Ina kawemai koe i te ESE lightning arrester mai i Haina, ka whakakorea, ka tū rānei te uta i runga i ngā tuhinga e iwa: he pepa whakatakotoranga me ngā tawhā kua whakamatautauria, he pūrongo whakamātautau taiwhanga e whakaingoa ana i te taiwhanga i tukuna, he tiwhikete rauemi mō te koranu o te tokotoko, he nama hokohoko e rite ana te whakaahuatanga hua ki te tuhinga a tō kaihoko tikanga, he rārangi tākai, he pire uta, he tiwhikete takenga mai, he takai rakau ISPM 15-e tutuki ana mō ngā pouaka, me - mō tō kaiinihua, ehara i te tikanga - he taunakitanga mō te kapinga nama hua me te aromatawai kounga wheketere. Ka whakarite ahau i tēnei huinga tuhinga mō ngā kaikawemai i ia marama i Xinchang Shibang, ā, i roto i tēnei aratohu ka haere ahau rārangi i ia rārangi: he aha te mahi a ia tuhinga, ko wai e tono ana, me ngā tauira rahunga e kite ana ahau i te wā i huihuia ai ngā pepa a te kaiwhakarato i muri i te meka kaua i te taha o te whakaputanga. Kotahi te rohe i mua: he aratohu pepa rohe-me-inihua tēnei, ehara i te whakamaoritanga paerewa hua. Mena ka tuhia e tō mākete ūnga te NF C 17-102 kia rite ki te kirimana, ki te kaieke inihua rānei - e mahi ana a Parani me te nuinga o ngā mākete Āwherika reo-Ingarihi - ka wetewetehia te paerewa tonu i roto i tā mātou aratohu hoa,NF C 17-102 He Whakamārama mō ngā Kawemai: Ngā Mea e Hiahiatia ana e te Ture mai i tō Kaiwhakarato Pūrere Hopu ESEMā taua tuhinga koe e whakamārama ki ngā mea e whakamanahia ana e te pūrongo whakamātautau taiwhanga; mā tēnei tuhinga koe e whakamārama ki ngā mea e hiahiatia ana e te tauranga me tō kaituku inihua.

Kāore tetahi e aro ki te whakakore i te whakaaetanga: Ko ēhea tuhinga e whakatau ana mēnā ka whakaaetia tō tuku?

Anei te pono whakamā kua akohia e au i roto i ngā tau tekau mā rua o te kaweake i ngā ārai uira: ko te utu hoko o tētahi pū ārai tukunga uira wawe (ESE) — he taunga rererangi e tuku ana i tētahi pū ārai ki runga i mua i te tokotoko Franklin kore mahi, e toro atu ana i tōna radius tiaki — koinei te mōrearea iti rawa o te tauwhitinga. Kei roto i ngā pepa mahi ngā mōrearea nui.Nā te mea he rerekē rawa ngā taunakitanga e arotakehia ana e ngā mana whakahaere tikanga me ngā kaiinihua utanga, ka taea e ngā uta te tino ture ki te kawemai engari kāore tonu e inihuatia i te taenga mai — ka taea rānei te inihua katoa engari kei te mau tonu i te tauranga nā runga i tētahi rārangi taripa kua hē te whakarōpūtanga.

E toru ngā whakautu e hiahiatia ana e te Tari Taake: he aha te mea (te whakarōpūtanga i raro i te Pūnaha Whakahāngai e puritia ana e teTe Whakahaere Tikanga o te Ao), i hea i hangaia ai (taketake mai), ā, he haumaru te whakauru i te takai (ngā ture takai rakau). He rerekē ngā whakautu e hiahia ana tō kaiinihua: i whakamatautauria te hua, nā wai, ki tēhea paerewa, ā, kei te hipokina te wheketere mēnā ka wera te whare tiakina.Nā te mea kāore tetahi o ngā taha e whakaae ana ki ngā tuhinga a tetahi hei whakakapi, ka hangaia e au ngā ara e rua mai i te nama proforma tuatahi — ā, ka tohutohu atu ahau ki ngā kawemai katoa kia tono i te mea kotahi mai i ngā kaiwhakarato Hainamana katoa, tae atu ki a mātou.

Kawemai i te Pūrere Ārai Uira ESE mai i Haina: He aha ngā mea me whakaatu e te hua ki te pepa?

