Ikota edlule ngihlale ngikhuluma ngokubuyekezwa komklamo wesakhiwo sokuhlala esinezitezi ezingu-28 — hhayi njengombukeli, kodwa njengomhlinzeki omkhiqizo wakhe wawuzobhalwa encazelweni. Umeluleki we-MEP waphendukela ephepheni lokuvikela umbani, wabheka inothi lesikhumulo somoya, wabuza igumbi umbuzo owodwa:"Ingabe le ntonga yenza umsebenzi esiwubalile ngempela, noma ingabe imane nje iwuphawu olusemdwebweni?"Akekho ophendule imizuzwana eyishumi. Ngibukele ukuthula okufanayo kuphrojekthi ngayinye, futhi yingakho ngibhale lo mhlahlandlela.
Nansi iqiniso lezentengiselwano engilibonayo ngasohlangothini lwefektri:Uma uhlobo lwesikhumulo sezindiza lufika kulokho okucacisiwe, ingxoxo yomkhiqizo waleso sakhiwo isuke isiphelile.Usonkontileka uthenga lokho okushiwo umdwebo, inani lilandela uhlelo lophahla, futhi unjiniyela wokubuyekeza uhlola ukuhambisana nezindinganiso umeluleki azishoyo. Ngakho-ke izinqumo ezenziwa edeskini lokudweba — izinga lokuvikela, indlela yokuvikela, izinto zokugcina kanye nokuphakama kokukhweza — yizinqumo ezibalulekile. Konke okulandelayo kuwukuthenga.
Ngichithe iminyaka eyi-12 ngihlinzeka ngezindawo zomoya kumaphrojekthi amade, futhi abeluleki abathola imvume ehlanzekile bonke bahlela isinqumo ngendlela efanayo. Ngisifinyezile leso sakhiwo saba yizigaba ezine.
Lungisa izinga lokuvikela ngaphambi kokuthi uthinte ikhasi lomkhiqizo
Amazinga okuvikela e-IEC 62305 I-I-IV abeka irediyasi ye-rolling-sphere — amamitha angu-20, 30, 45 kanye no-60 ngokulandelana — futhi konke ukubalwa okungezansi kuzuza lelo nani. Izibhedlela kanye nemibhoshongo equkethe idatha ngokuvamile ifika kuZinga I noma II; indawo yokuhlala ephakeme ejwayelekile ivame ukuba ku-III noma ku-IV. Uma izinga lingalungile, asikho isiteshi somoya emhlabeni esisindisa umklamo.
Khetha indlela yokuvikela ngamabomu, hhayi ngomkhuba
Indlela yokuvikela engama-degree angu-65 (i-radius ≈ 2.14×h) iyindlela elula esebenza ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphansi. Ngaphezulu kwamamitha angaba ngu-60, ngicindezela wonke umeluleki endleleni ye-rolling-sphere, ngoba indlela ye-angle idlula buthule ukumbozwa njengoba ukuphakama kukhula. Ukuxuba izindlela kumdwebo owodwa kuyimpendulo eyodwa evamile yokubuyekezwa engiyibonayo.
Cacisa i-terminal ngezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nomsebenzi, hhayi ngokuthi “induku yombani, 1 cha.”
Umugqa wesikhumulo somoya ocacisiwe uphethe izinto (99% ithusi elimsulwa noma insimbi embozwe ngethusi), ububanzi (12–15 mm), ubude (0.5/0.75 m noma iphrojekthi ethile), isilinganiso somoya (ngaphezu kwama-50 m/s kwezakhiwo ezinde) kanye nemininingwane yokufaka. Inothi "lenduku yombani" yomugqa owodwa linikeza isinqumo kumthengi ophansi kakhulu.
Bhala umngcele wesistimu: i-terminal, i-down-conductor, umhlaba
Isikhungo somoya siyavimba kuphela. Umdwebo kumele uwuxhume kuma-down-conductor kanye nokuqedwa komhlaba okungu-10 ohms noma ngaphezulu, kanye nezingxenye ezihlolwe uhlobo lwe-IEC 62561. Isikhungo somoya esihle endleleni ephukile siyinothi lomthwalo wemfanelo, hhayi uhlelo lokuvikela.
Kungani Isiteji Sokudweba Sinquma Ukuthengwa Kwesakhiwo Sonke?
