Mun ji labarinwalda mai zafi da maƙallan wajemuhawara ta mako-mako, kuma abin da ke yanke shawara ba shine aikin da aka yi a rana ta farko ba - duka biyun za su iya yin kyau a lokacin da aka ba da umarni.juriyar haɗin ƙasabayan shekaru 20 na kimiyyar ƙasa, zagayowar zafi da kuma kwararar matsala. Ni Jane Yang ce, manajan tallace-tallace a Xinchang Shibang New Material, wata masana'anta da ta kera tsarin walda na waje da kuma maƙallan ƙasa na injiniya fiye da shekaru 17, don haka ba mu da wani hannun jari wajen yin kamar fasaha ɗaya ce ta yi nasara a ko'ina. A cikin wannan jagorar, mun kwatanta yadda haɗin da aka haɗa da aka haɗa da aka ɗaure a ƙarƙashin ƙasa suke tsufa, abin da IEEE 837 da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki ke buƙata, da kuma takamaiman yanayi inda har yanzu muke ba da shawarar maƙallin inganci a kan walda.
- Muna tunatar da masu siye cewa maƙallin ƙasa mai ƙulli ya dogara ne akan matsin lamba na hulɗa; Littattafan tsufa na NRC na Amurka (NUREG-1800) sun lissafa sassauta haɗin da aka ƙulli daga zagayowar zafi da ƙaruwar juriyar haɗi daga iskar shaka ko asarar kayan aiki a matsayin hanyoyin tsufa da aka rubuta.
- A cikin ƙirarmu, walda mai zafi yana haɗa masu jagoranci zuwa haɗin kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya - babu hanyar haɗin kai don oxidize kuma babu ƙulli don sake juyawa, shi ya sa kamfanoni kamar Arkansas Electric Cooperative suka ba da umarnin haɗin exothermic a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma duba su kafin a cika su.
- IEEE 837 ya cancanci haɗin ƙasa na dindindin na substation - walda da ke cikin grid, radar ƙasa da aka haɗa da ita, da radar da aka haɗa da kayan aiki - kuma wucewar ta ita ce babbar shaida da ke nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa zai riƙe juriya a tsawon lokacin shigarwar.
- Shawarwarinmu na tsawon shekaru 20 sun biyo bayan aikin injiniya: sake gwada haɗin ƙasa da aka binne a bayan kowace shekara 5 - kowace shekara 3 a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarfi - zagayowar gyara haɗin da aka haɗa ya fi gudu.
- Har yanzu muna ƙayyade maƙallan injina sama da matakin, a wuraren da za a iya duba su da kuma aikin gyarawa; maƙallan tagulla da tagulla ɗinmu suna da tsawon rai na sabis sama da shekaru 50 idan aka sanya su inda za a iya duba su kuma a sake kunna su.
Dalilin da Yasa Juriyar Haɗi Yake Yanke Shawara Ko Haɗin Gwiwa na Duniya Zai Rasa Shekaru 20
Muna kwatanta kowace tsarin ƙasa ga sabbin masu siye a matsayin sarka: lantarki, mai jagora, da haɗin gwiwa da ke tsakaninsu. Elektröt na iya zama cikakke kuma mai jagoran yana da girma, duk da haka tsarin har yanzu yana gazawa idan juriyar haɗin gwiwa ɗaya ta hauhawa. Lalacewar wutar lantarki da walƙiya suna ɗaukar hanyar da ba ta da ƙarfi, da kuma lalacewar ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa wanda ke gudana ta cikin kwalbar - yana ƙara dumama shi da kuma hanzarta ruɓewarsa.
A zaman horonmu, kimiyyar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙulli shine inda muke farawa. Current yana ratsa hanyar haɗin da aka manne kawai ta hanyar wuraren hulɗa na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta; har ma da saman da aka yi da injina masu kyau suna taɓawa a kololuwar asperity da ke rufe ƙaramin yanki na fili. Juriyar matsewa a waɗannan wuraren, tare da juriyar fim daga oxides da sinadarai na ƙasa, shine abin da gwajin aiki ke aunawa a zahiri.Duk wani abu da ke rage matsin lamba ko kuma ya kauri fim ɗin - rarrafe, zagayowar zafi, tsatsa - yana ƙara juriyar haɗin, kuma ƙarin zafi daga asarar I²R yana ciyar da madauki.
