Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

Impamvu 0.254mm ari cyo kimenyetso cy'isi yose cy'ubunini bw'inkoni z'umuringa zikozwe mu butaka

Ibisobanuro byaubugari bw'inkoni y'ubutaka ipfutse mu muringani icyemezo gikomeye mu gushushanya sisitemu yo gusimbuza ubutaka. Mu nganda z'amashanyarazi, 0.254mm (ingana na santimetero 0.010 cyangwa milise 10) yagaragaye nk'ikigereranyo ntarengwa cy'umuringa ku nkoni zo hasi zikoreshwa mu bikorwa remezo by'ingenzi. Iyi mibare ntiyaturutse ku buryo butunguranye bw'ikoranabuhanga. Ni umusaruro w'imyaka myinshi y'amakuru y'imikorere yo mu murima yakusanyijwe n'ibigo by'imari, abakora itumanaho, n'abayobozi b'inganda bakurikirana igipimo cy'iyangirika ry'amashanyarazi yo gusimbuza ubutaka mu butaka butandukanye.

Ihame riri inyuma y’igipimo cya 0.254mm rirasobanutse neza. Umuringa ugwa ku gipimo giteganywa iyo utwikiriwe mu butaka, kandi icyo gipimo kiratandukana bitewe n’ubutabire bw’ubutaka, ubushuhe, n’ubushyuhe. Mu butaka burangwa n’ubushyuhe buringaniye, umuringa utakaza ubunini bwa 0.0025mm ku mwaka. Bityo, urwego rwo gupfuka 0.254mm rutanga nibura imyaka 100 yo kurinda ingese mu bihe byiza. Mu by’ukuri, ihindagurika ry’ubutaka mu buryo bufatika, imbaraga za mekanike mu gihe cyo gushyiraho, hamwe n’ingaruka za galvanic zigabanya iki gipimo cy’umutekano, ariko igipimo cya 0.254mm kiracyatanga ubuzima bwiza bw’imyaka 30 kugeza kuri 50. Kugira ngo usobanukirwe neza uburyo sisitemu zo gutwika ubutaka zikora, inyandiko ya Wikipedia ivuga kurisisitemu zo gutwika ubutakabitanga imiterere y'ibanze y'ingirakamaro.

Amahame mpuzamahanga agena iki gipimo.IEEE Std 80, igenga imiterere y'ubutaka bwa sitasiyo ya AC, isaba mu buryo butaziguye ibikoresho bikomeye bihuye n'ubuso bw'umuringa bwa 0.254mm.BS 7430, amategeko y’Abongereza agenga ikoreshwa ry’ubutaka, nayo ashimangira electrode zishingiye ku muringa ziramba.NACE SP0169Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kurinda katodike bishimangira akamaro ko kugira ubugari buhagije bw'icyuma ku miyoboro y'amashanyarazi itwikiriwe. Abakora nkaShibang, ufite uburambe bw'imyaka irenga 17 mu gukora ibikoresho by'ubutaka, akora inkoni z'ubutaka zitwikiriwe n'umuringa zujuje cyangwa zirenze ibi bisabwa.

Guhuza Ibyuma na Electroplating: Uburyo bwo Gupfuka Ibyuma Byihariye

Si ko irangi ryose ry'umuringa ku nkoni zo hasi rigereranywa. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'inkoni zifatanye n'umuringa n'inkoni zifatanye n'umuringa riri mu nzira yo gukora, kandi iri tandukaniro rifite ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'igihe kirekire. Inkoni zifatanye n'umuringa zikorwa binyuze mu gusimbuza amashanyarazi, inzira ishyira urwego rwo hasi rw'umuringa ku buso bw'icyuma hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi. Irangi rifatanye n'amashanyarazi risanzwe riri hagati ya mm 0.025 na mm 0.1 z'ubugari. Nubwo izi nkoni zihendutse gukora, isano iri hagati y'urwego rw'umuringa n'inkingi y'icyuma ni ugufatana kwa mashini aho kuba ihuriro ry'icyuma nyacyo. Mu gihe cy'imbaraga za mashini zo gutwara, gusimbuka kw'ubushyuhe, no kugenda k'ubutaka, irangi rifatanye n'amashanyarazi rishobora kugira imiyoboro mito, gutandukana, cyangwa gukuraho igice cy'icyuma.

Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, inkoni zipfutse umuringa zikoresha uburyo bwo guhuza icyuma buhuza icyuma cy'umuringa n'inkingi y'icyuma ku rwego rwa molekile. Ubu buryo, rimwe na rimwe bwitwa cladding cyangwa molekile, butanga ihuriro rihoraho aho atome z'umuringa zihurira n'imiterere y'ibinyampeke by'icyuma. Ingaruka ni ihuriro ridashobora gutandukana n'imbaraga za mekanike, guhindagura, cyangwa ubushyuhe.imiterere y'umuringa, harimo n'ubushobozi bwayo bwiza bwo gutwara ibintu no kurwanya ingese karemano, birabikwa neza kuko urwego rwo gupfuka rukomeza kandi nta myenge ifata imiyoboro yoroheje ya electroplated. Muri Shibang, buriInkoni y'Isi ifite umuringa 0.254mminyura muri ubu buryo bwo guhuza urwego rwa molekile kugira ngo urwego rw'umuringa rutazatandukana n'imbere mu cyuma mu gihe cyose cy'ubuzima bw'inkoni.

Ingaruka zifatika ni ingenzi. Inkoni ikozwe mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi ifite umuringa wa 0.05mm ishobora gutangira gutakaza urwego rwayo rwo kuyirinda ku buryo ihungabana mu myaka mike ishize. Inkoni ikozwe mu byuma ifite umuringa wa 0.254mm igumana imiterere yayo n'amashanyarazi mu gihe cy'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, ndetse no mu bihe bigoye biboneka muri sitasiyo, inganda z'amashanyarazi, n'iminara y'amashanyarazi.

Ubunini bw'umuringa ugereranije n'ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe mu bwoko bw'ubutaka

Ubutaka si uburyo bumwe bwo gukoresha.imiterere n'ubutabire bw'ubutakabiratandukanye cyane bitewe n'aho byashyizwe, kandi izi mpinduka zigena uburyo umuringa upfundikirwa vuba. Isano iri hagati y'ubugari bw'inkoni y'ubutaka ipfundikirwa n'umuringa n'ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu buratandukana bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ubutaka, kandi gusobanukirwa izi tandukaniro bifasha kugena umusaruro ukwiye kuri buri gikorwa.

Mu butaka bufite aside ifite pH iri munsi ya 5.5, umuringa ugwa ku muvuduko wihuta kuko iyoni za hydrogen zitera urwego rwa oxide y'umuringa ubusanzwe runyura hejuru y'ubutaka. Ubutaka bw'umunyu, bukunze kugaragara mu turere two ku nkombe n'utwo muke, bushyiramo iyoni za chloride zigira imiterere ya chloride y'umuringa ishonga, bigashonga urwego rurinda. Ubutaka bwa alkali bufite pH iri hejuru ya 8.5 muri rusange ntibukunze kugora umuringa ariko bushobora gutumaingese ya galvanicku ihuriro ry'umuringa n'icyuma iyo ubwiza bw'aho bihurira ari bubi. Ubutaka budashobora kwihanganira cyane, nubwo budakoresha imiti myinshi, busaba ko inkoni yo hasi igira amashanyarazi meza ku butaka bukikije, bigatuma ubuziranenge bw'umuringa n'ubusugire bw'ubuso ari ingenzi cyane.

Igipimo cyaingeseMuri ibi bidukikije ubusanzwe, hagati ya 0.001mm ku mwaka mu butaka bwiza kandi butose amazi, bugera kuri 0.005mm ku mwaka cyangwa birenga mu bihe bikomeye cyane. Inkoni ifite umuringa wa 0.05mm gusa yatakaza urwego rwayo rwose rwo kurinda mu myaka 10 kugeza kuri 50 bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ubutaka, bigatuma igice cy'icyuma kigaragara kandi kidakora neza. Inkoni ifite umuringa wa 0.254mm itanga ubwinshi bunini bw'umutekano. Urugero, muri sitasiyo y'uburasirazuba bwo Hagati yubatswe ku butaka bw'ubutayu bw'umunyu, inkoni z'umuringa za 0.254mm zituruka muriShibang ya AF-G0230byavuzwe neza kuko urwego rw'umuringa runini rwihanganira igitero cya kloride cyangiza irangi ryoroheje mu myaka icumi.

