Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

Kungani i-0.254mm iyi-Benchmark Yomhlaba Wonke Yobukhulu Benduku Yomgqomo Wethusi

Incazelo yeukujiya kwenduku yomhlabathi embozwe ngethusiiyisinqumo esibalulekile esihamba phambili ekwakhiweni kwesistimu yokumisa umhlabathi. Kuyo yonke imboni kagesi, i-0.254mm (elingana ne-0.010 intshi noma ama-mil ayi-10) ivele njengomkhawulo ophansi womhlaba wonke wokumbozwa kwethusi ezindongeni zomhlabathi ezisetshenziswa engqalasizinda ebalulekile. Lesi sibalo asivelanga enkombisweni yobunjiniyela engahleliwe. Kungumphumela weminyaka eminingi yedatha yokusebenza yasensimini eqoqwe yizikhungo zikagesi, opharetha bezokuxhumana, kanye nabaphathi bezikhungo zezimboni abalandelela amazinga okuwohloka kwama-electrode okumisa umhlabathi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlabathi.

Isimiso esingemuva kwendinganiso engu-0.254mm silula. Ithusi liyagqwala ngesivinini esibikezelwayo uma ligqitshwe enhlabathini, futhi lelo zinga liyahlukahluka kuye ngamakhemikhali enhlabathi, okuqukethwe umswakama, kanye nokushisa. Enhlabathini enolaka oluphakathi, ithusi lilahlekelwa ukujiya okungaba ngu-0.0025mm ngonyaka. Ngakho-ke ungqimba lwe-cladding oluyi-0.254mm lunikeza okungenani iminyaka eyi-100 yokuvikelwa kokugqwala ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Empeleni, ukuguquguquka kwenhlabathi yangempela, ukucindezeleka komshini ngesikhathi sokufakwa, kanye nemiphumela ye-galvanic yendawo kunciphisa lo mkhawulo wokuphepha, kodwa indinganiso engu-0.254mm isanikeza ngokuthembekile iminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-50 yempilo yenkonzo. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okuphelele kokuthi izinhlelo zomhlabathi zisebenza kanjani, isihloko se-Wikipedia mayelanaizinhlelo zokumba umhlabainikeza umongo oyisisekelo owusizo.

Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zibeka lolu hlu lokulinganisa.I-IEEE Std 80, elawula ukwakheka komhlabathi wesiteshi se-AC, idinga ngokungaqondile imininingwane eqinile yezinto zokwakha ehlangabezana nokumbozwa kwethusi okungu-0.254mm.I-BS 7430, ikhodi yaseBrithani yokusebenza komhlaba, igcizelela ngokufanayo ama-electrode asekelwe ethusi aqinile.I-NACE SP0169Izinga lokuvikelwa kwe-cathodic ligcizelela ukubaluleka kobukhulu obufanele bezithiyo zensimbi kuma-conductor agqitshwe. Abakhiqizi bathandaShibang, abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-17 yokuhlangenwe nakho kokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yomhlaba, bakhiqiza izinduku zomhlaba ezimbozwe ngethusi ezihlangabezana noma ezidlula lezi zimfuneko.

Ukubopha Ngensimbi vs. Ukufaka Ngogesi: Inqubo Yokumboza Ebalulekile

Akuzona zonke izembozo zethusi ezisekelweni zomhlabathi ezidalwe zilingana. Umehluko phakathi kwezinduku eziboshwe ngethusi nezinduku eziboshwe ngethusi usenqubweni yokukhiqiza, futhi lo mehluko unemiphumela ejulile ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside. Izinduku eziboshwe ngethusi zikhiqizwa nge-electroplating, inqubo ebeka ungqimba oluncane lwethusi phezu kwensimbi kusetshenziswa ugesi wamandla kagesi. Izembozo eziboshwe nge-electroplated ngokuvamile zisukela ku-0.025mm kuya ku-0.1mm ubukhulu. Nakuba lezi zinduku zingabizi kakhulu ukuzikhiqiza, isibopho phakathi kwesendlalelo sethusi kanye nenhloko yensimbi siwukunamathelana komshini kunokuba kube ukuhlangana kwensimbi kwangempela. Ngaphansi kokucindezeleka komshini kokushayela, ukujikeleza kokushisa, kanye nokunyakaza kwenhlabathi, izembozo eziboshwe nge-electroplated zingakha imifantu emincane, zihlukanise, noma ziqhekezeke kusuka ku-substrate yensimbi.