I mua i te hiranga o tētahi tiwhikete, me whakaahua te hua kei muri i taua tiwhikete i roto i te reo hangarau. I runga i tā mātouTe tokotoko uira o te whare ESE(tauira BLZ-J019), e kī ana te pepa whakatakotoranga e whakaputaina ana e mātou ngā tawhā ka taea e te miihini, e te kaituku inihua rānei te uiui: he koki tiaki 65-tohu me te radius tiaki e rite ana o te 2.14h, he pikinga iahiko kei raro iho i te 5 kA, he iahiko tukunga toharite kei raro iho i te 7 kA, he ātete whenua kei raro iho i te 10 ohm, me te ātete hau kei runga ake i te 50 m/s. He 0.5 m me te 0.75 m te roa o ngā tokotoko, he whānui mai i te 12 mm ki te 15 mm, he parahi parakore, he maitai kore waikura rānei kua whakakikoruatia ki te parahi.

Ko taua whārangi te tuarā o tō kōnae hangarau. Mā tō kaitohutohu ā-rohe ēnei tau e whakarite ki te paerewa hoahoa o tō mākete — teRaupapa IEC 62305mō te nuinga o te ao,NFPA 780(putanga o nāianei 2026) mō ngā kaupapa i awehia e te US, NF C 17-102 rānei ina tuhia te hanganga ture motuhake ki te ESE ki roto i te kirimana. Kei waho o te whānuitanga o tēnei tuhinga te whakamaoritanga paerewa-ki-te-paerewa; mō te NF C 17-102 (te paerewa ESE Wīwī me tana ake tikanga whakamātautau ΔT ngaohiko-teitei), whakamahia ā mātouaratohu tutuki i ngā whakaritenga NF C 17-102ā, puritia tēnei whārangi mō te kōnae rohe.Nā te mea he āhuahanga, he hiko hoki te kereme tiaki a te taunga rererangi, ka rahua te arotake a te kaitohutohu me te kaiinihua i te pepa raraunga e kī ana "he tokotoko uira kounga teitei, e tika ana mō ngā whare katoa" - ā, ki taku wheako, ko te tikanga kāore anō kia whakamatautauria te tokotoko e te kaihoko.

Rauemi parahi SHIBANG ESE te tokotoko uira: te taunga hau parahi, tētahi o ngā kōwhiringa rauemi kua tuhia ki te pepa whakatakotoranga.

Me whiriwhiri rauemi anō hoki i runga i te pepa.tokotoko ESE rauemi parahimetokotoko ESE kowiri tiraHe rerekē ngā taiao waikura e whakamahia ana e ngā momo rerekē — ka whiua te koranu hē e ngā whakaurunga takutai me ngā āhuarangi ahumahi — ā, me whakaatu te tiwhikete rauemi i te hanganga tuturu, kaua te kupu "konganuku". Mena kāore e taea e te kaiwhakarato te kī atu ki a koe mā te tuhituhi he aha te mea i hangaia ai te tokotoko, ka oati ahau kāore tā rātou "tiwhikete" e ora i roto i te arotake tēpu a te kaiinihua.

Ngā Tuhinga Tiwhikete mō te Ārai Uira, Rārangi i te Rārangi: He aha te Mahi a ia Tangata ki te Rohe?

Ka tono mai ngā kaikawemai i ngā "tiwhikete" me te mea he tuhinga kotahi. Kāore rawa. Anei te huinga katoa i a au e kohikohi ana mā ngā kaikawemai, mā rātou e kai ia wāhanga, me te tauira rahunga e kitea pinepinetia ana e au:

Kia mōhio ki ngā mea e kore e whakaurua e tēnei ripanga: te kōnae whakaritenga paerewa-motuhake (mō ngā mākete NF C 17-102 ko te tikanga ko te pūrongo whakamātautau taiwhanga ngaohiko-tiketike me ōna uara ΔT, te whakapuakitanga whakaritenga me te pukapuka tāutanga reo Wīwī). He ariā anō tō taua kōnae me tana tikanga arotake anō, e kapi ana mātou i roto iNF C 17-102 He Whakamārama mō ngā Kawemai: Ngā Mea e Hiahiatia ana e te Ture mai i tō Kaiwhakarato Pūrere Hopu ESEE rua ngā rarangi o te ripanga rohe e tika ana kia whakanuia i konei. Tuatahi, ko te pūrongo whakamātautau: i raro i ngā whakaritenga whakamanatanga tahi i whakaritea e teTe Mahi Tahi Whakamana Taiwhanga o te Ao (ILAC), he mea nui ngā pūrongo mai i ngā taiwhanga whai mana tika puta noa i ngā rohe — nō reira ko te tuakiri o te taiwhanga te mea tuatahi ka tirohia e au i runga i tētahi pūrongo, nāku ake, nā tētahi kaiwhakataetae rānei. Tuarua, ko te takai rakau: kei roto i te ISPM 15 ngā ture maimoatanga me te tohu i raro i teTe Huihuinga Tiaki Tipu o te Ao, ā, ka pā ki te papa, kaua ki te pouaka anake.Nā te mea ka tirotirohia te rakau e ngā āpiha hauora tipu, ā, kāore e huakina ngā pouaka hua, ka taea te pupuri i tētahi ipu rakau parakore mō tētahi papa kotahi kāore he tohu — kua mātakitaki ahau i ngā kaihoko kawemai e utu ana i ngā utu rokiroki me ngā utu kaweake anō mō ​​tēnā.