Mun ga cewa tsarin zane yana canza kwatancen gaba ɗaya. Mun gaya wa masu rarrabawa cewa walda da manne ba farashi biyu bane don aiki ɗaya; su ne bayanan tsufa daban-daban guda biyu - ɗaya mai hanyar haɗin ƙarfe wanda kimiyyar lissafi za ta kai hari, ɗayan kuma ba tare da hanyar haɗin ba kwata-kwata.
Abin da Shekaru Biyu na Karkashin Kasa Ke Yi wa Matsewar Bolted
Muna dogara ne da ingantattun littattafan injiniya idan muka yi bayanin yadda haɗin gwiwa ke tsufa. Bayanin kula da tsufa na Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya ta Amurka,NUREG-1800 (rahoton Darussan Tsufa na Janar)— takardun da ake amfani da su wajen tabbatar da tsawon shekaru na aikin injina — suna lissafa hanyoyin haɗin maɓallan da muke kallo a gidajen ƙasa:sassauta hanyoyin haɗin da aka ɗaure saboda zagayowar zafi da dumama ohmic, kumaƙaruwar juriyar haɗi saboda iskar shaka ko asarar kayan aiki na farkoAsarar kayan da suka lalace.
A cikin bitar gazawarmu, kowace zagayen kaya tana dumama haɗin gwiwa, ƙarfe yana faɗaɗa a matakai daban-daban, kuma ƙullin yana sassautawa da microns. Kowace shakatawa tana ƙara juriyar hulɗa, wanda ke ƙara zafin haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke hanzarta iskar shaka - injiniyoyin kula da madauki masu ƙarfafa kansu da aka sani da karkacewar haɗin gwiwa mai zafi. Mun nuna cewaa ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ba za ka iya ganin maƙallin da ke lalata ƙasa ba, ba za ka iya isa gare shi ba, kuma sake kunna wutar lantarki yana nufin haƙa ramiWannan shine dalilin da ya sa aikin injiniya don binne ƙasa ke buƙatar sake gwadawa lokaci-lokaci -jagorar masana'antu kan shigarwar IEEE 80yana ba da shawarar sake gwadawa duk bayan shekaru 5, kuma duk bayan shekaru 3 a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarfi. Mun ƙididdige cewa sama da shekaru 20 wannan ya kai zagaye huɗu zuwa shida na gwaji da haƙa rami a kowane haɗin gwiwa da ake zargi.
Muna so mu bayyana cewa babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan da ke sa manne ya zama mara kyau ga kayayyakin - yana mai da su samfuran da ke da buƙatar kulawa wanda dole ne a yi la'akari da shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Muna sayar da dubban manne kowane wata; kuskuren ba shine siyan manne ba, yana binne ɗaya a manta da shi.
Walda Mai Rage Zafi: Haɗin Molecular Ba Tare Da Abin Da Ya Rage Ba Don Sake Matsewa
Muna daraja walda ta waje saboda tana cire haɗin gaba ɗaya. An auna ƙarfin jan ƙarfe oxide da foda na aluminum suna amsawa a cikin mold mold mai ɗaukar hoto - molds ɗinmu na AF-0401 da AF-0314 suna da inganci na graphite wanda aka ƙididdige don zagayowar sabis na 50-100, kuma muna ganin haɗin gwiwa 80-100 a kowane mold a cikin amfani da filin - kuma sakamakon ƙarfe mai narkewa yana sa masu jagoranci su zama ƙarfe ɗaya mai ci gaba. Babu matsin lamba don rasawa, babu fim da zai kauri, babu ƙulli don shakatawa.Juriyar haɗin gwiwa kawai juriya ce ta tagulla mai ƙarfi.
Daga teburin fitar da kayayyaki, muna kallon yadda duniya ke taruwa a kan walda don aikin da aka binne.IEEE 837Akwai musamman don cancantar haɗin dindindin da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙasan tashar ƙasa - haɗin da ke cikin grid, hanyoyin ƙasa da aka haɗa da shi, da kuma hanyoyin da aka haɗa da kayan aiki da gine-gine. Mun ga kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki suna rubuta shi cikin kwangiloli:Bukatun haɗin haɗin Arkansas Electric Cooperativebayyana a sarari cewaHaɗin ƙarƙashin ƙasa zai zama nau'in exothermic, kuma ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar tana da haƙƙin yinduba kowace hanyar haɗi kafin cikawa. Idan kamfanin wutar lantarki zai iya duba haɗin gwiwa sau ɗaya kawai - kafin ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin ƙasa - sai ya zaɓi haɗin da ba ya canzawa.