Igereranya rya 0.05mm, 0.1mm, na 0.254mm: Ibiba mu myaka 30 ishize

Kugira ngo usobanukirwe impamvu ubugari bw'inkoni y'umuringa ipfutse ubwiza buhambaye cyane, tekereza ku buryo ibintu bitatu bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gupfuka ubwiza mu gihe cy'imyaka 30 byangiritse. Iri gereranya rigaragaza ikiguzi nyacyo cyo kugena ibicuruzwa bitujuje ubuziranenge kandi rikerekana impamvu injeniyeri z'inararibonye n'abashinzwe amasoko bashimangira ko umuringa ufite ubugari bwa mm 0.254.

Inkoni y'umusenyi ifite electroplating ya 0.05mm y'umuringa, uburyo bworoshye cyane buboneka ku isoko, itangira gutakaza umuringa mu gihe cy'imyaka 3 kugeza kuri 5 mu butaka bushyushye. Mu mwaka wa 10, urwego rw'umuringa rukoreshwa cyane ahantu hanini nk'aho hari icyuma gishyushya n'aho hashyirwa imigozi.icyuma cy'ingenziItangira kugwa ingese, ikura mu bwinshi kandi isesagura umuringa usigaye. Mu mwaka wa 15, inkoni iba yatakaje ubuso bunini bw'aho ihurira kandi imbaraga zayo z'amashanyarazi zariyongereye cyane. Mu mwaka wa 20, birashoboka ko sisitemu yo gusimbuza ubutaka yangirika, bigasaba gucukura no gusimbuza amafaranga menshi.

Inkoni ifite umuringa wa 0.1mm ikora neza ariko ntigera ku rugero rw'imyaka 30. Mu butaka buringaniye, urwego rw'umuringa rumara imyaka 20 kugeza kuri 30 mbere yuko haboneka ubukana bukomeye. Mu butaka burwanya ubukana, ibi bigabanuka bikagera ku myaka 10 kugeza kuri 15. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, inkoni ifite umuringa wa 0.254mm igumana uburinzi buhagije mu gihe cy'imyaka 30 kugeza kuri 50 ndetse no mu butaka burwanya ubukana buringaniye. Inkoni y'umuringa ya 0.154mm yinyongera ihinduka mu myaka myinshi y'ubuzima bw'inyongera. Inkoni z'ubutaka za Shibang zitwikiriwe n'umuringa, ziboneka mu bugari kuva kuri 14.2mm kugeza kuri 25mm n'uburebure kuva kuri 1.2m kugeza kuri 3.0m, zikorwa zifite umuringa wa 0.254mm nibura n'igihe cyo kubaho cy'imyaka 50 cyangwa irenga, bigaragaza ubu buryo bwiza bwo gukora igihe kirekire.

Ubuziranenge bw'umuringa, Ubukonje, n'Ihuriro ry'amashanyarazi hagati y'Inkoni n'Ubutaka

Ubugari bw'inkoni y'umuringa ipfutse ku butaka ni kimwe mu bigize ikigereranyo. Ubuziranenge bw'urwego rw'umuringa bugena ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'amashanyarazi, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku buryo imirasire y'umuriro n'imirabyo bikwirakwira mu butaka neza. Umuringa mwiza cyane ufite nibura 99.95% by'ubuziranenge ugaragaza ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'amashanyarazi bwa santimetero 1.68, mu byuma biri hasi cyane mu byuma bigurishwa. Ubu buryo bwo guhangana n'amashanyarazi buke butuma ingufu z'amashanyarazi zigabanuka cyane ku gice cy'ubutaka hagati y'inkoni n'ubutaka mu gihe cy'ikosa, bikaba ari ingenzi mu kurinda abakozi n'ibikoresho.

Umwanda uri mu gice cy'umuringa, ndetse no ku kigero kiri munsi ya 0.1%, ushobora kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ibintu no gukora uturemangingo twa galvanic twihuta mu kwangirika. Iyo ubuziranenge bw'umuringa bugabanutse munsi ya 99.9%, ikorwa ry'ibice bya oxide y'umuringa n'umupaka w'ingano bibaho cyane, bigatera intege nke ku miterere y'amashanyarazi n'iy'imashini.ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'amashanyarazi bw'umuringani umutungo wanditse neza, kandi injeniyeri zishingikiriza kuri izi ndangagaciro kugira ngo zibare ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubutaka n'uburyo umuriro w'amashanyarazi ukwirakwira mu miterere y'ubutaka.