Ngā Pouaka Rākau me ngā Ara Pepa: He aha te take e whakatau ai te takai i te tere o te tuku?

Ko tā mātou takai kaweake paerewa mō ngā rākau ESE he kātene rakau me te papa, ka tukuna mai i Shanghai, i Ningbo rānei. I whiriwhiria e au te pupuri i ngā takai rakau ahakoa te mahi whakatikatika taapiri, ā, he māmā noa te take: kāore e ora ngā miro pito me te turanga o te rākau ESE i te makaia ki roto i te kātene huri noa i te ipu. Ko te utu whakatikatika o taua kōwhiringa nāku te whakahaere, ehara i te mea nāu — kei ia pouaka me ia papa ka tukuna e mātou te tohu whakamahana ISPM 15, ā, ka whakaahuahia e au ngā tohu i mua i te katinga o ngā tatau o te ipu.

Raina tākai wheketere: Ngā tokotoko uira ESE i roto i ngā kātene rakau i runga i ngā papa kua tukatukahia, i tangohia te whakaahua i mua i te utaina o te ipu.

Ehara taua tikanga o te utaina i mua i te whakaahua i te whakapehapeha.Nā te mea kei runga i te rārangi tākai te kereme kino ki tētahi kaiinihua utanga me te taunakitanga o te āhua i te wā e utaina ana, ka tukuna atu e au ki ia kaikawemai he huinga whakaahua o ngā kātene, ngā tohu papa me te tau hiri o te ipu i mua i te rerenga o te kaipuke.Ina kōrero mai tētahi kaihoko kua tae mai ngā tokotoko a tā rātou kaihoko o mua me ngā pito piko, kāore he huarahi kē atu, he rite tonu te kōrero: kāore he whakaahua e utaina ana, he rārangi tākai kāore i te ōrite, me tētahi kaiinihua kāore i pai.

Te Rārangi Arowhai a te Kaiinihua me te Rārangi Arowhai a te Tari Taake: Kei hea ngā Kaihoko Kawemai e Mau Ana?

Kia pono taku kōrero mō tētahi herenga o tēnei kōrero katoa: He kaihoko whenua wheketere ahau, ehara i te kaihoko tikanga, ehara hoki i te kaihoko inihua, ā, he rerekē ngā ture i runga i te wāhi e haere atu ai mātou. Ko tāku e taea te hoatu ko te tauira e kitea ana e au puta noa i ngā mākete e tukuna atu ana e mātou. E toru ngā wāhi e mau ai ngā kawemai:

• Te āputa whakaahuatanga.E mea ana te nama "he tokotoko uira," ka tukuna e te kaihokohoko i raro i te rārangi utu ārai-hiko, ā, ka tonohia he tirotiro mō te kore e ōrite. Ka tuhia e au ngā whakaahuatanga nama me te kaihokohoko o te kawemai i mua i te whakaputanga, kaua i muri mai.
• Te mānukanuka o te tiwhikete.He "tiwhikete" kua whakaangahia me te tohu engari kāore he ingoa taiwhanga, kāore he tohutoro paerewa, kāore hoki he nama pūrongo. Ka makahia atu ēnei e ngā arotake tēpu inihua i roto i ngā hēkona; Kua kite ahau i ngā kaituku e ako ana i tēnei ina whakakahoretia he kereme.
• Te ohorere o te takenga mai.Ko ngā reiti takoha manakohanga me whai tiwhikete takenga mai ka taea e te wheketere te tautoko. Mena ka tukuna atu e te kaihoko he tuhinga takenga mai ki a koe me te kore e kimo ki ngā rahinga me ngā tuhinga whakaputa, pātai atu he aha.

