He aha ahau i tuhi ai i tēnei whakatairite

Neke atu i te tekau tau ahau e mahi ana i te umanga tiaki uira me te whenua. I ia wiki ka kōrero ahau ki ngā kaihoko o tāwāhi — ngā kaimahi hiko, ngā miihini teihana hiko, ngā kaiwhakahaere kaupapa waea — e whakatau ana ko tēhea rauemi tokotoko whenua hei tohu. Ko te pātai tuatahi ko te utu o mua. Engari i muri i te 12 tau e āwhina ana i ngā kiritaki ki te kimi i ngā mea katoa mai i ngā tokotoko parahi ki ngā rauemi whakarewa wera, ko te tokotoko me te utu iti rawa ehara i te mea tino ohanga i te roanga o te tāutanga.

Ka wetewetehia e tēnei tuhinga te utu tūturu mō ia mita kua tāutahia mō ngā momo tokotoko whenua e toru: te maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi (CCS), te parahi parakore, me te maitai whakarewa wera-tuku — i runga i te utu rauemi, ngā āhuatanga tāutanga, ngā tere waikura, me ngā raraunga roa o te ratonga e aroturukihia ana e mātou i SHIBANG. Mena he miihini koe e tuhi ana i tētahi whakatakotoranga, he kaiwhakahaere hoko rānei e whakataurite ana i ngā utu, koinei ngā raraunga e hiahiatia ana e koe mō tētahi whakatau ka mau tonu mō te roa katoa o te hoahoa o tō tāutanga.

Ngā Rauemi Tokotoru o te Whenua i te Tirohanga Poto

1. Rakau Whenua Rino Whakapaipai Parahi (CCS)

Ko ngā tokotoko maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi he mea hanga mai i te matua maitai waro-iti kaha-teitei (te nui o te waro ~0.15%) me te paparanga parahi e honoa ana mā te hanga hiko. Ko te parakore o te parahi he ≥99.95%, ā, ko te matotoru o te paparanga paerewa he ≥0.254 mm. ITe tokotoko whenua maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi a SHIBANGrārangi, ko ngā diameter kei waenga i te 14.2 mm ki te 25 mm (5/8″ ki te 3/4″), ko te roa kei waenga i te 1.2 m ki te 3.0 m, ā, ko te kaha kume he ≥580 N/mm².

Kei te maumahara tonu ahau ki taku tūnga i te taha o tā mātou raina hanga hiko i te wheketere o SHIBANG, e mātakitaki ana i tētahi puranga o ngā tokotoko CCS 16 mm e puta mai ana i te tāke whakakikorua. Ka tirohia e te kaiwhakahaere ia tokotoko me teine matotoru aukume— he taputapu ringaringa e pānui ana i te matotoru o te paparanga parahi mā te ine i te kukume aukume mā roto i te parahi. I tohua tētahi puranga nā te mea i pānuihia e te ine he 0.248 mm i te pito taraiwa — he 6 maikorona noa iho i raro i te whakaritenga 0.254 mm. I hoki te puranga katoa ki te mahi anō. He mea nui taua tikanga ina mutu te tokotoko ki te uku takutai i tērā taha o te ao.

Ka whakaratohia e te paparanga parahite ātete ki te waikura me te kawe hiko o te parahi parakore i te mata, i te mea ka tukuna e te matua maitai te kaha ā-pūkaha mō te pana ki roto i te oneone matotoru. Ka whakamatautauria te hononga parahi-ki-te-maitai mā te piko i te tokotoko 90° i te radius o te 100 mm me te kore whati, te wehewehe rānei. Neke atu i te 50 tau te roa o te mahi i roto i te oneone noa. Nā tēnei huinga te CCS i noho hei whakatakotoranga whenua taunoa puta noa i te ao.

2. Tokotoko Whenua Parakore Parakore

Ko ngā tokotoko parahi parakore e whakamahi ana i te parahi T2 (≥99.95% parakore).Te tokotoko whenua parahi parakore a SHIBANGwhārangi, he rite te whānui me te roa o ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana ki te CCS. Engari he nui ake te utu o te parahi i te maitai i runga i te kirokaramu. Ko te tokotoko parahi totoka ka tukuna te ātete iti rawa mō tētahi whānui kua hoatu, me te mahi waikura tino pai i roto i ngā oneone kaha. Heoi, he ngohengohe te parahi parakore — ki te pana ki roto i te oneone toka, ki te oneone kukū rānei, ka tūpono te piko, te tupu rānei o te pito, koia te take he maha ngā kaimahi e keri ana i ngā poka whakamātautau i mua. Ko taua mahi tāpiri ka tāpiri atu ki te utu rauemi kua teitei kē.

