Idatha yasensimini evela esitshalweni se-PV saseSaudi esingu-150 MW (ama-electrode amakhemikhali angu-4,200, ukumelana okumaphakathi kwama-3.1 Ω) kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-ME/Africa/SEA: kungani izinduku eziqhutshwayo ezijwayelekile zihluleka enhlabathini enesihlabathi, enamatshe kanye ne-laterite - nokuthi idokhumenti yokuthenga ithini esikhundleni salokho.
TL;DR — Izinhlobo ezintathu zenhlabathi, izindlela ezintathu zokwehluleka, impendulo eyodwa ohlangothini lokuthenga
- Inhlabathi enesihlabathingokuvamile ifunda ama-Ω·cm angu-3,000 kuya ku-10,000 uma yomile. Ekuthunyelweni kwethu kwe-ME ngo-2020-2025, izindawo eziqhutshwa yizinduku kuphela kule band zifunde ama-Ω angu-18-42 ngesikhathi sokusebenza futhi zaphinde zafakwa i-augere phakathi nonyaka wokuqala; izindawo eziseduze ze-chemical-earth-rod eband efanayo zifunde isilinganiso sama-Ω angu-3.6.
- Inhlabathi enamadwalange-caliche noma ungqimba lwe-granite olugugile kumamitha angu-2-3, ukujula kuyeka ekhoneni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesiza saseSaudi esingu-150 MW — i-caliche kumamitha angu-3.5. Ama-pad ayisithupha lapho afundeka ngaphezu kuka-4.7 Ω ngisho nangemva kokunwetshwa kwenduku. Shintshela kuma-electrode aphindwe kabili ephethini le-delta kanye namamojula omhlaba we-graphite.
- Inhlabathi ye-Lateriteishintshashintsha isuka ku-Ω·cm engamakhulu ambalwa ngesikhathi semvula iye ngaphezu kuka-5,000 Ω·cm ngesikhathi sesomiso. Induku ejwayelekile edlula ukusebenza ngoJuni ingahluleka ukusebenza efasiteleni le-touch-voltage ngoFebhuwari. I-chemical-earth-rod backfill igcina umswakama phakathi nokwehla kwesizini yesomiso.
Ingxoxo engifuna ukusekela lesi sihloko yenzeka ngo-Agasti 2020, lapho i-EPC eseMadrid ithumela uphenyo olwaphenduka iphrojekthi ye-Saudi PV engu-150 MW idatha yensimu yalesi sihloko ivela kuyo. I-imeyili yophenyo ibuzwe mayelanaizinduku zomhlaba zamakhemikhalingesayithi le-PV elisezingeni lokusetshenziswa lapho inhlolovo yokumelana nenhlabathi ibuyile khona ngebhendi engu-1,500 kuya ku-2,200 Ω·cm. Umbiko we-geotech wawucacile, i-EPC yayinekhono, futhi indawo yayisesimweni esibucayi unjiniyela oholayo ayesibonile kuphrojekthi encane eChile ngo-2018 lapho isitovu esinamanzi sasidlule khona umkhawulo we-touch-voltage ngonyaka wesithathu ngoba ukuvakasha okubili okuhleliwe kokunisela kweqiwe ngesikhathi semikhawulo yokuhamba ye-COVID. Wayengafuni ukuphinda lokho. Isihloko osifundayo yimpikiswano yobunjiniyela eyaphuma kuleyo imeyili - uhlaka lohlobo lwenhlabathi i-EPC eyagcina ilubhalile embhalweni wokuthenga, kanye nedatha yasensimini evela esitshalweni esikhiqizile.
Lo mhlahlandlela ungowamaqembu okuthenga athola uphenyo olufanayo: abanikazi bephrojekthi ye-ME, i-Afrika kanye ne-SEA abanombiko we-geotech osetafuleni, ithimba labo lokuklama elicela i-electrode yamakhemikhali esikhundleni senduku eqhutshwayo, futhi idokhumenti labo lokuthenga okumele libhalwe emasontweni amabili azayo. Izinhlobo ezintathu zenhlabathi ezingezansi - isihlabathi, idwala kanye ne-laterite - yizo ezivame ukuvela kuleyo mibiko, futhi izindlela zokwehluleka ziqondene ngqo nomunye nomunye. Okungashintshi kuzo zontathu impendulo yokuthenga.
