He whakautu poto i te tuatahi: ka taea e ngā mea e rua te kukume i te ātete whenua e ngoikore ana ki roto i ngā whakatakotoranga, engari he rerekē ngā huarahi e whakaoti ai i te raruraru - ā, ka puta te rerekētanga i te tau tuatoru, ehara i te rā whakatūnga.Ka whakaitihia te ātete e te waeine whenua karāpeti mā te koretake: he tinana waro kore-whakarewa, mimiti-makuku e whakanui ana i te wāhi pa ki te oneone, ā, ka mahi tonu mō ngā tekau tau me te kore whakakī anō. Ka whakaitihia te ātete e te hiko matū: he ngongo parahi kua whakakiia ki ngā tote hiko e tuku ana i ngā katote kawe ki roto i te oneone e karapoti ana - he kaha i te rā tuatahi, engari e whakawhirinaki ana ki te makuku me te pumau o te utu tote.I roto i ngā tau 12 o te tuku i ngā hangarau e rua mai i tō mātou wheketere i Xinchang, kua kite ahau i ngā kaihoahoa e whiriwhiri hē ana i ngā taha e rua. Mā tēnei aratohu koe e whakamārama te ahupūngao, ngā paerewa, te pāngarau tiaki me te arorau whiriwhiri — kia taea ai e koe te whiriwhiri kotahi me te tiaki i taua kōwhiringa ki tō kiritaki.
- Ka hangaia e mātou te waeine whenua karāpeti kia mahi mā te whakanui ake i te horahanga pa o te hikohiko me te pupuri i te makuku oneone, kia kore ai tōna mahi e whakawhirinaki ki te utu matū e pau ana.
- Ka mahi kaha te hiko matū mā te tuku i ngā tote hiko ki roto i te oneone, ka puta he whakaiti kaha i te ātete i te tīmatanga engari ka honoa te mahi mō te wā roa ki te makuku me te whakahaere i te whakakī anō.
- E whakawhirinaki ana mātou ki te IEC 62561-7:2024 nā te mea e tautuhi tika ana i ngā whakamātautau e whakaatu ana i tētahi matū ngoikore — te tātā, te whakatau i te whanariki, te ātete, te ine pH me te waikura — ā, e taunaki ana mātou kia tonoa taua taunakitanga mai i tētahi kaiwhakarato.
- I roto i ā mātou utu kaweake, ko te utu mō te hiko matū he 20% ki te 40% te nui ake i te mōrahi karāwhata, nā te tinana o te ngongo parahi me te utu tote kei roto.
- E hanga ana tā mātou wheketere i te 10,000 ngā kōwae whenua ia marama i roto i ngā āhua pou, tapawhā me te puāwai paramu, kua tākaihia ki roto i ngā kete rakau, ā, ka tukuna mai i Shanghai, i Ningbo rānei.
Ina kore te kaiwhakamātautau oneone e whakaae ki te tuhi: kei hea te tīmatanga o te raruraru ātete oneone?
Me tīmata māku me tētahi rerenga kōrero ka rangona e au i roto i te nuinga o ngā waeatanga rapurongoā: "I tāutahia e mātou ngā mea katoa i roto i te tuhi, ā, e hē tonu ana te pānui." Kāore te tuhi i hē mō ngā taputapu — engari kāore i hē mō te oneone.Ko te oneone i roto i ētahi mita noa iho o te hikohiko te mea e kaha ake ai te ātete ki te whenua, nō reira, ina noho te oneone ki ngā rau ohm-mita, mā te tāpiri atu i ētahi atu tokotoko tahanga ka puta he whakapainga iti noa iho, he whakama noa iho.Ko te āhuahanga te take, ehara i te mahi toi: ka tohatohahia e ia tokotoko te iahiko ki roto i te kōne oneone e karapoti ana i a ia anō, ā, ina taupatupatu ngā kōne o ngā tokotoko tata, ka tangohia e ia tokotoko tāpiri te oneone kua kōrerotia kētia. Ko te whakarea i te maha o ngā tokotoko i roto i te oneone ātete-teitei ōrite kāore e whakaiti i te ātete ki te haurua — i roto i ā mātou arotake ine, ko te pikinga mai i te tokotoko tuarua he iti iho i te mea i tukuna e te tuatahi.