I waea mai tētahi kaimahi kirimana nō Manila ki ahau i tētahi wā, i pouri ia nā te mea kua waikura ngā tokotoko whakarewa i runga i tana pourewa waea i te taha o te puke i muri i ngā tau e whā noa iho i roto i te uku takutai. I hiahiatia he keri huri noa i te turanga raima kaha mō te whakakapinga. Ko te utu mahi anake i nui ake i te utu o ngā tokotoko CCS i te tīmatanga. "Me i aro atu ahau ki ngā raraunga rehu tote i whakaaturia mai e koe ki ahau," tana whakaae. I mau tonu taua waea ki ahau - koia ahau i pātai ai ki ngā kiritaki katoa mō ngā āhuatanga o te oneone i te tuatahi.

3. Tokotoko Rino Whakarewa-Tohu Wera

He rino waro-iti ngā tokotoko rino kua whakapūkarahia, ā, he paninga konutea kua pania mā te whakapūkara wera-tuku. Mā te paparanga konutea ka tiakina - ka waikura tuatahi, ka tiaki i te rino o raro. I teTe tokotoko whenua whakakoi a SHIBANGmō te raina hua, he rite tonu ngā rahi o ēnei tokotoko engari ko te utu iti rawa kei roto i ngā kōwhiringa e toru.

Ko te matotoru o te paninga konutea i waenga i te 55 ki te 85 µm. I roto i te oneone pH kūpapa me te pai o te rerenga wai, ka taea e te tokotoko konutea te mau mō te 15–25 tau. Engari i roto i te oneone waikawa (pH i raro i te 5.5) i ngā taiao tote rānei, ka taea te pau te paparanga konutea i roto i te 5–8 tau, ā, i muri iho ka tere te waikura o te matua maitai. Kua kite ahau i ngā tokotoko konutea kua tangohia mai i ngā kaupapa takutai moana i muri i te 6 tau noa iho me te kore rawa o te konutea. Ka whakahaerehia e mātou ia puranga mā roto i ā mātourūma rehu totei te 5% NaCl mō te iti rawa 72 hāora — ka kitea i taua whakamātautau he kōhao iti i roto i te paninga konutea e kore e kitea e tetahi tirotiro ā-kanohi.

He tika ngā whakamahinga o ngā tokotoko rino kua whakakikoruatia. Ko te whenua hanga rangitahi, ngā kaupapa poto-roa (te roa o te hoahoa 5–10 tau), me ngā wāhi maroke o uta me te oneone pH koretake he take whakamahinga tika katoa. Ka tohutohu atu ahau ki ngā kaihoko kia kaua e tohua te whakakikoruatia mō ngā whakaurunga pumau i ngā wāhi he nui ake te ua o te tau i te 800 mm, ngā rohe takutai i roto i te 15 km o te wai tote, ngā taiao ahumahi rānei e pāngia ana e ngā matū. Ā mātoutokotoko whenua whakakoihe hua pakari ina uru te tono.

Te Utu o te Rākau Whenua mō ia Mita kua Tāutahia: Ngā Tau

Kei raro nei he whakatairite utu whanaunga i runga i ā mātou raraunga kaweake i SHIBANG me ngā urupare tāutanga mai i ngā kiritaki puta noa i Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, te Waenganui Rawhiti, Āwherika, me Amerika ki te Tonga.

Ngā mea matua hei ako:He rite tonu te utu mō ia mita o ngā tokotoko CCS ki te utu mō te maitai kua whakapūmautia ina whakaarohia te whakakapinga mō ngā tau neke atu i te 50 — ā, ka taea e rātou te whakaora i te mahi keri i ngā tokotoko kua waikura. Ka whai hua noa te parahi parakore ina neke atu i te 60 tau te roa o te oranga o te rangatira, ina kaha rawa rānei te oneone ahakoa mō te whakakikorua CCS.

