe huarahi anō tā ēnei waeine kua oti te hanga mō ngā oneone uaua. Ka whakakotahihia e ēnei waeine kua oti te hanga he arataki whakarewa me te tinana rauemi arataki e karapoti ana (he maha ngā wā he matū waro, he matū uku rānei). Ka tanumia e ngā miihini ki ngā wāhi rautaki o te whatunga whenua hei whakaiti i te ātete ā-rohe me te kore e hiahiatia he tiaki e hiahiatia ana e ngā irahiko matū.

He pai te mahi a ngā kōwae whenua i roto i ngā kōtaha oneone whakauru kei reira he paparanga kawe hiko engari he papaku rawa mō te taraiwa tokotoko tikanga. Kua tukuna e mātou ngā kōwae whenua ki ngā teihana whakawhiti i runga i ngā maunga i roto i ngā Andes, ngā whakaurunga radar koraha i Oman, me ngā teihana hiko pāmu hau takutai moana i Vietnam.

Tirotirohia Ngā Kōwhiringa Katoa

Tō mātou katoate kāwai tokotoko whenua me te kāwai tokotoko whenuae kapi ana i te parahi whakakikoruatia, te konukōre, te kowiri tira, me ngā whirihoranga motuhake. Ko te kōwhiringa tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki tō pūrongo matū oneone, tō ātete whāinga, me te roa o te wā mahi e tumanakohia ana o te tāutanga.

Te Hōhonutanga o te Tāutanga, te Diameter o te Tokotoko, me te Ture Maha-Totoko

Ka ārahi hoki ngā raraunga ātete oneone i ngā tawhā hoahoa ā-tinana e toru: te hohonu hei akiaki i te tokotoko, te whānui hei whakamahi, me te maha o ngā tokotoko hei tāuta.

Hōhonutanga

Ka tae atu ngā tokotoko hohonu ki ngā paparanga oneone e pupuri ana i te makuku nui ake, ā, he iti ake te ātete. Tērā pea ka whakamahia he tokotoko 2.4-mita (8-putu) te roa i roto i tētahi whakaurunga whare noho noa. He maha ngā wā ka tohua e te whatunga whenua o te teihana hiko he tokotoko 3-mita (10-putu). I ngā rohe ātete teitei, ka taea e ngā miihini te whakamahi i ngā tokotoko ki te 6 mita, neke atu rānei, mā te hono i ngā wāhanga maha.

Kei roto i ā mātou tokotoko parahi he ringaringa hononga e taea ai te hono i ngā wāhanga ki te papa. Ka eke te tokotoko 3-mita me te toronga 1.5-mita ki te 4.5 mita. Ka mau tonu te hononga i te whakatakotoranga tika (he hapa 1 mm/m, iti iho rānei) mā roto i te hononga kia kore ai te tokotoko e piko i te wā e taraiwa ana.

Diameter

Ka pā te whānui o te tokotoko whenua ki te roa o te mau o te mīhini i te wā tāutanga me te roa o te ora o te waikura. He pai te tokotoko 14.2 mm (5/8 inihi) mō te nuinga o ngā tāutanga kāinga me ngā tāutanga arumoni māmā, ina whakamahia he wiri taraiwa, he wiri hama rānei hei pana. Ka taea e te tokotoko 25 mm (3/4 inihi) te whakahaere i ngā kawenga mīhini teitei ake o te taraiwa hohonu i roto i te oneone kua kikīhia, kua toka rānei, ā, ka nui ake te horahanga o te mata parahi mō te taha waikura.

E whakaatu ana ā mātou rēkoata whakaputa ko ngā tokotoko 5/8-inihi te nuinga o te rahinga i roto i ngā kaupapa āhuarangi ngawari (Amerika ki te Raki, Ūropi, Āhia ki te Rawhiti), ko ngā tokotoko 3/4-inihi ia e kitea ana te tono nui ake i roto i ngā kaupapa o te Waenganui Rawhiti me Ahitereiria ina he mea noa te taraiwa hohonu i roto i ngā oneone pakeke.

Ngā Huinga Maha-Roopu

Ki te kore e taea e te tokotoko kotahi te whakatutuki i te ātete whenua e hiahiatia ana, ka tāpirihia he tokotoko. Ko te ture whānui: me whakawātea ngā tokotoko tata ki te hohonu o te papa. Mō ngā tokotoko 3-mita, whakamahia he mokowā 3-mita te iti rawa. Mā tēnei mokowā ka ārai i ngā rohe whakaiti ātete huri noa i ia tokotoko kei taupokina rawatia.

Ehara i te mea ko te ātete kotahi-toko anake te ātete i wehea ki te maha o ngā toko. Ka whakaitihia te whai huatanga e te taunekeneke oneone-ki-oneone. Ka tutuki i te toko e rua-toko te ātete tata ki te 60% o te ātete o te toko kotahi, ehara i te 50%. Ka eke te toko e toru-toko ki te 45-50%. He tatauranga tata ēnei; ko te ōwehenga tuturu ka whakawhirinaki ki te ōritetanga o te ātete oneone me te mokowā toko.