Inkingi y'icyuma yikorera umutwaro wa mekanike. Inkingi za Shibang zikoresha icyuma gifite karuboni nyinshi gifite imbaraga zo gukurura nibura 580N/mm kandi kigakomeza kugororoka kugeza kuri 1mm/m cyangwa kirenzeho. Izi ngamba za mekanike zemeza ko inkoni ishobora gutwarwa mu butaka buto cyangwa butarimo amabuye nta gupfunyika, gutsikira, cyangwa gusenya umuringa. Uruvange rw'inkingi y'umuringa w'umwimerere wa 99.95% n'inkingi y'icyuma ikomeye cyane bitangaelectrodeikomeza gukora neza mu gihe cyose ikora. Kugira ngo umenye byinshi ku bipimo by'ibicuruzwa bya Shibang, surainkoni y'ubutaka itwikiriwe n'umuringaurupapuro rw'icyiciro.

Iyubahirizwa ry'Amahame Ngenderwaho: Ibisabwa na IEEE, BS, NACE, na ISO

Abashushanya sisitemu yo gusimbuza ubutaka ntibakorera mu cyuka. Buri gipimo cy’ubugari bw’inkoni yo gusimbuza umuringa kigomba guhuza n’amahame mpuzamahanga n’ay’akarere agenga imiterere y’isitemu yo gusimbuza ubutaka n’uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho. Aya mahame arahari kuko gusimbuza ubutaka bishobora kwangiza ibikoresho, guhagarika akazi, ndetse n’ibyago by’amashanyarazi bishobora guteza akaga ku buzima bw’abantu.

IEEE Std 80ni cyo gipimo cy’ibanze cyo gusimbuza amashanyarazi muri Amerika ya Ruguru no ku masoko menshi mpuzamahanga. Igaragaza ibipimo ngenderwaho by’imiterere y’ibikoresho bya electrode byo gusimbuza, harimo ibisabwa mu kurwanya ingese, imbaraga za mekanike, no kuyobora amashanyarazi. Nubwo IEEE 80 idategeka agaciro kamwe k’umuringa, ibipimo byayo byo kuramba kw’ibikoresho no kumara imyaka 30 mu gishushanyo bisaba ubwoko bw’igipfunyika gikomeye gitangwa na 0.254mm.BS 7430, amahame y’Abongereza agenga ikoreshwa ry’ubutaka, atanga ubuyobozi nk’ubwo ku bijyanye no guhitamo electrode z’umuringa n’umuringa mu masoko y’Ubwongereza n’ay’Umuryango w’Ibihugu bya Commonwealth.

NACE SP0169Ivuga ku kurinda katodike no kugenzura ingese ku byuma biri munsi y'ubutaka. Yemera akamaro ko kugira ubugari buhagije bw'icyuma ku byuma bicukurwamo n'uruhare rwabyouburinzi bwa katodikemu kongera igihe cy'imikorere y'ubutaka. Ku ruhande rw'inganda,ISO 9001icyemezo gihamya ko uruganda rukora inkoni rukurikiza uburyo bwanditse bwo gucunga ubuziranenge hamwe n'uburyo bwo kugenzura ibikorwa. Shibang afite icyemezo cya ISO 9001, kandi buri cyiciro cyainkoni zo hasi zipfutse umuringaikorwa hakurikijwe ubuziranenge, iha agaciro ubunini bw'umuringa, ubusugire bw'imibanire, n'imiterere y'imashini mu musaruro w'ibice 50.000 buri kwezi.

Porogaramu zo mu Isi Nyayo: Inganda z'amashanyarazi, Sitasiyo nto, Telekomuni, na Gari ya Moshi

Uburyo bwo gupima ubugari bw'inkoni y'umuringa ipfutse mu butaka si imyitozo ngororamubiri gusa. Ifite ingaruka zitaziguye kandi zipimye mu bikorwa remezo byinshi by'ingenzi. Buri hantu ho gukwirakwiza ibikoresho hatanga imbogamizi zidasanzwe zisaba guhuza neza ubugari bw'umuringa, ubuziranenge, imbaraga za mekanike, n'iyubahirizwa ry'amahame ngenderwaho.