Te Wehenga Utu Tāuta mā te Rauemi

Rino Whakapaipai Parahi — Te Kōwhiringa Taurite

Ko te whakakikorua parahi iti rawa 0.254 mm e whakarato ana i te ātete waikura tata ki te parahi parakore mō ngā tekau tau tuatahi. Nā te matua maitai i pakari ai mō te taraiwa tika me te kore e keri i mua i te nuinga o ngā oneone. Ka taea e ngā hononga miro te hono i ngā wāhanga maha kia tae ki te hohonutanga o te 6 m, neke atu rānei mō ngā teihana hiko hiko teitei. Ko tetokotoko whenua maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahiKo te hapa tika he ≤1 mm/m — he mea tino nui ina taraiwa hōhonu, nā te mea ka peka ke te tokotoko piko i raro i te whenua.

I aru au i ngā kaupapa i tirotirohia ai ngā tokotoko CCS i muri i ngā tau 15 i roto i te uku takutai. I noho pūmau te whakakikorua parahi puta noa i te 95+% o te mata. Ko ngā karawarawa ā-rohe mai i te taraiwa i whakaatu noa i te waikura papatahi i runga i te maitai kua kitea. I mahi tonu te tokotoko. Ko te mahi o te ao tūturu te take e 80% o ā mātou ota kaweake ko CCS, me te tautokona e te hangahanga whaimana ISO 9001:2008 i tā mātou wheketere.

Parahi Parakore — Ina he Tuarua te Utu o ngā Rauemi i te Utu o te Ao Katoa

He iti ake aku tokotoko parahi parakore e hokona ana i ngā CCS, engari he take motuhake ā ngā kaihoko e whiriwhiri ana i ēnei. He maha ngā wā ka tohua te parahi parakore e ngā papaaho moana, ngā tipu tango tote i te takutai moana, me ngā whare matū nā te mea he tino kuiti te wā tiaki - ki te pakaru te tokotoko i te wā e whakamahia ana, he tino nui te utu mō te whakamutu i te hanga hei whakakapi.

I roto i tētahi rarangi tokotoko-toru i te 2.4 m ia, ko te whiriwhiri i te parahi parakore i te CCS ka tāpiri i tētahi utu iti rawa mō tētahi teihana hiko nui engari he uaua ake te whakamārama mō tētahi pourewa waea iti.tokotoko whenua parahi parakorehe mea hanga mai i ngā poro parahi T2 me te āheinga katoa ki te whai i ngā rauemi, ā, ka whakaratohia e mātou he tiwhikete mira mō ia tukunga kaweake. Ka tirotirohia ia tokotoko mā te tirohanga ā-kanohi me te ā-ahu i mua i te tākai — e tohe ana ahau ki tēnei nā te mea he haumitanga nui te ota parahi parakore, ā, me mōhio te kaihoko ki tā rātou e whiwhi ana mai i te tokotoko tuatahi ki te tokotoko whakamutunga.

Rino Pirau — Utu iti iho i te tīmatanga, utu nui ake mō te wā roa

E hiahia ana ahau kia pono mō te maitai whakapūmau nā te mea kua kite ahau i te maha rawa o ngā kaupapa i reira ko te whakatau penapena utu tuatahi i arahi ki ngā whakatikatika utu nui i te tekau tau i muri mai. E whakaaro ana te ripanga i runga ake nei kotahi te whakakapinga i roto i te 50 tau, engari ko te utu whakakapinga he nui atu i te tokotoko tonu - keri, taraiwa anō, hononga anō, me te whakamātautau. I ngā mākete whakawhanake, ka taea e te mahi anake te nui ake i te utu tokotoko i ngā wā maha. Tā mātoutokotoko whenua whakakoihe hua pakari, engari mēnā ka mōhio koe he pai te whakamahinga.

Ngā Take e Huri Ana i te Whārite Utu

Ātete oneone

Ko te ātete oneone te taurangi nui rawa atu.Paerewa IEEE 81-2012e whakarato ana i ngā tikanga ine. Ka tutuki i te tokotoko i roto i te oneone 100 Ω·m (te oneone noa) te wāhanga iti o te ātete o taua tokotoko i roto i te oneone 1,000 Ω·m (te kirikiri onepu maroke). Ko ngā rauemi iti te kawe hiko pēnei i te maitai piauau, me nui ake ngā tokotoko, me te taraiwa hohonu ake rānei kia tutuki ai te whāinga, ka kore ai he painga utu o mua. Ka pātai tonu ahau ki ngā kiritaki mō ngā raraunga ātete oneone i mua i te tūtohu, nā te mea ka neke katoa te kōwhiringa pai i tēnei tawhā kotahi.