E whitu ngā hapa whenua i kitea e tā mātou taiwhanga wheketere i runga i ngā pepa whakapūtanga kua whakahokia mai

I muri i te neke atu i te 17 tau o te hanga hua whenua me te tautoko kaupapa puta noa i te ao, kua whakarārangihia e tā mātou tīma ngā hapa whakatakotoranga me te tāutanga e puta tonu ana i roto i ngā rangahau pūtāhui me ngā tirotirohanga o muri i te kaupapa puta noa i ngā whenua me ngā ahumahi. Ko ngā hapa e whitu i raro nei te take o te nuinga o ngā rahunga o mua o te tokotoko me ngā pānui ātete whenua kāore i te tino pai te mahi e tūtakihia ana e mātou:

Te peke i te rangahau ātete oneone.I ētahi wā ka whakamahia e ngā miihini ngā uara oneone pukapuka mō tētahi rohe, kaua ki te whakamātautau i te wāhi tuturu. Ahakoa i roto i te whenua kotahi, ka rerekē pea te ātete i waenga i te pito raki me te pito tonga mā te rima tauwehe nā te tauira rerenga wai, te hītori whakakī, te hohonutanga rānei o te toka papa.

Kotahi te hohonutanga e whakamātauhia ana.Kāore rawa he kōrero a te whakamātautau Wenner kotahi i te mokowā kotahi mō te kōtaha paparanga i raro i te whenua. Whakamātauria kia toru ngā mokowā i te iti rawa hei tautuhi i ngā paparanga kawe hiko, ngā paparanga ātete, me te whakawhiti i waenganui i a rātou.

Te wareware i ngā rerekētanga o te wā.Ko te whakamātautau i te wā ua anake ka puta he hua hē. Me mahi ngā pūnaha whenua i ngā āhuatanga maroke rawa, wera rawa, me te makariri rawa ka pā ki te papaanga. Ka tohutohu mātou ki ngā kiritaki kia whakamātautau kia rua ngā wā: kotahi i te wā ua, kotahi i te wā maroke.

Te whānui o te tokotoko i raro i te tohu.Ahakoa te āhua tika o te whakamahi i te tokotoko iti rawa hei whakaiti i te taumaha o ngā rauemi i runga i te pepa, i roto i te oneone mārō, i te oneone toka rānei, ka piko, ka piko, ka whati rānei te tokotoko angiangi i te wā e taraiwa ana. Ka moumou te wā tāutanga, ā, ka waiho te pūnaha kia kore e hoahoatia. Ka tohua e mātou he tokotoko 3/4-inihi (25 mm) mō tētahi wāhi he toka, he kikī rānei ngā āhuatanga.

Te wareware ki te hononga.Ina hiahia ngā kaihangarau ki te hōhonutanga o te tokotoko 4.5-mita, 6-mita rānei, ka ngana rātou ki te whakarewa i ngā wāhanga tokotoko e rua. Ka whakangaromia e te whakarewa te paparanga parahi i te hononga, ka puta he wāhi wera waikura ka pakaru i roto i ngā tau. Me whakamahi tonu i te hononga miihini i hangaia mō tētahi kaupapa hei pupuri i te haere tonu o te koti parahi.

Te kore e aro ki te kounga o te hononga.Kāore he painga o te tokotoko whenua pai rawa atu o te ao mēnā he wetewete te hononga ki te kaiārahi, he waikura, he mea hanga rānei ki ngā konganuku kāore e hototahi. Ko ngā hononga parahi-ki-te-parahi me ngā whakarewa werawera, ngā hononga miihini kua whakarārangihia rānei ka mau tonu te pumau mō te wā roa. Mā te whakaranu i ngā tokotoko parahi me ngā rawhi kōwiri i roto i te taiao haukū ka hangaia he pūtau waikura kōwiri e whakangaro ana i te hononga i roto i te wā.

Kāore i te pānui i te matū o te oneone.Kāore te ātete anake e tohu i te waikura. Ko te oneone he ātete taurite (300 ohm-m) engari he nui te ihirangi whanariki me te pH iti ka tere ake te whakaeke i te parahi i te mea e tumanakohia ana. Me hono tonu te whakamātautau ātete ki te tātari matū oneone (pH, chloride, sulfates, ihirangi makuku) hei whiriwhiri tika i te rauemi tokotoko.

Kei te whakahaerehia e tā mātou taiwhanga kounga i Xinchang he whakamātautau rehu tote (ASTM B117) i runga i ia puranga whakaputa hou o ngā tokotoko parahi. I roto i ngā puranga 47 whakamutunga (N=47, e tohu ana i te 235,000 tokotoko takitahi), ko te matotoru o te paparanga parahi toharite he 0.268 mm me te paerewa rerekētanga o te 0.012 mm. Kāore he puranga i heke iho i te iti rawa 0.254mm. Ko te roanga o te whakamātautau waikura he 1,000 hāora, ā, kāore he puranga i whakaatu i te pānga o te konganuku turanga i roto i taua matapihi.

Ngā Pātai Auau

Mō te whānuitanga katoa o ngā hua whenua i hangaia i tō mātou whare, tirohia maite kāwai tokotoko whenua me te kāwai tokotoko whenuawhārangi. Ka taea hoki e koe te pānui mōhe aha te whakatō whenua, ā, he aha tōna hirangamai i ngā rauemi whānui o te ahumahi.