Izinduku ezimbozwe ngethusi, ngokuphambene nalokho, zisebenzisa inqubo yokubopha yensimbi ehlanganisa igobolondo lethusi nenhliziyo yensimbi ezingeni lama-molecule. Le nqubo, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-cladding noma i-molecular bonding, idala ukuhlangana okuhlala njalo lapho ama-athomu ethusi ehlangana khona nesakhiwo sezinhlamvu zensimbi. Umphumela uba isibopho esingenakuhlukaniswa ngamandla omshini, ukudlidliza, noma ukucindezeleka kokushisa.izakhiwo zethusi, okuhlanganisa nokuqhuba kwayo okuhle kakhulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwemvelo, kugcinwe ngokugcwele ngoba ungqimba lwe-cladding luyaqhubeka futhi alunazo izimbobo ezihlupha ama-deposit amancane afakwe ngogesi. KwaShibang, yonkeInduku Yomhlaba Embozwe Ngethusi engu-0.254mmidlula kule nqubo yokubopha ezingeni lama-molecule ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungqimba lwethusi aluhlukani nomgogodla wensimbi phakathi nokuphila kwenduku yonke.

Umphumela osebenzayo ubalulekile. Induku efakwe ngogesi enethusi elingu-0.05mm ingase iqale ukulahlekelwa ungqimba lwayo lokuvikela ezindaweni zokucindezeleka phakathi neminyaka embalwa yokufakwa. Induku efakwe ngensimbi enethusi elingu-0.254mm igcina ubuqotho bayo besakhiwo kanye nogesi amashumi eminyaka, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ezitholakala eziteshini ezincane, ezitshalweni zikagesi, kanye nasezindaweni zokudlulisa ugesi.

Ubukhulu Bethusi vs. Ukumelana Nokugqwala Kuzo Zonke Izinhlobo Zenhlabathi

Inhlabathi ayiyona indawo efanayo.ukwakheka kanye ne-chemistry yenhlabathiziyahlukahluka kakhulu kusukela endaweni eyodwa yokufaka kuya kwenye, futhi lokhu kuhlukahluka kunquma ngqo ukuthi ukumbozwa kwethusi konakala ngokushesha kangakanani. Ubudlelwano phakathi kobukhulu benduku yomhlabathi embozwe ngethusi kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kuyahlukahluka ngohlobo lomhlabathi, futhi ukuqonda lokhu kuhluka kusiza ekuchazeni umkhiqizo ofanele wokusetshenziswa ngakunye.

Enhlabathini ene-acidic enamanani e-pH angaphansi kuka-5.5, ithusi liyabola ngesivinini esikhulu ngoba ama-ion e-hydrogen ahlasela ungqimba lwe-copper oxide oluvame ukuthulisa ubuso. Inhlabathi enosawoti, evame ezindaweni ezisogwini nezomile, ingenisa ama-ion e-chloride akha ama-compounds e-copper chloride ancibilikayo, ancibilikise ungqimba oluvikelayo. Inhlabathi ene-alkaline ene-pH engaphezu kuka-8.5 ngokuvamile ayinamandla kakhulu ethusi kodwa ingakhuthazaukugqwala kwe-galvanicendaweni yokuhlangana kwethusi nensimbi uma ikhwalithi yokubopha iphansi. Inhlabathi ekwazi ukumelana kakhulu, yize ingasebenzisi amakhemikhali amaningi, idinga ukuthi induku yokumisa inhlabathi ibe nokuxhumana okuhle kakhulu kukagesi nomhlaba ozungezile, okwenza ubumsulwa bethusi kanye nokuqina kobuso kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izinga leukugqwalakulezi zindawo ngokuvamile zisukela ku-0.001mm ngonyaka enhlabathini engenangozi, ekhipha amanzi kahle kuya ku-0.005mm ngonyaka noma ngaphezulu ezimweni ezishisayo kakhulu. Induku enesembozo sethusi esingu-0.05mm kuphela ingalahlekelwa ungqimba lwayo lonke lokuvikela eminyakeni eyi-10 kuya kwengama-50 kuye ngohlobo lomhlabathi, okushiya ingaphakathi lensimbi liveziwe futhi lisengozini. Induku enethusi elingu-0.254mm inikeza umkhawulo omkhulu wokuphepha. Esiteshini esincane saseMpumalanga Ephakathi esakhiwe enhlabathini yasehlane enosawoti, isibonelo, izinduku ezinethusi ezingu-0.254mm ezivelaIbanga le-Shibang's AF-G0230zichazwe ngokunembile ngoba ungqimba lwethusi olujiyile lumelana nokuhlaselwa yi-chloride okungabhubhisa izembozo ezincane zingakapheli iminyaka eyishumi.