Ngā Āhuatanga Taraiwa

Ka huri te oneone toka i te ōhanga. Mēnā me keri i mua te kaiwhakatū, ka piki ake ngā utu mahi mō tētahi momo tokotoko. Ko te parahi parakore te mea tino pāngia nā te mea he ngāwari ake te piko — i whakahokia mai he uta mai i tētahi kaiwhakatū i Kenya i ngana ki te pana i ngā tokotoko parahi totoka 20 mm ki roto i te laterite, ā, e toru ngā tokotoko i pikohia i roto i te 50 cm tuatahi. He pai ake te whakahaere a ngā tokotoko CCS i te pānga nā te mea ka mimiti te matua maitai i te kaha hama me te kore e rerekē te āhua. Mō te oneone he nui te toka, ka tūtohu mātou kia tīmata me te tokotoko CCS wāhanga kua whakauruhia ki te pito taraiwa whakapakeke. Ka tāpirihia he pikinga iti mō ia tokotoko, engari ka ārai i te rahunga tāutanga tino kitea e mātou puta noa i ā mātou ota kaweake.

Ngā Whakaritenga Waehere

He rerekē te whakahaere a ngā ture hiko ā-motu i ngā rauemi tokotoko whenua.NEC (NFPA 70)i te US me ātete ki te whenua o te 25 Ω, iti iho rānei, mō te tokotoko kotahi. Ko ngā paerewa Pākehā i raro i te IEC 60364 e tohu ana i te matotoru iti rawa o te here parahi mō te whenua tuturu. Ko tePaerewa IEC 62561-2e kapi ana i ngā whakaritenga mō ngā hiko whenua i roto i ngā pūnaha tiaki uira. He mea nui te tirotiro i ngā whakaritenga waehere ā-rohe, ā, ka āwhina ahau i ō mātou kiritaki ki te whakatere i ēnei hei wāhanga o te tautoko i mua i te hoko.

Te huarahi e whakatata atu ai ahau ki te whiriwhiri i te tokotoko whenua mō ā mātou kiritaki

Ina whakapā mai tētahi kiritaki hou ki ahau mō tētahi patai mō te rakau whenua, e toru aku pātai:

1. He aha te momo oneone me tōna ātete?— Mena kāore he rangahau ā rātou, ka whakatau tata ahau i runga i ngā raraunga matawhenua ā-rohe.
2. He aha te oranga hoahoa?— E 30–50 tau te roa mō ngā teihana hiko me ngā pourewa waea. E 5–10 tau pea te roa mō ngā wāhi rangitahi.
3. E wātea ana te pūnaha whenua?— He mea pumau te tanu ki raro i te raima; ka taea te whakamātautau me te whakakapi i ngā tokotoko i roto i te poka e taea atu ana.

I runga i ā rātou whakautu, e 8 i roto i te 10 ngā wā ka tūtohu ahaungā tokotoko whenua maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahiMō te mōrearea nui o te waikura, mō te roa rānei o te ora hoahoa, ka tūtohu ahaungā tokotoko whenua parahi parakore. Ngā tokotoko maitai kua whakakikoruatiakua rāhuitia mō ngā whakaurunga rangitahi, mō ngā kaupapa rānei e iti ana te tahua, ina whakaae te rangatira ki te mōrearea whakakapinga.

Haunga te tokotoko, kei roto i te pūnaha whenua ngā hononga, ngā rauemi whakarewa werawera, ngā kaiārahi whenua, me ngā rawhi whakamātautau.Whārangi kāwai Rākau Whenua me te Rākau Whenuae kapi ana i ēnei. Kua tuhituhi anō ahau mōngā tokotoko miro parahi herea mō ngā mahi hanga wharemengā pae maitai kume teitei mō ngā pūnaha whenuahei rauemi hoa mō ngā kaihangarau e hoahoa ana i ngā otinga whenua katoa.

Ngā Pātai Auau