Koia te pānga taupatupatu te take kāore mātou e whakaaro ana ki te "tāpiri atu i ētahi atu tokotoko" hei whakautu nui ki te oneone kino. Ko te whakautu tika ko te whakarerekē i te whanonga o te oneone huri noa i te hiko, ā, e rua ngā hangarau e tino kitea ana i roto i ā mātou kōrero poto: te waeine whenua karāhe me te hiko matū.E rua ngā mea e whakaeke ana i te taurangi kotahi — te ātete me te kounga pa o te oneone e karapoti tonu ana i te hiko — engari e whakaeke ana rāua i te reira me ngā rapunga whakaaro rerekē, ā, ko taua rerekētanga rapunga whakaaro te kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga.I mua i te urunga atu o tētahi hua ki te kōrero, kotahi te kaupapa matua e tika ana kia tirohia:inehia te oneone i te tuatahi, me te tirotiro tika i ngā irahiko e whā e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i roto iPaerewa IEEE 81, nā te mea kāore e taea e tētahi pepa raraunga hua te whakakapi i te kōtaha ātete o tō pae tūturu.
E rua ngā rapunga whakaaro i roto i te rua kotahi: me pēhea te whakaiti i te ātete e ia hangarau?
E whakaahuahia ana e mātou te waeine karāpiti hei whakautu a te miihini kore mahi.Tō mātoukōwae whenua kauwhata poume ōnateina waro ātete-itihe mea hanga mai i tētahi paparanga hiko kore-whakarewa pumau e mimiti ana, e pupuri ana i te makuku, e pupuri ana i te pā tata ki te oneone e karapoti ana, ā, he nui ake te horahanga pā whai hua i te tokotoko tahanga.E hokihoki tonu ana ahau ki ngā āhuatanga e toru mai i ā mātou tuhinga hua i roto i ngā kōrero hoahoa: kāore te kawe hiko e pāngia e te wā; kāore te tinana e whakapakeke, e pakaru rānei i muri i te ru nui o te iahiko; ā, ka noho iti, ka pumau hoki te ātete mō te wā roa nā te mea kāore he mea i roto hei kai. Ka hangaia e mātou i roto i ngā āhua pou, tapawhā me te puāwai paramu, ko te āhua pou te āhua e tino whakahuatia ana e au mō te oneone toka me ngā kōhao poka.
Ka whakaahuahia e mātou te hiko matū hei whakautu a te miihini hohe.He ngongo parahi poka te hiko matū kua whakakīia ki te wheketere, kua whakakīia ki ngā tote hiko; ka tomo te makuku oneone mā roto i ngā kōhao manawa, ka whakarewa i ngā tote, ka kawe i ngā katote kawe hiko ki te whenua e karapoti ana, ka whakaiti i te ātete matū o te oneone.Kua kite mātou i te pānga nui ki te korenga o te pānui, ā, mō ngā wāhi tino ātete me te whāinga tino matea - hei tauira, he wāhi waea maunga i runga i te karāhe - ka eke te matū ki ngā tau e kore e taea e te whakanui rohe kore mahi. Ka whakamahara tonu mātou ki ngā kaihoko i te utu o taua hiko: ka mahi noa te pūnaha i te wā e rere ana te makuku, ā, e toe ana ngā tote.
Ko te tau tuatoru te whakatakotoranga tuturu: he aha te mea ka tupu i muri i te mimiti o te tote?
Me whakaatu atu e au te wāhanga o te whakatairite e kore nei e kitea i roto i ngā pukapuka hokohoko.Ko te tukanga tātā e whai hua ai te hiko matū ko tōna tikanga tawhito anō hoki — ko ia ua e kawe ana i ngā katote ki roto i te oneone ka kawe i te utu i tētahi taahiraa tata atu ki te mimiti.Ka kite tātou i ngā kaihanga e whakatika ana i tēnei mā te whakamahi i ngā putanga whakakī me ngā kete whakakī, e pai ana te mahi ina pupuri tonu te rangatira o te papa i te rawa - ā, ka hinga puku ina kore tetahi e mahi. I mua i te whakahua i te matū, ka pātai atu ahau ki ia kaitohutohu: ko wai, i raro i te kirimana, ka whakakī anō i tēnei hiko i te tau tuatoru, ā, i te tau whitu?