Ukuqhathaniswa okungu-0.05mm, 0.1mm, kanye no-0.254mm: Okwenzekayo Eminyakeni Engaphezu Kwengu-30

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani ukujiya kwenduku yomhlabathi embozwe ngethusi kubaluleke kangaka, cabanga ngezindlela zokuwohloka kwezimpawu ezintathu ezivamile zokumbozwa esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-30. Lokhu kuqhathanisa kwembula izindleko zangempela zokucacisa imikhiqizo engaphansi kwekhwalithi futhi kubonisa ukuthi kungani onjiniyela abanolwazi kanye nabaphathi bokuthenga bephikelela ekujiyeni kwethusi okungenani okungu-0.254mm.

Induku egayiwe ene-electroplating yethusi engu-0.05mm, inketho encane kunazo zonke etholakala kwezentengiselwano, iqala ukulahlekelwa ukumbozwa kwethusi zingakapheli iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 enhlabathini enolaka oluphakathi. Ngonyaka we-10, ungqimba lwethusi lusetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokugxila kokucindezeleka njengesihloko sokushayela kanye nezingxenye ezinezintambo.umongo wensimbiiqala ukugqwala, yanda ngobuningi futhi iqhekeze ithusi elisele. Ngonyaka we-15, induku ilahlekelwe yindawo ebalulekile yokunqamula futhi ukumelana kwayo nogesi kukhuphuke kakhulu. Ngonyaka we-20, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlelo lokumisa umhlabathi luhlulekile, okudinga ukumba okubizayo kanye nokushintsha.

Induku enethusi elingu-0.1mm isebenza kangcono kodwa isalokhu ingaphansi kwesilinganiso seminyaka engama-30. Enhlabathini ephakathi nendawo, ungqimba lwethusi luhlala cishe iminyaka engama-20 kuya kwengama-30 ngaphambi kokuba kuncishiswe kakhulu. Enhlabathini enamandla, lokhu kwehla kube iminyaka eyi-10 kuya kweyi-15. Ngokuphambene nalokho, induku ene-copper cladding engu-0.254mm igcina isivikelo esanele iminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-50 ngisho nasenhlabathini enamandla amancane. Ithusi elengeziwe elingu-0.154mm lihumusha ngqo emashumini eminyaka okuphila okwengeziwe kwenkonzo. Izinduku zomhlaba ezimbozwe ngethusi leShibang, ezitholakala ngobubanzi obusukela ku-14.2mm kuya ku-25mm kanye nobude obusukela ku-1.2m kuya ku-3.0m, zenziwa ngengqimba yethusi okungenani engu-0.254mm kanye nesilinganiso sempilo yenkonzo seminyaka engama-50 noma ngaphezulu, okubonisa lokhu kusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwesikhathi eside.

Ukuhlanzeka Kwethusi, Ukumelana, kanye Nesixhumi Sikagesi Se-Rod-Soil

Ubukhulu benduku yomhlabathi embozwe ngethusi buyingxenye nje yesilinganiso. Ubumsulwa bengqimba yethusi bunquma ukumelana kwayo kagesi, okubuye kuthinte indlela ama-fault currents kanye nokukhanya kombani okusakazeka ngayo emhlabeni ngempumelelo. Ithusi elihlanzekile kakhulu elinobumsulwa obungu-99.95% libonisa ukumelana kagesi okungaba ngu-1.68 microohm-centimeters, phakathi kwensimbi ephansi kakhulu etholakalayo kwezentengiselwano. Lokhu kumelana okuphansi kuqinisekisa ukwehla okuncane kwamandla kagesi endaweni ehlangana nenduku nenhlabathi ngesikhathi sezimo zamaphutha, okubalulekile ekuvikeleni abasebenzi kanye nemishini.

