Idatha yasentsimini evela kwisityalo se-150 MW saseSaudi PV (ii-electrode zeekhemikhali ezingama-4,200, ukumelana okuphakathi kwe-3.1 Ω) kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-ME/Africa/SEA ngaphandle: kutheni iintonga eziqhutywa ngokwesiqhelo zingaphumeleli kumhlaba onesihlabathi, onamatye kunye nomhlaba we-laterite - kunye nokuba uxwebhu lokuthenga luthini endaweni yoko.
TL;DR — Iintlobo zomhlaba ezintathu, iindlela ezintathu zokungaphumeleli, impendulo enye ecaleni lokuthenga
- Umhlaba onesantiNgokwesiqhelo ifunda ukusuka kwi-3,000 ukuya kwi-10,000 Ω·cm xa yomile. Kwimpahla yethu ye-ME ka-2020-2025, iindawo eziqhutywa ngeentonga kuphela kweli bhendi zifunde i-18-42 Ω xa zisebenza kwaye zaphinda zagaywa kunyaka wokuqala; iindawo ezikufutshane zeentonga zeekhemikhali-zomhlaba kwibhendi efanayo zifunde i-3.6 Ω avareji.
- Umhlaba onamatyenge-caliche okanye umaleko we-granite ogudileyo kwi-2-3 m uyeke ukuqhuba nzulu kwikona esezantsi-ntshona yesiza saseSaudi esine-150 MW — i-caliche kwi-3.5 m. Iipadi ezintandathu apho zifundeka ngaphezulu kwe-4.7 Ω nasemva kokwandiswa kwentonga. Tshintshela kwi-delta-pattern doubled electrodes kunye nee-column graphite ground modules.
- Umhlaba weLateriteitshintsha ukusuka kumakhulu ambalwa e-Ω·cm ngexesha lemvula ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-5,000 Ω·cm ngexesha lemvula. Intonga eqhelekileyo edlulayo ngoJuni inokungasebenzi kwifestile ye-touch-voltage ngoFebruwari. I-backfill yentonga yekhemikhali igcina umswakama ngexesha lemvula.
Ingxoxo endifuna ukuyigxininisa kweli nqaku yenzeka ngo-Agasti 2020, xa i-EPC eseMadrid yathumela uphando olwajika lwaba yiprojekthi ye-150 MW ye-Saudi PV idatha yentsimi yeli nqaku ivela kuyo. I-imeyile yophando ibuziwe malungaiintonga zomhlaba zekhemikhalikwindawo ye-PV yobungakanani bokusetyenziswa apho uphando lokumelana nomhlaba lubuye khona kwi-1,500 ukuya kwi-2,200 Ω·cm band. Ingxelo ye-geotech yayicacile, i-EPC yayinobuchule, kwaye indawo yayikwibhanti ye-caliche eyayibonwe yinjineli ekhokelayo kwiprojekthi encinci eChile ngo-2018 apho uluhlu lwezinto ezifakwe amanzi lwaludlule umda we-touch-voltage kunyaka wesithathu kuba utyelelo lokunkcenkceshela olucwangcisiweyo kabini lwashiywa ngexesha lemiqathango yokuhamba nge-COVID. Wayengafuni ukuphinda loo nto. Inqaku olifundayo lingxoxo yobunjineli eyaphuma kuloo imeyile - isakhelo sohlobo lomhlaba i-EPC ekugqibeleni yasibhala kuxwebhu lokuthenga, kunye nedatha yentsimi evela kwisityalo esilivelisileyo.
Esi sikhokelo senzelwe amaqela okuthenga afumana umbuzo ofanayo: abanini beeprojekthi ze-ME, Africa kunye ne-SEA abanengxelo ye-geotech ekwidesika, iqela labo loyilo licela i-electrode yamakhemikhali endaweni yentonga eqhutywayo, kwaye uxwebhu lwabo lokuthenga kufuneka lubhalwe kwiiveki ezimbini ezizayo. Iintlobo ezintathu zomhlaba ezingezantsi - isanti, ilitye kunye ne-laterite - zezona zibonakala rhoqo kwezo ngxelo, kwaye iindlela zokungaphumeleli zichanekile kwinye nganye. Okungatshintshiyo kuzo zontathu yimpendulo ecaleni lokuthenga.