Nā te mea ka whakarārangihia e ngā kaiinihua te mōrearea mai i ngā taunakitanga kaua i te ingoa pai, ko te utu iti rawa me ngā tuhinga ngoikore ka noho hei uta tino utu nui ina tāpirihia te rokiroki, te tirotiro anō me te mate kāore i inihuatia — kāore au e tāpiri i ngā tatauranga tāra ki tēnei nā te mea he rerekē rawa atu i runga i te tauranga me te kaupapa here, engari kāore te ahunga e rerekē.

Te Tirotiro i te Wheketere i Muri i ngā Tuhinga: E Ono Ngā Tohu Ka Ora Ngā Tuhinga i te Tirotirohanga

E ai ki aku wheako, he pono ngā tuhinga mena ko te wheketere kei muri i a rātou te mea pono. Ahakoa kei te whakarārangihia mātou, kei tētahi kaiwhakataetae rānei, e ono ngā tohu e whakaatu ana ko wai ngā tuhinga ka hangaia i te taha o te mahi whakaputa, ā, ko wai hoki ka hangaia i roto i te tari o muri i te wiki i mua i te tukunga:

1. Ka tukuna e te kaiwhakarato he pepa whakatakotoranga me te tau tauira, ngā rauemi me ngā tawhā kua whakamatautauria i mua i tō tono.
2. Ka whakahuatia te ingoa o te taiwhanga i tukuna e ngā pūrongo whakamātautau, ā, ka whakahuatia te paerewa whakamātautau e whakamahia ana, me te tau pūrongo ka taea e koe te whakahua.
3. E whakaatu ana ngā tiwhikete rauemi i te koranu, i te whakakikorua rānei — te parahi parakore, te parahi, te kowiri tira whakakikoruatia ki te parahi — ehara i te whakaahuatanga konganuku whānui.
4. Kua tuhia te tikanga takai rakau me te tohu ISPM 15 i mua i te tīmatanga o te mahi whakaputa.
5. Kua tuhia te whakaahuatanga o te nama arumoni kia rite ki te tuku taake a tō kaihokohoko, ā, mā te kaiwhakarato e whakatika i mua i te tānga.
6. Ka oati te wheketere ki te whakarato i te kaha tuku me te wā arataki ia marama i roto i te nama proforma — ko tā mātou he 100,000 ngā wahi ia marama, mā te tuhituhi — kaua ki te oati ā-waha.

Te tokotoko uira ESE kowiri tira: kua whakahuatia te hanganga o ngā rauemi i runga i te tiwhikete, kāore i waiho hei whakaahuatanga konganuku whānui.

Ka whakautua e te wheketere tūturu ngā pātai e ono i roto i te īmēra kotahi — ka whakautua e au mai i ā mātou ake tuhinga whakaputa, nā te mea kua tīariari kē. Ka tukuna atu ō pātai e te kamupene hokohoko, ā, ka hoki mai i muri i ētahi rā me ngā tuhinga e āhua hou ana, he take anō hoki.

Mai i te Proforma ki te Tauranga: Me pēhea te whakahaere i te rārangi wā tuhinga mō ngā Kawemai Hou?

Mō te kawemai tuatahi, ka whakahaerehia e au he raupapa pumau. I mua i te tāpui: he pepa whakatakotoranga, he tiwhikete rauemi me te whakaahuatanga tauira nama hei arotake mā tō kaihokohoko. I te wā whakaputa: ka tatauhia ngā whakaahua tākai me te kātene i a rātou e mahi ana. I mua i te rerenga o te kaipuke: he nama arumoni whakamutunga, he rārangi tākai, he tohutohu pire uta, he tono tiwhikete takenga mai, me te huinga whakaahua uta ipu tae atu ki te tau hiri me ngā māka ISPM 15. I muri i te rerenga: ka whakatakotoria te matawai katoa mā te īmēra kia tukuna wawetia e tō kaihokohoko i te wā e noho tonu ana te kaipuke i runga i te wai.

He pono te whakatau. Mēnā kei raro iho i te iwa ngā mea, me kōrero koe ki tō kaiwhakarato inaianei, engari ko te whakatika he īmēra tonu, kaua ko te nama nama. Mō ngā pānui e pā ana ki te tiaki i tētahi hanganga ina tāutahia ēnei rākau, tirohia tā mātou aratohu mōme pēhea te tiaki a ngā rakau uira i tō whare.