Ukungcola ongqimbeni lwethusi, ngisho noma kungaphansi kuka-0.1%, kungandisa ukumelana futhi kudale amaseli e-galvanic asendaweni asheshisa ukugqwala. Lapho ubumsulwa bethusi buwela ngaphansi kuka-99.9%, ukwakheka kwe-copper oxide inclusions kanye ne-grain boundary precipitates kuba nokwenzeka kakhulu, okwenza buthaka kokubili izakhiwo zikagesi nezemishini ze-cladding.ukumelana kukagesi kwethusiiyimpahla ebhalwe kahle, futhi onjiniyela bathembele kula manani ukuze babale ukumelana komhlaba kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamanje kwamaphutha emiklamo yesistimu yokumisa umhlaba.

Ingaphakathi lensimbi lithwala umthwalo womshini. Izinduku zeShibang zisebenzisa insimbi enekhabhoni ephezulu enamandla okunamathela okungenani angu-580N/mm kanye nokubekezelela ukuqondeka okungu-1mm/m noma ngaphezulu. Lezi zakhiwo zomshini ziqinisekisa ukuthi induku ingashayelwa enhlabathini ehlanganisiwe noma enamatshe ngaphandle kokugoba, ukugoba, noma ukuqhekeza i-copper cladding. Inhlanganisela ye-99.95% i-copper cladding emsulwa kanye nengaphakathi lensimbi enamandla aphezulu kudala i-i-electrodeenikeza ukuqina okuphansi okuqhubekayo phakathi nesikhathi sayo sonke senkonzo. Ukuze uthole ukubuka okuningiliziwe kwemininingwane yomkhiqizo weShibang, vakashela i-induku yomhlaba embozwe ngethusiikhasi lesigaba.

Ukuthobela Izindinganiso: Izidingo ze-IEEE, BS, NACE, kanye ne-ISO

Abaklami besistimu yokumisa umhlabathi abasebenzi endaweni engenalutho. Yonke imininingwane yobukhulu benduku yomhlabathi embozwe ngethusi kumele ivumelane nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke nezesifunda ezisebenzayo ezilawula ukwakheka kwesistimu yokumisa umhlabathi kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto. Lezi zindinganiso zikhona ngoba ukwehluleka kokumisa umhlabathi kungabangela umonakalo wemishini, ukungasebenzi kahle kokusebenza, kanye nezingozi zikagesi ezisongela ukuphila.

I-IEEE Std 80iyindinganiso eyinhloko yokufakwa kwesisekelo se-AC eNorth America kanye nezimakethe eziningi zomhlaba wonke. Icacisa izindlela zokuklama zezinto ze-electrode ezifakwa phansi, okuhlanganisa nezidingo zokumelana nokugqwala, amandla omshini, kanye nokuqhuba kukagesi. Ngenkathi i-IEEE 80 ingasho inani elilodwa lobukhulu bethusi, amalungiselelo ayo okuqina kwezinto kanye nempilo yokuklama yeminyaka engama-30 adinga ngokungaqondile uhlobo lwesembozo esiqinile esinikezwa yi-0.254mm.I-BS 7430, indinganiso yaseBrithani yokusebenza komhlaba, inikeza isiqondiso esifanayo sokukhethwa kwama-electrode ethusi kanye nethusi ezimakethe zase-UK kanye nase-Commonwealth.

I-NACE SP0169ibhekana nokuvikelwa kwe-cathodic kanye nokulawulwa kokugqwala kwezakhiwo zensimbi ezingaphansi komhlaba. Iqaphela ukubaluleka kobukhulu obufanele bezithiyo zensimbi kuma-conductor angcwatshwe kanye nendima yalokhuukuvikelwa kwe-cathodicekwandiseni impilo yezinhlelo zokusekela. Ngasohlangothini lokukhiqiza,I-ISO 9001isitifiketi siqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi wenduku ulandela uhlelo lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi olubhalwe phansi olunezilawuli zenqubo ezilandelekayo. IShibang inesitifiketi se-ISO 9001, futhi yonke inqwabaizinduku zomhlabathi ezimbozwe ngethusiikhiqizwa ngaphansi kwalolu hlaka lwekhwalithi, iqinisekisa ukujiya kwethusi okuqhubekayo, ubuqotho bokubopha, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokukhiqiza yamayunithi angu-50,000 ngenyanga.

Izicelo Zomhlaba Wangempela: Izitshalo Zikagesi, Iziteshi Ezincane, I-Telecom, kanye Nezitimela

Ukucaciswa kobukhulu benduku yomhlabathi embozwe ngethusi akuyona nje into efundiswayo. Kunemiphumela eqondile nelinganiswayo kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile zengqalasizinda. Indawo ngayinye yokusabalalisa iveza izinselele ezihlukile ezidinga inhlanganisela efanele yobukhulu bethusi, ubumsulwa, amandla omshini, kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso.