Mu nganda z'amashanyarazi n'ibigo by'amashanyarazi, inkoni zo gusimbuza zigomba guhangana n'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ishobora kugera ku bihumbi mirongo bya ampere.electrode yo hasiIgomba kugumana ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibi bibazo bikomeye mu gihe ihangana n’imyaka myinshi y’ubushuhe bw’ubutaka n’ibitero bya shimi. Inkingi z’ubutaka zitwikiriwe n’umuringa wa Shibang zifite umuringa wa 0.254mm zigenewe gukoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi n’ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Uburasirazuba, na Afurika. Mu gihe cy’imvura nyinshi, sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza ibyuma bya 0.254mm ikoresha umuringa ihura n’imvura nyinshi, amazi menshi, n’ubushuhe bwinshi bw’ubutaka mu gihe cy’amezi menshi buri mwaka. Inkingi z’umuringa zoroshye zangirika vuba muri ibi bihe, ariko urwego rwa 0.254mm rutanga ingano y’ubushuhe ikenewe kugira ngo ikomeze kubaho imyaka 30 y’ubushuhe bw’ikirere.

Sisitemu zo gutanga ibimenyetso kuri gari ya moshi zitanga ikindi kibazo. Mu turere two mu majyaruguru, imigendekere y'ubutaka itera kwaguka no gufungana kw'ubutaka, bigatuma icyuma gifata ubutaka gikomeza gukaza umuvuduko.kwaguka k'ubushyuheitandukaniro riri hagati y'umuringa n'icyuma rishobora guteraumunaniromu matwi adafatanye neza. Inkoni y'umuringa ifite uburebure bwa 0.254mm irwanya uyu munaniro kuko urwego rw'imibanire rubuza gutandukana kw'ibicuruzwa. Ibibuga by'indege n'inganda zitunganya peteroli nabyo bisaba sisitemu zo gusiga hasi zikora neza mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi zidakorerwa isuku, bigatuma ubugari bw'inkoni y'umuringa iba urwego rudashobora kuganirwaho. Ibicuruzwa bya Shibang bitanga ubu buryo bwose, kandi biboneka mu miterere y'imigozi, imitako irambuye, n'iy'inganzamarumbo.

Guhitamo Inkoni y'Umuringa Ikwiye mu Mushinga Wawe

Guhitamo inkoni ikwiye yo gusya ipfundikiye umuringa bikubiyemo ibirenze kugena gusa ubugari bw'umuringa bwa 0.254mm. Injeniyeri n'abashinzwe amasoko bagomba gusuzuma umurambararo w'inkoni, uburebure, imiterere y'inkoni, n'uburyo ipakiye kugira ngo bihuze n'ibisabwa buri gushyiraho. Inkoni igomba kandi guhuzwa na sisitemu yagutse yo gusya ibumba, ishobora kuba irimoinkoni z'inkuba, ibikoresho byo kurinda umuvuduko w'amazi, n'ibikoresho bihuza amashanyarazi.

Ubugari bw'inkoni bugira ingaruka ku mbaraga za mekanike n'ubuso bw'ubutaka. Inkoni ya 14.2mm (5/8 santimetero) ni yo ikoreshwa cyane mu bikorwa byinshi, itanga uburyo bwo kugendera no guhuriraho. Ku bijyanye no gushyiraho mu butaka bw'amabuye cyangwa buto, inkoni ya 17.2mm cyangwa 25mm (3/4 santimetero) itanga ubushobozi bwo gukomera mu gihe cyo kuyitera. Uburebure bw'inkoni bugena uburebure bw'ubutaka. Uburebure busanzwe buri hagati ya metero 1.2 na metero 3.0, aho metero 2.4 na metero 3.0 ari byo bikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu gusimbuza sitasiyo n'inganda z'amashanyarazi. Imiterere y'inkoni ni ingenzi kugira ngo ikoreshwe neza. Inkoni zito zinjira mu butaka byoroshye, mu gihe inkombe zigororotse ari zo zikundwa cyane mu kunyura mu bice bikomeye. Inkoni zifite insinga zemerera guhuza ibice byinshi by'inkoni kugira ngo zitere mu buryo bwimbitse.