Matsayin masana'antarmu abu ne mai sauƙi: ga duk wani haɗin da aka binne, wanda ba za a iya shiga ba, ko kuma wanda ke da mahimmanci ga aminci, a ƙayyade walda. Muna so mu ce daƙiƙa 60 na zagayowar mold da za a ɗauka lokacin shigarwa shine kulawa ta ƙarshe da haɗin zai buƙaci.
Kai-da-Kai: Haɗin ƙasa mai walda da ƙulli a kan wani yanki na shekaru 20
Muna jagorantar masu rarrabawa ta wannan kwatancen lokacin da suka ƙayyade wani aiki. Lura cewa babu wani shafi da ya yi nasara - amsar da ta dace ta dogara ne akan inda haɗin gwiwar ke zaune.
| Haɓaka sama da Shekaru 20 | Walda Mai Tsami ta Exothermic | Matsa Inji |
|---|---|---|
| Tsarin haɗin gwiwa | Molecular alloy — babu hanyar sadarwa | Matsi lamba a hanyar haɗin bolted |
| Yanayin juriya | Mai ƙarfi; daidai yake da juriyar jagora | Yana ƙara girma tare da iskar shaka da asarar kaya kafin amfani |
| Tsarin tsufa da aka rubuta | Tsatsa a daidai gwargwado kamar yadda na'urar jagoranci ke yi | Sassauta zagayowar zafi, iskar shaka, asarar kayan aiki kafin a fara amfani da su, lalata |
| Gyara sama da shekaru 20 | Babu - duba sau ɗaya kafin a sake cikawa | Sake gwadawa duk bayan shekaru 3-5; tono da sake juyewa idan an binne |
| Kuskure da walƙiyar walƙiya | Yana ɗaukar kamar madubi; babu wurin zafi | Haɗin gwiwa mai lalacewa ya zama wuri mai zafi na I²R a ƙarƙashin laifi |
| Kwarewar shigarwa da kayan aiki | Zagayen mold na daƙiƙa 60, babu ƙwarewa ta musamman, babu ƙarfi | Tsarin matsewa da ƙarfin juyi; yana buƙatar sake shiga |
| Matsayi mafi kyau | Gabobin da aka binne, waɗanda ba za a iya shiga ba, kuma masu matuƙar muhimmanci ga aminci | Matsakaici mai kyau, ana iya dubawa, gyarawa da kuma haɗin gwiwa na ɗan lokaci |
| Kayan aiki na farko da aka fara amfani da su a kowace haɗin gwiwa (daga ƙididdigar fitar da kayayyaki) | Yana aiki da kusan kashi 30-50% sama da haɗin da aka manne, musamman saboda kowace walda tana amfani da harsashin foda da ake amfani da shi sau ɗaya tare da rabon tsawon lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi (haɗin gwiwa 50-100) | Farashi mai sauƙi — kayan aiki kawai, babu kuɗin amfani |
| Tsarin tsare-tsare na kulawa da aka tsara sama da shekaru 20 | 0 - duba sau ɗaya kafin a sake cikawa | Hakowa, sake gwadawa da sake zagayowar karfin juyi (shekaru 3-5) |
| Rate sabis rai | Yana daidaita da na'urar jagoranci kanta - babu hanyar sadarwa da ta dace da shekaru | Sama da shekaru 50 a cikin wuraren da za a iya duba su (ƙimar jerin XJ-J1047 ɗinmu) |
Mun gina wannan mai zaɓen a matsayin taimakon yanke shawara na farko - sannan muka aiko mana da cikakkun bayanai game da aikin don amsar da aka tsara:
Walda ko Matsewa? Taimakon Shawara na Shekaru 20
Sama da shekaru 20, haɗin da aka haɗa yana samun karɓuwa idan aka yi la'akari da daidaiton juriya a duk inda babu isasshen damar kulawa. Domin kuwaJuriyar manne ya dogara ne akan kayan da aka riga aka ɗora da kuma tsaftace fim ɗin hulɗa - waɗanda dukkansu sinadaran ƙasa ke lalacewa - yayin da juriyar walda tagulla ce kawai, zaɓin da ba shi da kulawa yana mamaye kowane matsayi mai mahimmanci a ɓoye ko kuma a cikin aminci.