1. Umhlaba oNtlanzi — Ukusilela koNxibelelwano emoyeni
Intlabathi eyomileyo yeyona ichasene kakhulu neendlela ezintathu zokungaphumeleli. Ephepheni ibonakala ngathi yindawo yokufunxa umhlaba ecocekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo: ikhululekile, ikhupha amanzi kakuhle, kwaye kulula ukuyifunxa. Nangona kunjalo, ukufunda kweWenner okuneephini ezine, kubalisa ibali elahlukileyo. Intlabathi eyomileyo yasentlango kubunzulu obuyi-1 m idla ngokufunda phakathi kwe-3,000 kunye ne-10,000 Ω·cm; intlabathi yenduli kubunzulu obuyi-1.5 m ingafunda ngaphezulu kwe-20,000 Ω·cm kwimeko embi kakhulu. Isizathu yi-ionic, ayisiyo ye-mechanical: intlabathi eyomileyo ayinawo phantse umxholo wodongwe kwaye phantse ayinawo umxholo weeminerali onyibilikisiweyo wokuqhuba umsinga kude nomphezulu wentonga.
Okutshintsha ubalo kukufuma kumphezulu wentonga. A intonga yomhlaba yekhemikhaliyi-core egqunywe yi-copper ngaphakathi kwi-annulus eyi-100 mm ene-auged, apho i-annulus izaliswe yi-hygroscopic backfill compound (ehlala ixutywe ne-magnesium sulfate). Le compound ifunxa umswakama osemhlabeni nakumswakama wexesha elithile, iyibambe kumphezulu wentonga, kwaye ikhuphe kancinci umxholo we-ionic kumthamo womhlaba okhawulezileyo. Isiphumo kukuba ujongano lwentonga nomhlaba luziphatha njengomhlaba onokuba yi-200 Ω·cm nokuba umhlaba omkhulu ojikelezileyo ubala i-8,000 Ω·cm. I-NEMA GR-1 rod geometry ayitshintshanga; yintoni etshintshayo kukuqhagamshelana komhlaba.
Kwimpahla yethu eya kuMbindi Mpuma phakathi kowama-2020 nowama-2025, ukumelana kwephedi ephakathi kokufakelwa kweentonga zekhemikhali-umhlaba kwibhendi yesanti ye-2,000 ukuya kwi-8,000 Ω·cm kwafika kwi-3.6 Ω ngokuchasene noyilo olujoliswe kwi-5 Ω, ngaphandle komjikelo wokunkcenkceshela. Ukufakelwa kweentonga eziqhutywayo kuphela kwiindawo ezikufutshane kwibhendi efanayo kufundeka phakathi kwe-18 kunye ne-42 Ω xa kuqaliswa ukusebenza, kwaye kwaphinda kwavuselelwa kunyaka wokuqala. Intonga yayinobubanzi obufanayo. Umahluko yayikukuzaliswa kwakhona.
2. Umhlaba oMatye — iBottleneck yeCaliche-Layer
Indawo yaseSaudi evelise idatha yentsimi kweli nqaku yayinomgangatho we-caliche kwi-3.5 m kwikona ye-southeast array. I-spec yokuqala yayifuna ii-2.4 m driven rods — ezazisebenza kwi-94% ye-array. I-6% eseleyo yayihleli kwi-caliche nzulu kakhulu ukuba ingadlula kwaye inamandla kakhulu ukuba ingahoywa. Ii-pads ezintandathu kuloo kona zazifundeka ngaphezulu kwe-4.7 Ω xa zisebenza nokuba i-rod yolulelwe kwi-3.0 m. Senze izinto ezimbini: sitshintshele kwi-delta-pattern doubled electrodes (ii-2.4 m rods kunxantathu ojikeleze i-pad nganye) kwaye songezaiimodyuli zomhlaba zekholamu yegrafitikwii-MV transformer pads ngaxeshanye. Uvavanyo oluphindwe kabini lonyaka wesihlanu lubuye kwi-4.7 Ω eyona imbi kakhulu — ngaphakathi komda woyilo — kuba iimodyuli zandisa umphezulu we-equipotential ecaleni apho indlela ethe nkqo yayivaliwe.