Kua mōhio te ao paerewa ki tēnei āhuatanga.IEC 62561-7:2024inaianei e tautuhi ana i te pākahiko whakamātautau mō ngā matū whakarei whenua — ngā whakamātautau whakarewa, te whakatau whanariki, te whakatau ātete, te ine pH (kua whakaurua houtia i te putanga 2024) me ngā whakamātautau waikura — nā te mea me whakapai ake te matū i te whenua me te kore e whakangaro i ngā ara iahiko kua tanumia ki roto.Me whakanui i tēnei kōrero whakamutunga: ko te whakakī tote kaha e waikura ana i tō ara iahiko mowhiti parahi ka huri i te raruraru ātete ki te raruraru pono. Ka tirohia e mātou te hototahitanga waikura i runga i ia ota matū, ā, ka tohutohu mātou kia tono koe i ngā taunakitanga whakamātautau momo IEC 62561-7 mai i tētahi kaiwhakarato, tae atu ki a mātou.
He pai ake ki a mātou ngā kōwae karāhe nā te mea ka karohia e rātou te pātai katoa.Nā te mea kāore he tote, kāore hoki he irahiko kei roto i te kōwae, kāore he mea hei tango, kāore he mea hei whakakī anō, kāore hoki he mea hei waikura i ngā kaiārahi tata — ko te kaupapa tiaki he "tirotiro i te taupoki o te poka i ētahi wā."Mō ngā wāhi kāore he tangata, mō ngā tihi maunga, mō ngā pāmu pūngao rā o te koraha, me ngā rawa katoa e kore e hainatia e te rangatira he kirimana tiaki, ko taua rerekētanga kotahi te tikanga ka whakatau i te kōwhiringa i mua i te kōrero mō te utu.
Te taha ki te taha: ko ēhea ngā tau me ngā whanonga hei ārahi i te kōwhiringa?
| Paearu | Kōwae whenua graphite | Irahiko matū |
|---|---|---|
| Tikanga | Āhuakore: te whakanui i te rohe + te pupuri i te makuku | Kaha: ka whakarerekē ngā tote hikohiko i te matū o te oneone |
| Te whakaiti i te ātete tuatahi | He pakari, he pumau | Tino kaha, inā koa i roto i te ātete nui |
| Ngā ihirangi e pau ana | Kāore | Te utu tote, ka memeha i te tātā |
| Te hiahia tiaki | Kāore rawa | Te tirotiro ā-wā me te whakakī anō |
| Ngā whanonga o te wā | Kāore te kawe hiko e pāngia e te wā (e ai ki ā mātou raraunga hua) | Kei runga i te makuku o te oneone |
| Te mōrearea o te waikura o te ara iahiko | Kāore he mea mai i te kōwae tonu | Me tirotirohia — nō reira, ko ngā whakamātautau waikura IEC 62561-7 |
| Kōtaha taiao | Tinana waro kore mahi | Te tukunga tote ki te oneone — tirohia ngā ture ā-rohe |
| Te utu tāutanga (ā mātou whakatau utu kaweake) | Tūāpapa | I te nuinga o te wā he 20%–40% teitei ake mō ia tohu |
| Ngā pae tino pai | Ngā rawa kore tangata, mamao, roa te hoahoa | Te ātete nui me te tiaki pumau |
I te nuinga o ngā tono tuku tono ka kitea e au, e rua ngā rarangi o taua tēpu e whakaatu ana i te whakatau.Ko te utu mō tētahi hiko matū he 20% ki te 40% te nui ake i te utu mō tētahi waeine karāpiti i roto i ā mātou utu kaweake, nā te tinana o te ngongo parahi me te utu tote kei roto — ā, ka nui haere taua āputa ina uru ngā kete whakakī me ngā haerenga tiaki ki te utu mō te huringa ora.E rua ngā tikanga tiaki e whakaarohia ana e mātou: kei tō kiritaki tētahi tikanga tiaki, ā, i tēnei wā, ka noho tonu te hononga, kāore rānei, i tēnei wā, ko te noho puku anake te taunakitanga pono.
Ko ngā raraunga oneone te mea e whakatau ana, ehara i te mea ko te manakohanga: me pēhea te whakataurite i te hua ki te papaanga?
Ko te whakautu pono tonu ka hoatu e au i ia wā ki te pātai "ko tēhea te mea pai": ko te pae tukutuku te whakatau.E toru ngā whakaurunga ka tonoa e mātou i mua i te tūtohutanga — te kōtaha ātete hiko-whā a Wenner, te ātete ūnga me tōna roanga hoahoa, me te kaha tiaki tūturu a te rangatira — ā, ko te kōwhiringa i te nuinga o te wā ka taka i waho o aua whakautu e toru.Ko te ātete i runga ake i te 500 ohm-mita me te whāinga pakari ka pana ki ngā hoahoa matū, ki ngā hoahoa ranu rānei; ko te ātete ngawari me te wāhi kore tangata ka pana ki ngā kōwae; ā, ko tetahi mea e tata ana ki ngā puna wai, ki te whenua tairongo taiao rānei ka pana kaha ki te kōwhiringa kore mahi. Mō te horopaki hoahoa whenua,Paerewa IEEE 80te whakatakoto i ngā whāinga haumaru e akiaki ana i te whāinga ātete, ā,BS 7430koinei tonu te tikanga mahi ka riro i te nuinga o ngā kaitohutohu mō te kōwhiringa hiko i ngā pae ātete-tiketike.