Lokacin da Maƙallan Inji Har Yanzu Amsar Da Ta Dace
Mun yi imanin cewa kwatancen gaskiya dole ne ya faɗi haka a sarari: maƙallan sun kasance zaɓin injiniya daidai a cikin yanayi na gaske. Sama da matakin - a cikin masu canjin wutar lantarki, hanyoyin gwaji, sandunan ƙasa da firam ɗin kayan aiki - haɗin da aka manne ana iya duba shi ta hanyar ma'anarsa, kuma jerin XJ-J1047 ɗinmu a cikin tagulla, tagulla da jan ƙarfe mai tsabta yana ɗaukar nauyi.rayuwar sabis mai ƙima sama da shekaru 50tare daISO 9001: 2015-an tabbatar da samarwa a bayan sa. Muna ba da shawarar a yi aiki da manne a kan gyaran na'urori inda ba za a iya tsaftace su da kuma ƙera su ba - yana sa da'irar ta zama lafiya a yau. Muna ɗaukar walda da kayan aiki mara kyau ta hanyar ƙira duk inda haɗin gwiwa dole ne a cire shi da gangan don gwaji - hanyar haɗin gwaji ita ce yanayin gargajiya.
Tsarin aikinmu tare da masu rarrabawa ya dogara ne akan matsayi:liƙa abin da ka binne, manne abin da za ka iya ganiMuna ganin gaurayen BOM a yawancin odar fitarwa - aikin kariya daga walƙiya na iya haɗa kowane mai haɗa na'urar jagora mai ƙarancin inganci da kuma ɗaure hanyoyin gwajin dakatar da iska, daga jigilar kaya ɗaya.
Yadda Muke Tallafawa Zaɓuɓɓuka Biyu Daga Masana'anta Ɗaya
Muna ƙera ɓangarorin biyu na wannan kwatancen, shi ya sa shawararmu ta kasance mai gaskiya. Masana'antarmu, Xinchang Shibang New Material, ta samar da molds na walda da foda na exothermic tare da maƙallan ƙasa na tsawon sama da shekaru 17 daga Xinchang, Zhejiang, awanni biyu daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Ningbo da Shanghai. Bayanan kamfaninmu na hukuma sun rubuta tarihin da aka ƙididdige:Kayayyakin da aka sayar wa ƙasashe sama da 60, masana'antar da ke da fadin murabba'in mita 3,000 tare da ma'aikatan samarwa sama da 40 da ma'aikatan bincike da ci gaba 5, yawan fitarwa a kowane wata ya wuce guda 200,000, da kuma fitar da kayayyaki sama da dala miliyan 15 a shekarar 2022.Layin wutar lantarki namu yana samar da guda 10,000 a kowane wata, ana tantance samarwa ta hanyarCEPRI (Cibiyar Binciken Wutar Lantarki ta China), kuma ƙungiyar QC ɗinmu ta wuce kowace ƙungiya ta ƙira da manne sarkar inganci mai matakai shida daga dubawa mai shigowa zuwa dubawa na ƙarshe.
A cikin aikin fitar da kayayyaki, ayyukan da suka fi sauƙi suna da alaƙa ɗaya: mai siye yana aika jadawalin jagora da matsayin haɗin gwiwa, kuma ƙungiyarmu tana dawo da tsarin haɗin matsayi-da-matsayi - walda da aka ƙayyade tare da samfurin mold da girman harsashi, maƙallan da aka ƙayyade tare da jagora na abu da ƙarfin juyi - a cikin akwati ɗaya gauraye tare da saitin takardu ɗaya. Idan kuna auna nauyiwalda mai zafi da maƙallan wajedon wani aiki kai tsaye, wannan shirin shine abin da teburin fitar da kaya zai aiko muku.
Bincika dukkan fannoni biyu: namutsarin walda na waje, damold ɗin walda mai zafiiyali, namumaƙallan ƙasa na jan ƙarfe, kuma cikakkenRukunin walda na waje.
Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi
Shin walda ta waje tana ɗaukar shekaru 20 a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da gaske?
Eh — walda gami yana sanya masu jagoranci su zama jiki ɗaya na ƙarfe, don haka haɗin gwiwa yana lalacewa daidai da mai jagoran kansa kuma ba shi da hanyar sadarwa don oxidize ko bullt don sassautawa. Kayan aiki suna ƙayyade haɗin exothermic don grids da aka binne daidai saboda babu abin da ke canzawa a haɗin gwiwa da lokaci; Arkansas Electric Cooperative, misali, yana ba da umarnin haɗin exothermic na ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma yana duba su kafin a cika su.