Iindawo ezinamatye zahlulwe kwiindidi ezimbini ezisebenzayo kwiqela lokuthenga. Elokuqala lilitye eliqhekekileyo elinezikhewu ezizaliswe ngumhlaba - elinokuguquguquka, kodwa intonga idibana kuphela nenxalenye yomhlaba, kungekhona i-matrix yelitye. Eyesibini lilitye elingaphakathi okanye i-caliche (umhlaba oqinisiweyo nge-calcium carbonate) kubunzulu be-electrode obucwangcisiweyo okanye kufutshane, apho ukuqhuba kuba nzima okanye kungabi naqoqosho. UMbindi Mpuma kunye nentshona ye-US zibona uninzi lodidi lwesibini; iindawo ezinkulu zaseSaudi Arabia, eQatar nase-UAE zinomgangatho we-caliche phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-4 m, kwayeUlwazi Lomhlaba Wehlabathi le-ISRICikhathalogu ibeka iprofayili efanayo kwiSahel nakwiPhondo laseAfrika kwiindawo ezomileyo ngexesha lonyaka.
Ukuze ufumane umbuzo onzulu kwicala lokuthengwa kwempahla kwiindawo ezinamatye,Isikhungo sedatha yokuhlelwa komhlaba se-FAOivumela iqela lokuthenga ukuba litsale imephu yomhlaba wengingqi ngaphambi kokuba ikhontraktha ye-geotech iqalise ukusebenzisana - indawo engabizi kakhulu yokufunda ukuba indawo ikwi-caliche okanye i-weared-granite substrate.Uxwebhu lwesalathiso se-FAO World Soilsyireferensi yasentsimini yamagama eeklasi zomhlaba aphela kwi-BES (Bid Evaluation Sheet).
3. Umhlaba weLaterite — Ingxaki yokuJika kweXesha
I-Laterite luhlobo lomhlaba apho intonga eqhutywayo eqhelekileyo idlula khona iqalisa ukusebenza ize ingasebenzi kakuhle kwi-touch-voltage window ngexesha lonyaka owomileyo. I-Laterite ngumhlaba oseleyo otyebileyo ngentsimbi ne-aluminium oxhaphakileyo kwi-tropical Africa (eNigeria, eGhana, eKenya, eMozambique), eMzantsi Asia (uninzi lwe-peninsular India, eSri Lanka, kwiindawo zaseBangladesh) nakwiindawo zaseMzantsi Melika (kumntla-mpuma weBrazil, eGuyana). Iprofayili yomhlaba ifunxwe kakuhle kwaye inomxholo ophezulu we-iron oxide, nto leyo ewunika umbala obomvu-mdaka ocacileyo.
Ingxaki yombane kukutshintshatshintsha kwexesha lonyaka. Uphando olupapashwe kwi-West African laterite ludla ngokuxela ukuba i-resistivity yexesha lonyaka ikwi-200 ukuya kwi-800 Ω·cm — esebenza kakuhle kwi-standard driven rod — kunye ne-dry-season resistivity engaphezulu kwe-5,000 Ω·cm — ngaphandle kwe-workable range ye-touch rod efanayo. I-driven rod ayitshintshi; umhlaba oyijikelezileyo uyatshintsha. Umjikelo wokunkcenkceshela weenyanga ezi-6 unokubuyisela uzinzo kwi-dry-season, kodwa ingxaki efanayo yokunkcenkceshela iyavela kwakhona: iqela lokunkcenkceshela elingafiki ngexesha elifanelekileyo lishiya i-pad ngaphakathi kwe-touch-voltage window band yokusilela ixesha lonke lonyaka owomileyo.