Ezitshalweni zikagesi nasezikhungweni ezincane, izinduku zokufaka ugesi kumele ziphathe amaza okushisa angafinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane zama-ampere.i-electrode yomhlabathikumele zilondoloze ukumelana okuphansi ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu ngenkathi zibekezelela amashumi eminyaka okuchayeka emswakama wenhlabathi kanye nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali. Izinduku zomhlaba ezimbozwe ngethusi zeShibang ezinethusi elingu-0.254mm zichazwe ukuze kufakwe isisekelo sesitshalo sikagesi kanye nesiteshi esincane kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kanye ne-Afrika. Esimweni sezulu esishisayo, uhlelo lokumisa isisekelo se-telecom olusebenzisa izinduku ezimbozwe ngethusi ezingu-0.254mm luhlangabezana nemvula enkulu, ukugcwala kwamanzi, kanye nomswakama wenhlabathi ophezulu izinyanga unyaka ngamunye. Izindwangu zethusi ezincane zizobola ngokushesha ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, kodwa ungqimba lwethusi olungu-0.254mm lunikeza umkhawulo wokugqwala odingekayo ukuze kuphile iminyaka engama-30 yokuchayeka kwezitshalo zasezindaweni ...

Izinhlelo zokubonisa izimpawu zesitimela ziletha enye inselele. Ezimweni ezisenyakatho, imijikelezo yokuncibilika nokuqandisa ibangela ukwanda kwenhlabathi kanye nokufinyela okufaka ukucindezeleka komshini endukwini yokumisa umhlabathi.ukwanda kokushisaumehluko phakathi kwethusi nensimbi ungadalaukukhathalaezimbozweni ezingaboshiwe kahle. Induku yethusi engu-0.254mm eboshiwe ngensimbi imelana nalokhu kukhathala ngoba isibopho sezinga lama-molecule sivimbela ukuhlukaniswa. Izikhumulo zezindiza kanye nezindawo zokuhlanza uwoyela ngokufanayo zidinga izinhlelo zokumisa ezisebenza ngokwethembeka amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokulungiswa, okwenza ukujiya kwenduku yomhlabathi eboshiwe ngethusi kube yipharamitha yokucaciswa engaxoxiswani. Imikhiqizo yeShibang isebenza kuzo zonke lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, ngokutholakala kokucushwa kwe-threaded, flat, kanye ne-point tip.

Ukukhetha Induku Yomhlabathi Efanele Yesigqoko Sethusi Yephrojekthi Yakho

Ukukhetha induku yomhlabathi egqokwe ngethusi efanele kuhilela okungaphezu nje kokucacisa ubukhulu bethusi obungu-0.254mm. Onjiniyela nabaphathi bokuthenga kumele bacabangele ububanzi benduku, ubude, ukucushwa kwesihloko, kanye nokupakishwa ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo ezithile zokufakwa ngakunye. Induku yomhlabathi kumele futhi ihlanganiswe nohlelo olubanzi lokumba umhlabathi, olungafaka phakathiizinduku zombani, amadivayisi okuvikela ukukhuphuka, kanye nama-bonding conductor.

Ububanzi benduku buthinta kokubili amandla omshini kanye nendawo yokuxhumana nomhlaba. Induku engu-14.2mm (5/8 intshi) iyindlela ejwayelekile yokusetshenziswa okuningi, enikeza ibhalansi yokushayelwa kanye nendawo yokuxhumana. Ekufakweni enhlabathini enamatshe noma ehlanganisiwe, induku engu-17.2mm noma engu-25mm (3/4 intshi) inikeza ukumelana okukhulu nokugoba ngesikhathi sokushayela. Ubude benduku bunquma ukujula kokuxhumana kwenhlabathi. Ubude obujwayelekile busukela ku-1.2m kuya ku-3.0m, kanti u-2.4m no-3.0m yiwona ovame kakhulu ekufakweni kwesiteshi kanye nesitshalo sikagesi. Ukucushwa kwesihloko kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokufakwa. Amaphuzu acijile angena enhlabathini kalula, kuyilapho amathiphu ayisicaba ekhethwa ukushayela ezingqimbeni eziqinile. Amaphuzu anentambo avumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye eziningi zenduku ukuze kushayelwe ngokujulile.