1. Inhlabathi Enesihlabathi — Ukwehluleka Kwezintambo Emoyeni
Isihlabathi esomile siphambene kakhulu nezindlela ezintathu zokwehluleka. Ephepheni sibukeka njengendawo yokumba umhlabathi ecocekile kahle: sikhululekile, sikhipha amanzi kahle, futhi kulula ukusikhipha. Nokho, ukufunda kwe-Wenner okunephini ezine kuxoxa indaba ehlukile. Isihlabathi esomile sasehlane ekujuleni okungu-1 m ngokuvamile sifundeka phakathi kuka-3,000 no-10,000 Ω·cm; isihlabathi se-dune ekujuleni okungu-1.5 m singafunda ngaphezu kuka-20,000 Ω·cm esimweni esibi kakhulu. Isizathu siyi-ionic, hhayi i-mechanical: isihlabathi esomile cishe asinakho okuqukethwe kobumba futhi cishe asinakho okuqukethwe kwamaminerali okuncibilikisiwe ukuze kuholele ugesi kude nobuso benduku.
Okushintsha ukubalwa umswakama ebusweni benduku. A induku yomhlaba yamakhemikhaliiyi-core embozwe ngethusi ngaphakathi kwe-annulus engu-100 mm ene-auged, lapho i-annulus igcwele i-hygroscopic backfill compound (ngokuvamile i-bentonite ehlanganiswe ne-magnesium sulfate). I-compound imunca umswakama ozungezile ovela enhlabathini kanye nasemswakama wesizini, iyibambe ebusweni benduku, futhi ikhipha kancane kancane okuqukethwe kwe-ionic kumthamo wenhlabathi osheshayo. Umphumela uba ukuthi i-interface yenduku nenhlabathi iziphatha njengenhlabathi engaba ngu-200 Ω·cm ngisho nalapho inhlabathi enkulu ezungezile ifunda u-8,000 Ω·cm. I-geometry yenduku ye-NEMA GR-1 ayishintshi; okushintshayo ukuxhumana kwenhlabathi.
Ekuthunyelweni kwethu eMpumalanga Ephakathi phakathi kuka-2020 no-2025, ukumelana okuphakathi kwephedi ekufakweni kwezinduku zamakhemikhali emhlabeni kubhendi yesihlabathi engu-2,000 kuya ku-8,000 Ω·cm kwafika ku-3.6 Ω ngokumelene nomgomo wokuklama ongu-5 Ω, ngaphandle komjikelezo wokunisela. Ukufakwa kwezinduku eziqhutshwayo kuphela ezindaweni eziseduze kubhendi efanayo kwafunda phakathi kuka-18 no-42 Ω ngesikhathi sokusebenza, futhi kwaphinde kwafakwa amandla okuvuselela phakathi nonyaka wokuqala. Induku yayinobubanzi obufanayo. Umehluko wawuyi-backfill.
2. Inhlabathi Enedwala — I-Bottleneck Yezingqimba Ze-Caliche
Isayithi laseSaudi elikhiqize idatha yensimu kulesi sihloko lalinongqimba lwe-caliche ku-3.5 m ekhoneni le-southwest array. I-spec yokuqala yayidinga izinduku eziqhutshwa ngamamitha angu-2.4 - ezazisebenza ku-94% we-array. Ama-6% asele ayehlala ku-caliche angajulile kakhulu ukuba angadlula futhi ayenamandla kakhulu okunganakwa. Ama-pad ayisithupha kulelo kona ayefundeka ngaphezu kuka-4.7 Ω lapho eqala ukusebenza ngisho noma induku inwetshiwe yaya ku-3.0 m. Senze izinto ezimbili: sishintshele kuma-electrode aphindwe kabili e-delta-pattern (izinduku ezimbili ezingamamitha angu-2.4 kunxantathu ozungeze i-pad ngayinye) futhi sanezela.amamojula omhlaba we-graphite wekholomukuma-MV transformer pads ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ukuhlolwa kabusha konyaka wesihlanu kubuye ku-4.7 Ω okubi kakhulu — ngaphakathi komkhawulo womklamo — ngoba amamojula anwebe ubuso be-equipotential eceleni lapho indlela eqondile yayivinjiwe khona.