Ngifuna ukusho ngokungagwegwesi ngalokhu, ngoba kungithathe iminyaka eminingi ngibheka uhlangothi lokunikezwa ukuze ngikubone kahle. Ngesikhathi ithenda ifika ebhokisini lami lokungenayo, izinqumo ezithakazelisayo sezivele zenziwe. Ibhili lamanani lithi “induku yomoya wethusi, 14 mm, 0.75 m” ngoba umeluleki wabhala lowo mugqa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule.NgobaUma imininingwane ingashintshashintshi kusukela ekuthuthukisweni komklamo kuya kumadokhumenti ethenda kumaphrojekthi amaningi, inothi lomeluleki liqoka ngempumelelo isigaba somkhiqizo sazo zonke izitezi zesakhiwo.
Yingakho futhi ngichitha isikhathi ngiphendula imibuzo yabeluleki mahhala. Lapho isikhungo sokuklama singibuza ukuthi ingabe i-engeli engama-degree angu-65 ingavikelwa yini embhoshongweni wamamitha angu-90, angigcini nje ngokuba usizo - ngisiza ekubhaleni umugqa ozothengwa izikhathi ezingamashumi amane, ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, ezingamakhulu amabili. Uma ungumeluleki ofunda lokhu, amandla afanayo asezandleni zakho, futhi akukubizi ngalutho ngaphandle kokuthola izigaba ezine kahle.
Iketanga lisebenza kanje: izinga lokuvikela lichaza i-geometry; i-geometry ichaza ukuthi zingaki iziphetho nokuthi zinde kangakanani; izinto zokwakha kanye nemininingwane yokuzifaka kuchaza ukuthi yini e-oda.NgobaIsinyathelo ngasinye siphindaphinda leso esingaphambi kwaso, isigatshana sokuqala esingenamsebenzi asinakulungiswa ngamagama aqaphile kamuva - iphutha lihlangana kuzo zonke iziphetho ophahleni.
I-Rolling Sphere noma i-Angle engama-65-Degree: Yimuphi Indlela Ofanele Umdwebo Ophakeme?
Ikhathalogi yethu ichaza i-engeli yokuvikela ngokucacile — ama-degree angu-65, enerediyasi yokuvikela ehambisanayo ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-2.14 kunokuphakama kwenduku. Leso sibalo siyi-physics efanelekile yendlela ye-engeli yokuvikela, futhi ebhulokini elinezitezi ezinhlanu anginankinga naso. Kodwa ngeluleka abeluleki ukuthi bangasithumeli emsebenzini wezakhiwo eziphakeme, futhi nansi indlela yami yokucabanga.
Indlela ye-engeli icabanga ukuthi indawo evikelwe ikhula ngokuqondile ngokuphakama. Indlela ye-rolling-sphere — isisekelo seI-IEC 62305-1— akwenzi: indilinga engamamitha angu-20, 30, 45 noma 60 igoqwa phezu kwesakhiwo, futhi konke indilinga engenakukuthinta kuvikelwe.NgobaUkufinyelela kwendilinga kuyathamba njengoba induku iphakama uma kuqhathaniswa nendilinga yesiyingi, ukuphinda kabili ukuphakama kwensinga cishe kuphinda kabili i-radius yayo evikelwe. Umeluleki olinganisa umthetho wamahora angu-2.14 ukhuphukela phezulu kwendilinga engamamitha ayi-100 udonsa isivikelo esingasekelwa yi-geometry.
| Indlela | I-geometry ebusayo | Ukulingana okungcono kakhulu | Isinqumo esiphezulu |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-engeli evikelayo (65°) | Irediyasi ≈ 2.14 × ukuphakama kwenduku | Uphahla oluphansi, olulula, izandiso ezincane | Sebenzisa ngokucophelela; ukumbozwa kungaphezu kuka-60 m |
| Imbulunga egoqekayo | I-Sphere r = 20/30/45/60 m ngokwezinga lokuvikela | Noma yisiphi isakhiwo, noma yikuphi ukuphakama; ukubuyekezwa komklamo okuzenzakalelayo | Indlela eyinhloko enconyiwe |
| Indlela ye-Mesh | Usayizi we-mesh 5×5 m kuya ku-20×20 m ngokwezinga | Amapulangwe ophahla oluyisicaba, omqhubi be-parapet | Hlanganisa nezinduku emakhoneni nasezindaweni zezitshalo |
Emibhoshongweni yangempela angivamile ukubona indlela eyodwa kuphela. Iphethini ephumelelayo kumaphrojekthi esiwahlinzekayo umqhubi we-mesh ozungeze uthango, iziteshi zomoya emakhoneni kanye nesitshalo esiphezulu, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-rolling-sphere kokuhlelwa konke — indlela ehlanganisiwe kanye.I-IEC 62305-3ichaza uhlelo lokuvikela olungokwenyama.