E hiahia ana mātou ki te whakahua i ngā tahora ranu, nā te mea he nui ake te whakamahinga a ngā kaitohutohu mātau i ngā mea e whakaae ana ngā pukapuka iti.He mowhiti o ngā kōwae karāwhata e karapoti ana i te rōpū hiko matua, me tētahi, e rua rānei ngā hiko matū i te kokonga kino rawa atu o te pae, e whakakotahi ana i te pumau kore mahi me te uaua hohe — ā, he maha ā mātou tukunga i ngā pire whakauru o te rahinga i hangaia pēnei tonu.Mena kei te whakamahi kē tō kaupapa i ngā hiko karāhe i ētahi atu wāhi, ko tā mātou tuhinga o mua mōngā irahiko karāhe me tā rātou mahi ki te whenuae hipoki ana i ngā kaupapa matua o te rauemi.
Kaiāwhina whiriwhiri
Whakautuhia kia toru ngā pātai; ka tūtohu te kaiawhina i tētahi whirihoranga tīmatanga (me whai whakaaro tonu ki te hangarau).
Taunakitanga: ngā kōwae whenua karāhe. Ka whiua e ngā wāhi kore tangata ngā otinga pau.
Mai i tā mātou papa wheketere: he aha ngā mea me whakauru ki roto i tētahi ota tiaki?
E mōhio ana mātou mai i ngā rau huringa tuku, ahakoa te hangarau e tohua ana e koe, me whai mana te ota i te arotake tuhinga a te kaitohutohu.Kei roto i tā mātou kete kaweake paerewa mō ngā waeine whenua te pepa raraunga rauemi, ngā tuhi āhuahanga, ngā tatauranga whakamātautau taumata-roopu, ngā tohutohu tāutanga, me te huinga tuhinga kaweake katoa — nama, rārangi tākai me te tiwhikete takenga mai — i whakaritea ngātahi me te whakaputanga.Ka whakaputa mātou i te 10,000 ngā kōwae ia marama, ka tākaihia ki roto i ngā pouaka rakau mō ngā utanga moana, ā, ka tukuna mai i Shanghai, i Ningbo rānei; kei raro i te ISO 9001:2008 te whakahaere o tā mātou pūnaha kounga, ā, ka taea e koe te manatoko i ngā mea e hiahiatia ana e taua tiwhikete i runga i tewhārangi mana o te ISO 9001Mō ngā kaupapa e hiahia ana kia whakamātauhia e te hunga tuatoru ngā rauemi whenua te hiko,CEPRI (Te Whare Rangahau Hiko Hiko o Haina)ko te mana whakahaere e mōhiotia ana e ngā poari tuku tono āna pūrongo.
Mō te kaha me te haere tonu, me whakatakoto e au ā mātou tatauranga ki runga i te tēpu:E 3,000 m² te rahi o tā mātou wheketere i Xinchang, neke atu i te 40 ngā kaimahi whakaputa me te tīma R&D e 5 ngā tāngata, kua kaweake ki ngā whenua neke atu i te 60, ā, i te tau 2022 kua eke ki te USD 15 miriona te nui o ngā kaweake.Kei roto i tā mātou whānau kōwae katoa — te pou, te tapawhā me te puāwai paramu —kāwai kōwae whenua, ā, mō ngā kaupapa hiko-matū, ā mātouhiko whenua matūKa hipokina e te rārangi te taha hohe o te whakatairite. Kei roto i te kōnae ngā whakatakotoranga tukurua, kia ōrite ai te kōwae i roto i tō raupapa wāhanga-tuatoru ki te mea i roto i te wāhanga tuatahi.
Ngā pātai e pātai pinepinetia ana
Ka taea e te waeine whenua karāhe te whakakapi katoa i ngā tokotoko whenua?