Ngokukodwa kwiindawo ze-SEA laterite, ingqiqo efanayo yexesha lonyaka iyasebenza ngexesha lonyaka elahlukileyo kancinci: ixesha lonyaka elomileyo e-Indonesia nasePhilippines lifutshane kodwa linamandla ngakumbi kunexesha lonyaka elomileyo laseNtshona Afrika, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukujiya kokumelana kucinezelwa kwifestile eqinileyo. Imodeli yokusebenza yentonga yamakhemikhali-yomhlaba-ukugcwalisa umswakama, akukho mjikelo wokunkcenkceshela-usebenza kuzo zombini iimeko.
4. Oko Kuthethwa Luxwebhu Lokuthenga
Kuzo zonke iintlobo ezintathu zomhlaba ezingasentla, isigqibo sobunjineli siyafana: intonga eqhutywayo esemgangathweni ayisiyomveliso ifanelekileyo. Uxwebhu lokuthenga kufuneka luchaze ukuba yintoni na.
| Uhlobo lomhlaba | Intonga eqhutywayo eqhelekileyo yodwa | Oko kufunekayo kwi-spec |
|---|---|---|
| I-Sandy, 3,000 ukuya kwi-10,000 Ω·cm | Ayisebenzi kakuhle (18-42 Ω kwiindawo ezikufutshane) | Intonga yomhlaba yekhemikhalikunye ne-hygroscopic backfill nganyeI-IEC 62561-7; ithagethi yephedi engaphantsi kwe-5 Ω; ingxelo yovavanyo lohlobo lwe-backfill iqhotyoshelwe. |
| Ilitye, i-caliche kwi-2-3 m | Ayikwazi ukufikelela kubunzulu (4.7 Ω eyona imbi kakhulu kwikona yaseSaudi SW) | Nokuba yi-delta-pattern ephindwe kabini ii-electrodes, ezithe tyeiimodyuli zomhlaba, okanye indibaniselwano yekhemikhali-intonga yomhlaba + imodyuli yomhlaba;IEEE 837isixhumi; ubunzulu be-caliche bubhalwe kwisakhiwo esakhiweyo. |
| I-Laterite, 200-5,000 Ω·cm ukujika kwexesha elithile | Iyadlula imanzi, yome | Intonga yomhlaba yekhemikhali (okanyeintonga yomhlaba ye-ion ye-electrolytickwiipads zeMV kunye nee-ESE terminations) ezine-hygroscopic backfill chemistry efanayo; isicwangciso se-O&M ngaphandle komjikelo wokunkcenkceshela. |
Ulawulo oluthathu olusecaleni lokuthengwa kwempahla lwenza umahluko phakathi kwe-spec esombulula ingxaki kunye ne-spec edala ingxaki.
- Ingxelo yovavanyo lohlobo iqhotyoshelwe kwi-PO.Intonga yomhlaba yekhemikhali ayisiyonto nje yetyhubhu yobhedu - yikhemikhali engaphakathi kuyo. Umthengisi kufuneka athumele ingxelo yovavanyo lweentlobo ezine: i-resistivity reduction factor kwi-reference moisture, i-long-term impact istability kwi-60 °C / 30 days, i-moisture retention kwi-90-days dry-down, kunye ne-ESIA-stage environment compliance. Silahlekelwe yi-batch ka-2019 kwi-sodium-chloride blend (i-chloride ihlasela i-copper-clad cores ngaphakathi kwi-sheath), kwaye i-batch yethu yomthengisi ka-2022 ayiphumelelanga kuvavanyo lwe-ionic-stability kwi-65% retention - ngaphantsi komda wethu wangaphakathi we-80% - yiyo loo nto sifanelekile kumgca we-compounding wangaphakathi. Umthengisi ongenakuthumela loo ngxelo ngumthengisi oza kufika ekupheleni konyaka wesibini nge-imeyile ethi "sine-compound entsha ephuculweyo".