Umkhuba owodwa engiwuncoma kuzo zonke izikhungo zokuklama engisebenza nazo: ukugcina isitatimende sendlela yekhasi elilodwa eceleni komdwebo oqopha izinga lokuvikela, indlela yokubeka ekhethiwe kanye nerediyasi yesikwele esetshenzisiwe. Lapho iphrojekthi idlula kubunjiniyela benani - futhi izosebenza - lelo khasi yilokho okuvimba umhloli wenani onenhloso enhle ekushintsheni ikilasi lesiphelo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa kabusha i-geometry. Ngibone ukushintsha okukodwa okungabhaliwe kunciphisa ukumbozwa kophahla ngesigamu, okutholakale kuphela ekuhlolweni kokudluliselwa, futhi izindleko zokulungisa kabusha zadlula konke okulondolozwe ukushintshana. Imizuzu eyishumi lelo khasi eliyithatha edeskini lokudweba iyisiqinisekiso esishibhile kunazo zonke kulo lonke iphakheji lokuvikela umbani.
Yini Okufanele Ishiwo Umugqa Wemininingwane Yesiphetho Somoya Ngempela?
Uma ngibuyekeza amadokhumenti ethenda, ingxenye ebuthakathaka kakhulu ivame ukuba umugqa wesikhumulo sezindiza uqobo. “Induku yombani, ephelele, indawo eyodwa” ayitsheli muntu obhidayo lutho futhi ivikela umnikazi entweni engelutho. Umugqa osinda kokubili ubunjiniyela benani kanye nokubuyekezwa komklamo uqukethe izinkambu eziyisithupha, futhi ngibukele ababuyekezi behlola ngayinye:
| Insimu | Isibonelo sokufakwayo | Kungani umbuyekezi ekhathalela |
|---|---|---|
| Izinto | Ithusi elihlanzekile elingu-99%, noma insimbi embozwe ngethusi lapho ukwebiwa noma isabelomali kulawula khona | Impilo yokugqwala kanye nokuhambisana kwe-galvanic nohlelo lophahla |
| Ububanzi | 12 / 13 / 13.5 / 14 / 15 mm | Ukuqina kwemishini kanye nesigaba esithwala umsinga |
| Ubude | 0.5 m / 0.75 m, noma okuqondene nephrojekthi ethile | Isetha ukuphakama kwethiphu okucatshangelwe ukubalwa kwesikhala |
| Isisekelo sokuvikela | I-rolling sphere, Izinga III (r = 45 m) | Ikhiya i-geometry kuzo zonke izindawo zokugcina ezihlolwe ngokumelene nazo |
| Isilinganiso somoya | Isivinini somoya esingamelana naso ngaphezu kwama-50 m/s | Uphahla olude lubona umoya wangempela; i-terminal egobile ishukumisa isiqongo buthule |
| Indinganiso yengxenye | Kuhlolwe uhlobo ku-I-IEC 62561-2 | Kufakazela ukuthi i-terminal iyasinda ekushayweni kwayo okuklanyelwe ukuyivimba |
Qaphela ukuthi yini engekho kulelo thebula: igama lomkhiqizo. Ngikusho lokhu njengomkhiqizi — ukusebenza kahle kwamagama acacisiwe futhi ngivumela imikhiqizo ukuthi incintisane ngobufakazi.Ngobaumugqa we-spec uchaza izitifiketi zokuhlola, isimemezelo sezinto kanye nesilinganiso somoya okumele sikhiqizwe ngumbhidi ophumelelayo, uhlunga abahlinzeki ngokuthembeka kunanoma yiluphi uhlu olufushane. Uma ufuna yethuinduku yesiphelo somoya wethusiAmashidi edatha njengereferensi yokufometha yethempulethi yakho ye-spec, ngiwathumela kubacebisi uma ngiwacela.
Ithusi Elihlanzekile, Insimbi Embozwe Ngethusi noma Inaliti Eyodwa: Izinto Zihambisana Kanjani Nezigaba Zephrojekthi?
Izinto ezibonakalayo yilapho ngibona khona abeluleki becacisa ngokweqile futhi bechaza kancane ngokulinganayo, ngakho ake ngikunike imephu engiyisebenzisayo lapho isikhungo sokuklama singibuza ngqo.