I-Shibang inikeza uhla oluphelele lwezinketho zayoInduku Yomhlaba Embozwe Ngethusi engu-0.254mmumugqa womkhiqizo. Imodeli ye-AF-G0230 evela ku-Izinduku Zokumboza Umhlaba Ezingu-0.254mm Zesendlalelo SethusiUbubanzi bupakishwe ngezinqwaba zezingcezu eziyi-10 ngaphakathi kwamashubhu e-PVC anezinqwaba ezingama-20 kuya kwezingama-50 ngephalethi ngayinye, elungiselelwe ukuthunyelwa kweziqukathi kusuka emachwebeni aseNingbo naseShanghai. Njengoba inomthamo wokukhiqiza wanyanga zonke wezingcezu ezingama-50,000, iShibang ingafeza amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda amakhulu ngaphandle kokulibala. Ngaphandle kwezinduku zomhlaba ezimbozwe ngethusi, iShibang iphinde ikhiqize izinduku zethusi ezihlanzekile, izinduku zensimbi ezigayiwe, ama-electrode asekelwe ngamakhemikhali, kanye nocingo lwensimbi olumbozwe ngethusi kanye netheyiphu, okuhlinzeka ngephothifoliyo ephelele yomkhiqizo wokuvikela umhlaba kanye nokuvikela umbani wamaphrojekthi engqalasizinda yomhlaba wonke.

Izimo Zokusetshenziswa: Indlela Umhlabathi Nesimo Sezulu Okubumba Ngayo Ukukhethwa Kwenduku

Ukwandiswa kwesiteshi esincane esingu-132 kV ethafeni elisogwini lwase-Abu Dhabi kwakudinga izinduku zokumisa inhlabathi ezingamelana nenhlabathi enosawoti enezinga le-chloride elingaphezu kwezingxenye ezingu-5,000 ngesigidi. Incazelo yephrojekthi yayidinga ubukhulu bezinduku zomhlaba ezimbozwe ngethusi obungu-0.254mm, obuqhutshwa yizinga lokugqwala elisheshayo elifakwa yinhlabathi yasehlane ecebile ngosawoti ezingqimbeni zethusi ezincane. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-18 zokuqapha ukumelana nenhlabathi, ithimba lobunjiniyela liqinisekisile ukuthi ithusi elingu-0.254mm ligcine ubuqotho balo lapho izinduku zangaphambilini ezingu-0.1mm zibonise ukugoba okubonakalayo zingakapheli izinyanga ezingu-12 ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo.

Esigodini semvula saseVietnam ephakathi, umqhubi wemibhoshongo yezokuxhumana kwakudingeka ashintshe izinduku zokusekela ezazingasebenzi kahle ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kuphela yokusebenza. Ukufakwa kokuqala kwakusebenzisa izinduku ezine-copper coating engu-0.076mm, okwabonakala kunganele ukuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi ene-acidic laterite (pH 4.5 kuya ku-5.5) kanye nokushintshashintsha kwetafula lamanzi lesizini. Imininingwane yokufaka esikhundleni ithuthukiswe yaba yizinduku ze-copper clad ezingu-0.254mm kusukelaUhla lwenduku yomhlaba embozwe ngethusi kaShibang, enikeza impilo yesevisi ebikezelwe edlula iminyaka engama-30 ngisho nangaphansi kwalezi zimo ezinzima.

Uhlelo lokubonisana lwesitimela eceleni komhubhe weTrans-Siberian eRussia lubhekene nenselele ehlukile: ukujikeleza ngebhayisikili okuncibilikisayo okuqhuba izintambo zomhlabathi phakathi kwemicimbi eminingi yokukhula nokuncipha kokushisa minyaka yonke. Kulesi simo, isibopho phakathi kokumbozwa kwethusi kanye nesisekelo sensimbi sibaluleke kakhulu njengobukhulu bokumbozwa. Izintambo ezinesibopho sensimbi ekujuleni kwethusi okungu-0.254mm zimelana nokuqhekeka okuncane okukhula esibonakalayo sensimbi yethusi lapho izinduku ezishibhe kakhulu zibhekana nokuphindaphindiwe.ukwanda kokushisaukucindezeleka. Inhlanganisela yobukhulu bethusi kanye nobuqotho besibopho inikeza ukumelana okuqhubekayo kokumisa kusukela ekushiseni kwehlobo kuya ezimweni zasebusika ezingaphansi kwama-degree Celsius angu-40.