Me yasa juriyar haɗin manne ke ƙaruwa akan lokaci?
Mun ambaci hanyoyi guda uku da aka rubuta: zagayowar zafi yana sassauta lodawa na bolt, oxidation yana kauri fim ɗin hulɗa a mahaɗin, kuma lalata ƙasa yana cire kayan. Littattafan tsufa na NRC na Amurka (NUREG-1800) sun lissafa sassauta haɗin da aka ɗaure daga zagayowar zafi da kuma ƙara juriyar haɗi daga oxidation ko asarar preload a matsayin tasirin tsufa da aka sani - kowane zagaye yana ɗaga juriya, wanda ke ɗaga zafin haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke hanzarta zagayowar.
Menene ma'anar IEEE 837 ga zaɓin haɗin da na yi?
IEEE 837 shine ma'aunin haɗin dindindin da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙasan tashar ƙasa - haɗin da ke cikin grid da kuma hanyoyin kaiwa ga kayan aiki da tsari. Nau'in haɗin da ya wuce IEEE 837 ya nuna cewa zai ɗauki kwararar matsala kuma ya tsayayya da muhalli don tsawon lokacin ƙirar shigarwa; walda na waje sune haɗin da wannan ƙa'idar ta cancanta.
Sau nawa ya kamata a sake gwada hanyoyin haɗin ƙasa da aka binne?
Muna bin umarnin masana'antu don shigarwa na IEEE 80: sake gwadawa duk bayan shekaru 5, a matse shi zuwa kowace shekara 3 a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarfi. Tsawon shekaru 20 na ƙira wanda ke nufin zagayowar gwaji huɗu zuwa shida - mai amfani ga maƙallan da za a iya isa gare su, haƙa mai tsada don haɗin da aka binne da aka manne, kuma ba lallai ba ne ga haɗin da aka haɗa.
Shin maƙallan injina sun fi welds na exothermic kyau?
Amsarmu ita ce eh - sama da matakin, a hanyoyin gwaji da sandunan ƙasa, a kan aikin gyarawa, da kuma duk inda haɗin ya kamata a cire shi. A wurare da za a iya duba, maƙallin tagulla ko tagulla mai inganci yana ba da cikakken tsawon rayuwarsa (namu ya wuce shekaru 50) saboda gyaran da yake buƙata yana yiwuwa a can.
Shin walda ta waje tana da wahalar yin aiki a fagen?
Mun ce a'a. Tsarin ba ya buƙatar ƙarfin waje kuma babu ƙwarewar walda ta musamman: tsaftace masu sarrafa wutar lantarki, manne mold ɗin, ɗora harsashin foda da ya dace, kunna shi da bindigar dutse, bar shi ya huce. An ƙididdige mold ɗinmu na haɗin gwiwa 50-100 kowanne, kuma muna haɗa foda ɗin da kayan mai sarrafa wutar lantarki da girmansa don haɗin ya yi daidai kowane zagaye.
Shin mai samarwa ɗaya zai iya samar da walda da manne don aiki?
Mun amsa eh, kuma muna ba da shawarar hakan. Muna ƙera duka biyun, don haka oda ɗaya zai iya rufe gidajen haɗin da aka binne da aka manne da kuma wuraren da aka manne a sama a cikin akwati ɗaya tare da saitin takardar shaida ɗaya - kuma tsarin haɗin yana gaya wa ma'aikatan ku wace fasaha ce za ta yi aiki a wane matsayi.
Taƙaitaccen haɗin gwiwa don tsarin ƙasa na shekaru 20?
Aiko mana da jadawalin jagoran ku da matsayin haɗin gwiwa — za mu dawo muku da tsarin matsayi-da-matsayi: walda tare da lambobin mold da harsashi, maƙallan tare da kayan aiki da jagorar ƙarfin juyi, akwati ɗaya gauraye.
Jane Yang— Manajan Talla, Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
Jane ta shafe shekaru 12 tana aiki a teburin fitar da kayayyaki daga masana'antarmu ta samar da ƙasa da kariya daga walƙiya, tana taimaka wa abokan ciniki na ƙasashen waje su zaɓi da kuma samo tsarin walda na waje, maƙallan ƙasa, sandunan ƙasa da masu jagoranci tare da cikakken dubawa da tallafin takardu.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-17-2026