Ithusi elimsulwa elingu-99%— yethuinduku yethusi emsulwa enenaliti eyodwayiyona ndlela yokubhekisela — ithola indawo yayo emibhoshongweni ehloniphekile, kumaphrojekthi asogwini nanoma yikuphi lapho umeluleki efuna khona indaba yokugqwala yeminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 enegama elincane lokulungisa. Kubiza kakhulu, futhi esakhiweni esiphawulekayo uphahla luyindawo yokugcina yokonga.Insimbi embozwe ngethusi— njengendinganiso yethuinduku yombani yethusi— ikunikeza ukuziphatha kobuso bethusi phezu kwensimbi emelene nokugoba kanye nokwebiwa okungahleliwe, futhi kuyindlela ethembekile yokuzenzela izindlu eziphakeme. Engikugcizelelayo yiziphetho "ezinombala wethusi" ezingaphawuliwe kumaphrojekthi acacisiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo: uma umdwebo ungasho ukuthi induku yenziwe ngani, indawo izothola noma yini eyayishibhile ngaleyo nyanga.
Esinye isici sezakhiwo ezinde: ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisondela kumamitha angu-200 — umkhawulo ophezulu wezintambo zethu ezilinganiselwe wona — ngiphatha ukulungiswa kwemishini kanye nokuziphatha komoya njengezinto ezichazwe kahle kakhulu, hhayi izesekeli. I-terminal egoba ku-40 m/s ishintshe i-geometry ebalweni lakho le-rolling-sphere elicatshangelwe, futhi akekho ophinda asebenzise izinombolo ngemva kwesiphepho.
Izikhumulo zomoya zethusi ezinde ezinezisekelo zesihlalo. Ophahleni oluphakeme imininingwane yokulungisa kanye nesilinganiso somoya kufanele ibe sesigabeni esifanayo nenduku uqobo.Yini Umhloli Azoyihlola Ngempela Ekuvunyelweni Komklamo?
Ukubuyekezwa kokugunyazwa kuyahlukahluka ngokwemakethe, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka eyi-12 yokusekela okuthunyelwe ngingakwazi ukubikezela imibuzo emine ngokuzethemba. Okokuqala:yiliphi izinga lokuvikelwa, futhi kuphi ukuhlolwa kwengozi okulithethelelayo?Okwesibili:iyiphi indlela yokubeka, futhi ingabe umdwebo ubonisa ukwakhiwa kwembulunga noma i-engeli?Okwesithathu:ingabe izingxenye zihlolwe uhlobo— isethi yesitifiketi se-IEC 62561 —noma kuchazwe nje?Okwesine:Ingabe uchungechunge lokuqeda lufinyelela emhlabeni ovumelanayo?Ngokwezincazelo ezithonywe yiNyakatho Melika, imibuzo emine efanayo ifika igqokeI-NFPA 780isilulumagama esikhundleni sesilulumagama se-IEC; ubunjiniyela buyingxoxo efanayo.
Ngigcina isiphakamiso esihlala njalo sezikhungo zokuklama: ngithumelele uhlelo lophahla kanye nezinga lokuvikela, bese ngibuyisela ukwakheka kwetheminali okuphawuliwe okunezibalo zesikhala ezibonisiwe — izibalo ezifanayo kumsizi ongenhla. Sesivele sihambisa abanikazi bezindlu ngezinto eziyisisekelo esichazini sethu ku-indlela izinduku zombani ezivikela ngayo isakhiwo; inguqulo yomeluleki yaleyo ngxoxo yilesi sihloko, kusele izibalo. Ngemibhoshongo ecabangela ama-terminals okusakaza-ukusakaza-kwasekuqaleni esikhundleni sezinduku ezivamile, ukuqhathanisa kwamiIrediyasi yokuvikela ye-ESE ne-Franklin, izindleko kanye nokuthobela imithethoimboza leyo mfoloko yesinqumo, futhi lonke uhlu lusezandleni zethuisigaba senduku yombani.
Umndeni wesiteshi somoya umeluleki akhetha kuwo: izinduku zethusi ezinenaliti eyodwa, iziphetho ezinama-multi-tip kanye namakhanda e-ESE — ngasinye sineklasi yephrojekthi evikelekile.imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Ngingakwazi yini ukuxuba izindlela ze-rolling-sphere kanye ne-protection-angle kumdwebo owodwa?