- Isixhumi esiqhelekileyo sitshixiwe kwi-IEEE 837.Iiclamps zoomatshini ziyasilela kuvavanyo lwe-impulse-current kuI-IEC 62561-1kwaye akufuneki isetyenziswe kwiprojekthi yesikali sezixhobo. Umgangatho wesixhumi yinxalenye ye-spec ekhusela impahla kuyo yonke iminyaka engama-25 yoyilo.
- Ijiyometri yentonga nganyeI-NEMA GR-1.Ububanzi buyi-17.2 mm ukuya kwi-25.4 mm, ubukhulu be-copper-cladding ≥ 254 µm. Ubukhulu be-cladding bubaluleke kakhulu kwimithwalo ye-impulse-current (ii-ESE terminations, ii-MV pads) — i-cladding encinci iyasilela kuqala.
5. Ukuvala — Oko Uhlangothi Lokuthenga Lufanele Lukubuze Kuqala
Isityalo saseSaudi esine-150 MW esivule eli nqaku sibuye kwi-3.1 Ω avhareji yokumelana nephedi ngokuchasene nethagethi yoyilo lwe-5 Ω kuvavanyo lonyaka wesibini, kunye nephedi embi kakhulu kwi-4.7 Ω kwikona esezantsi-ntshona apho i-caliche iyeke ukuqhuba ngokuthe nkqo. Akukho nanye kwezo nombolo eyayikho njengengxoxo yokuthengwa xa iMadrid EPC yathumela i-imeyile yophando ka-Agasti 2020 - ziziphumo zokubhala ikhemistri ye-backfill, umgangatho wokudibanisa, i-geometry yentonga kunye nokulandelelana kwethagethi yomhlaba kuxwebhu olufanayo, kwaye emva koko wavumela iqela lokufaka ukuba lenze umsebenzi.
Ukuba ungumnini weprojekthi kuMbindi Mpuma, eAfrika okanye eMzantsi-mpuma Asia kwaye uxwebhu lokuthenga luvuliwe, umbuzo ogqiba ukuba iprojekthi ihlala ngaphakathi kwifestile yayo yoyilo kwiminyaka engama-25 ezayo asingowokuba “ndithenga yiphi intonga” — ngulowo uthi “yintoni ukumelana nomhlaba kubunzulu be-electrode obucwangcisiweyo, kwaye zeziphi iindlela ezintathu zokungaphumeleli ezingentla ezisebenzayo.” Fumana impendulo yomhlaba kuqala; impendulo yemveliso iyalandela. Umbuzo wokuthenga ke ngoko ngowokuba ngowuphi kwiintsapho ezimbini zemveliso —intonga yomhlaba yekhemikhali or imodyuli yomhlaba yegrafayithi yekholamu(okanye zombini, kwiindawo ezinzima) — ihambelana nomda womhlaba kunye nomda wobunzulu. Iphepha elipheleleyo leqela apha/i-electrode-yokumisa-ikhemikhali/ineendlela zokukhetha ijiyometri, kwayeAbavelisi be-5 abaphezulu be-Electrolytic Ion Ground Rod ngo-2025ibhlog inoluhlu olufutshane lwababoneleli.
Kwipakethi yesampulu kunye nengxelo yovavanyo lweentlobo ezine zepropathi kwiprojekthi ethile, eyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yiiphepha lokunxibelelana nathiIisampuli zokuthunyelwa kweeprojekthi ze-ME, Africa kunye ne-SEA zihlala ziphuma kumzi-mveliso kwiveki enye, kwaye iimpendulo zobugcisa zingaphakathi kosuku olunye lokusebenza.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-05-2026