Ka tūtohu mātou kia whakamahia te kōwae hei whakarei ake i te pūnaha hikohiko, kaua hei whakakapi motuhake mō te nuinga o ngā hoahoa. I roto i ā mātou kaupapa, ka tāutahia ngā kōwae ki te whatunga hikohiko tuku iho, ka hono tika rānei ki te whatunga hikohiko tuku iho, ka whakanuia te horahanga whakapā, ka whakaū i te pānui e kore e taea e ngā tokotoko anake te pupuri.
Kia pēhea te roa o te ora o tētahi hiko matū?
Ka whakautu pono mātou: ko te roa o te mahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ua, te rerenga wai o te oneone me te whakahaere i te whakakī anō, koia tonu te take e kīia ai e mātou he rawa tiaki. Mēnā ka whakakīhia anōtia, ka roa te mahi a ngā hiko matū; ki te kore he tiaki, ka memeha haere te mahi i te mea ka memeha haere te tote, ā, ka puta tuatahi te memeha i ngā inenga o te wā maroke.
He kino te tote mai i te hiko matū ki te oneone, ki te wai whenua rānei?
Ka whakatūpato mātou tera pea ka pērā, i runga i te matū whakakī me te wāhi, koia te take i whakaurua ai e te IEC 62561-7 ngā whakamātautau horoi me te pH, me te take hoki e aukati ai ētahi mana whakahaere i ngā hiko e hangai ana ki te tote tata ki ngā puna wai. Mō te whenua tairongo ki te taiao, ka tūtohu mātou i te waeine karāhe kore mahi hei taunoa.
Ko tēhea te āhua o te kōwae me tohu e au: pou, tapawhā, puāwai paramu rānei?
E ai ki ā mātou tuhinga whakatau tata, ko ngā kōwae pou te mea matua mō ngā poka keri me te whenua toka, ko ngā poraka tapawhā mō ngā awaawa tuwhera me te whakakī pai, me ngā āhua puāwai paramu e aro nui ana ki te pa atu o te mata. Tukuna mai te kōtaha oneone me te tikanga tāutanga, ā, mā mātou e whakataurite te āhua ki taua mea.
Ka mahi ngā kōwae karāpeti i ngā āhuarangi maroke?
Ae, ā, he mea miharo tēnei ki te tini o ngā kaihangarau: ka mimiti te tinana waro, ka pupuri hoki i te makuku e wātea ana, ā, e kī ana ā mātou raraunga hua kāore te kawe hiko e pāngia e te wā. I ngā wāhi tino maroke, ka arotakehia tonutia e mātou te pikitia makuku me te pono, ā, i ngā wāhi e tino nui ana te tauraki o te wā, ka honoa e mātou ngā waeine ki tētahi hiko matū kotahi e tiakina ana i te wāhi tino nui.
He aha ngā taunakitanga whakamātautau me tono e au mai i tētahi kaiwhakarato?
Ka tūtohu mātou kia whakamahia te pākahiko whakamātautau IEC 62561-7 — te tango wai, te whakatau whanariki, te whakatau ātete, te ine pH me ngā hua waikura — me ngā tuhinga rahinga me ngā tuhinga rauemi taumata-rōpū. Ka hangaia ēnei e te kaihanga tūturu i roto i te īmēra kotahi.
Ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā kōwae me ngā irahiko matū ki te pae kotahi?
Āe, ā, he mea noa ngā whakatakotoranga ranu i roto i ā mātou ota: ngā kōwae karāpeti huri noa i te rōpū hiko matua mō te pumau, me ngā hiko matū i ngā kokonga ātete teitei mō te tawhē tāpiri. Kāore ngā tikanga e rua e pokanoa, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hinga te whakakotahitanga i tētahi o ngā hangarau anake.
He pūrongo ātete oneone tāu, me te whāinga hei whakatutuki?
Tukuna mai te kōtaha Wenner, te ātete ūnga me te roa o te hoahoa — ka whakahokia mai e mātou he whirihoranga (kōwae, matū, ranu rānei) me ngā rahinga, ngā tuhi me te whakatau utu mō te wheketere.
Hēni Yang— Kaiwhakahaere Hoko, Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
E 12 tau a Jane e mahi ana i te tēpu kaweake o tā mātou wheketere whenua me te tiaki uira, e āwhina ana i ngā kaihoahoa me ngā kaitohutohu kaupapa ki te whiriwhiri me te rapu i ngā waeine whenua, ngā hikohiko matū me te whakaoti i ngā pūnaha whenua me ngā tuhinga taumata-rōpū.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-21-2026