Ngiyeluleka ukuthi kungabi njalo. Indlela ngayinye iyafana ngaphakathi, kodwa ukuyixuba kwenza izimangalo zokumboza zingenzeki ukuhlola lapho kubuyekezwa. Khetha i-rolling sphere njengendlela yephrojekthi, bese usebenzisa isibalo sama-degree angu-65 kuphela njengokuhlola ingqondo ezihlongozweni eziphansi.
Ingabe isikhumulo somoya eside sihlala singcono ophahleni oluphakeme?
Cha. Ophahleni, i-geometry yesiyingi isho ukuthi induku engu-0.75 m isivele imboze i-radius ewusizo; ukuphakama kuthenga ukwehla kokumbozwa futhi kwenezela umzuzu womoya kanye nomthelela obonakalayo. Ukuphakama kuthola ukubekelwa kwayo phezu kwezindawo zezitshalo nasemakhoneni, hhayi njengokuthuthukiswa kwengubo.
Kunini lapho i-high-up ivumela khona i-terminal ye-ESE esikhundleni sezinduku ezivamile?
Uma indawo yokubeka uphahla inkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lama-mast isakhiwo esingawamukela, noma lapho iklayenti lifuna ikhanda elilodwa elimboze i-podium-plus-tower massing. Ama-ESE heads abala i-radius ngefomula ye-NF C 17-102 kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuvivinyiwe; izinduku ezivamile zilula, zishibhile ngephuzu ngalinye futhi azidingi zobuchwepheshe. Zombili ziyavikeleka - ifoloko limayelana ne-geometry kanye nesifiso sokulungisa, hhayi imfashini.
Ingabe isikhungo somoya sethusi sidinga umhlaba ozinikele, noma singahlanganyela umhlabathi wesakhiwo?
Umhlaba ohlanganyelwe, ohlanganisiwe uyimpendulo efanele kokubili ku-IEC 62305 kanye ne-NFPA 780 — ukuphela komhlaba ovikela umbani kuhlangana nohlelo lwesakhiwo lwe-equipotential. “Umhlaba wombani” ohlukile, ohlukanisiwe udala umehluko ongaba khona olimaza imishini ngesikhathi sokushaya.
Yiliphi ububanzi okufanele ngibe nalo uma unjiniyela wesakhiwo engenalo inketho?
Insimbi yethusi emsulwa engu-14 mm noma embozwe ngethusi iyisincomo sami esizenzakalelayo somsebenzi ophakeme: eqinile ngokwanele ubude obukhululekile obungu-0.75 m emoyeni ophahleni, ingxenye yamandla ekhululekile, kanye nosayizi wokukhiqiza ojwayelekile kunokuba kube okhethekile. Yehla uye ku-12 mm kuphela ezinamathiselweni eziphansi ezivikelwe.
Zingaki iziphetho ezizodingwa uphahla lombhoshongo olujwayelekile?
Sebenzisa umsizi ongenhla onqenqemeni ngalunye lophahla kanye nendawo yesitshalo - ukuthi inani lokuqala lokudlula livame ukuba ngaphakathi kwamaphesenti ayishumi okuhlelwa kokugcina. Amakhona kanye nesitshalo esiphezulu cishe njalo kuthatha i-terminal kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izibalo zesikhala zivumela ini, futhi umqhubi we-mesh ugcwalisa uthango oluphakathi kwawo.
Thumela Uhlelo Lophahla. Thola Ukuhlelwa Kwesiphetho Okuphawuliwe.
Ukuphakama kwesakhiwo, uhlelo lophahla kanye nezinga lokuvikela ithagethi — yilokho kuphela engikudingayo. Zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbili zokusebenza uthola ukwakheka kwetheminali okunezibalo ze-rolling-sphere ezibonisiwe, umugqa womkhiqizo olungele ukucaciswa, kanye nezinkomba zesitifiketi sokuhlola se-IEC 62561 isibuyekezo sakho esizosicela.
Ngichithe iminyaka eyi-12 ngivikela umbani futhi ngimisa ukuhweba kwamanye amazwe, iningi lalo ngikhuluma ngocingo nabeluleki be-MEP kanye nezikhungo zokuklama ngesikhathi umugqa wesikhumulo sezindiza ubhalwa ngendlela ethile. Ideski lokudweba yilapho ukuvikelwa kombani okuhle kutholakala khona noma kulahleke, futhi yingxoxo engiyijabulela kakhulu.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-22-2026