Shibang itanga amahitamo yose mu buryo bwayoInkoni y'Isi ifite umuringa 0.254mmumurongo w'ibicuruzwa. Icyitegererezo cya AF-G0230 cyo muriInkoni zo gutwikiramo ibumba zifite urwego rw'umuringa rwa 0.254mmUbuso bupakiye mu mifuka y'ibice 10 mu miyoboro ya PVC hamwe n'imifuka 20 kugeza kuri 50 kuri buri palati, byakozwe neza kugira ngo byoherezwe mu makontenari ziva ku byambu bya Ningbo na Shanghai. Shibang ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibice 50.000 buri kwezi, ishobora kurangiza imishinga minini y'ibikorwa remezo nta gutinda. Uretse imifuka y'umuringa, Shibang ikora kandi imifuka y'umuringa, imifuka y'icyuma cya galvanised, electrodes zo gusimbuza imyuka, n'insinga z'icyuma za quartier na tepi, bitanga umusaruro wuzuye wo kurinda ubutaka no kurinda inkuba ku mishinga y'ibikorwa remezo ku isi.

Ingero z'Ishyirwaho ry'Imbuto: Uburyo Ubutaka n'Ikirere bigira uruhare mu Guhitamo Inkoni

Kwagura sitasiyo ya 132 kV mu kibaya cyo ku nkombe za Abu Dhabi byasabaga inkoni zo gusimbuza zishobora kwihanganira ubutaka bw’umunyu hamwe n’ingano ya kloride irenga ibice 5.000 kuri miliyoni. Ibisobanuro by’umushinga byasabaga ko ubugari bw’inkingi z’ubutaka zipfutseho umuringa bwa 0.254mm nibura, bitewe n’umuvuduko wihuta w’ingufu ziterwa n’ubutaka bwo mu butayu bukungahaye ku migabane y’umuringa yoroshye. Nyuma y’amezi 18 yo kugenzura uburyo ubutaka bushobora kurwanywa n’ubutaka, itsinda ry’abahanga bemeje ko umuringa wa 0.254mm wakomeje kuba mwiza aho inkoni za 0.1mm zabanje zagaragaje ko hari ibihombo bigaragara mu mezi 12 mu gihe kimwe.

Mu gace k'imvura nyinshi muri Vietnam yo hagati, umukozi ushinzwe itumanaho yagombaga gusimbuza inkoni zo hasi zari zarananiwe mbere y'igihe nyuma y'imyaka umunani gusa zikora. Ishyirwaho rya mbere ryakoresheje inkoni zifite umuringa wa 0.076mm, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaye ko bidahagije mu guhuza ubutaka busharira bwa laterite (pH 4.5 kugeza 5.5) n'ihindagurika ry'amazi mu bihe by'umwaka. Ibisobanuro byo gusimbuza byazamuwe bigera kuri 0.254mm z'umuringa upfutse uhereye kuriUrugendo rw'inkoni z'ubutaka za Shibang zitwikiriwe n'umuringa, itanga igihe giteganyijwe cyo gukora kirenga imyaka 30 nubwo haba hari ibi bihe bikomeye.

Sisitemu y'ibimenyetso bya gari ya moshi ku muhanda wa Trans-Siberian mu Burusiya ihura n'ikibazo gitandukanye: gukonjesha no gushonga kw'amagare bitwara inkoni zo hasi mu bihe byinshi byo kwaguka no guhindagurika k'ubushyuhe buri mwaka. Muri iki gihe, isano iri hagati y'umuringa n'inkingi y'icyuma ifite agaciro nk'uko inkingi y'icyuma ingana. Inkingi zifite icyuma gifite ubujyakuzimu bwa 0.254mm mu muringa zirwanya uduce duto duto dukura ku gice cy'umuringa n'icyuma iyo inkoni zihendutse zikozwe mu mashanyarazi zisubiramo.kwaguka k'ubushyuheImihangayiko. Uruvange rw'ubugari bw'umuringa n'ubusugire bw'umugozi bitanga ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka kuva ku bushyuhe bw'impeshyi kugeza kuri dogere selisiyusi 40 munsi yazo.