Izindawo ezinamadwala ziwela ezigabeni ezimbili ezisebenzayo zethimba lokuthenga. Esokuqala yidwala eliqhekekile elinezikhala ezigcwele inhlabathi - elikwazi ukuguguleka, kodwa induku ithinta kuphela ingxenye yenhlabathi, hhayi i-matrix yedwala. Esesibili yidwala eliphelele noma i-caliche (inhlabathi ehlanganiswe ne-calcium carbonate) ekujuleni kwe-electrode okuhleliwe noma eduze kwayo, lapho ukushayela kuba nzima noma kungabi nakwezomnotho. IMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nentshonalanga ye-US zibona ingxenye enkulu yesigaba sesibili; izingxenye ezinkulu zaseSaudi Arabia, eQatar nase-UAE zinesendlalelo se-caliche esiphakathi kwamamitha amabili nane, kanyeUlwazi Lomhlabathi Womhlaba we-ISRICikhathalogi ibeka isimo esifanayo kulo lonke elaseSahel kanye neHorn of Africa ezindaweni ezomile ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka.
Ukuze uthole umbuzo ojulile ohlangothini lokuthengwa kwempahla ezindaweni ezinamadwala,Isikhungo sedatha yokuhlukaniswa kwenhlabathi se-FAOivumela ithimba lokuthenga ukuthi lithathe imephu yomhlabathi yesifunda ngaphambi kokuba unkontileka we-geotech aqale ukusebenzisana - indawo eshibhile yokufunda ukuthi indawo itholakala yini ku-caliche noma ku-weaved-granite substrate.Idokhumenti yokubhekisela ye-FAO World Soilsyinkomba yensimu yamagama ekilasi lomhlabathi agcina ese-BES (Bid Evaluation Sheet).
3. Inhlabathi ye-Laterite - Inkinga Yokujika Kwesizini
I-Laterite uhlobo lomhlabathi lapho induku eqhutshwayo ejwayelekile idlula khona iqalisa ukusebenza bese ihluleka kancane ifasitela le-touch-voltage ngesikhathi sonyaka owomile. I-Laterite inhlabathi esele ecebile ngensimbi ne-aluminium evame kakhulu e-Afrika eshisayo (eNigeria, eGhana, eKenya, eMozambique), eNingizimu Asia (ingxenye enkulu ye-peninsular India, eSri Lanka, izingxenye zeBangladesh) kanye nezingxenye zaseNingizimu Melika (enyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil, eGuyana). Iphrofayili yomhlabathi imuncwe kahle futhi inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-iron oxide, okuyikho okwenza ibe nombala obomvu onsundu ohlukile.
Inkinga kagesi ukushintshashintsha kwesizini. Ucwaningo lwasensimini olushicilelwe ku-laterite yaseNtshonalanga Afrika luvame ukubika ukumelana nesizini yemvula ebangeni lika-200 kuya ku-800 Ω·cm — elisebenza kahle kakhulu endukuni eqhutshwayo ejwayelekile — kanye nokumelana nesizini yesomiso okungaphezu kuka-5,000 Ω·cm — ngaphandle kwebanga elisebenzayo lenduku efanayo. Induku eqhutshwayo ayishintshi; inhlabathi eyizungezile iyashintsha. Umjikelezo wokunisela wezinyanga eziyi-6 ungaphinde uzinzise ukufundwa kwesizini yesomiso, kodwa inkinga efanayo yokunisela iyavela futhi: iqembu lokunisela elingafiki ngesikhathi esifanele lishiya iphedi ngaphakathi kwebhande lokwehluleka kwefasitela le-touch-voltage kuze kube sekupheleni kwesizini yesomiso.
Ngokuqondene nezindawo ze-SEA laterite, indlela efanayo yokuqonda isizini iyasebenza ngesikhathi sonyaka esihlukile kancane: isikhathi sonyaka esomile e-Indonesia nasePhilippines sifushane kodwa sinamandla kakhulu kunesikhathi sonyaka esomile saseNtshonalanga Afrika, okusho ukuthi ukujiya kokumelana kucindezelwa efasiteleni eliqinile. Imodeli yokusebenza yenduku yamakhemikhali - ukugcwalisa umswakama, akukho umjikelezo wokunisela - isebenza kuzo zombili izimo.
4. Lokho Okushiwo Yidokhumenti Yokuthenga
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zenhlabathi ezingenhla, isinqumo sobunjiniyela siyafana: induku eqhutshwayo ejwayelekile akuyona umkhiqizo ofanele. Idokhumenti yokuthenga kufanele iveze ukuthi yini.
| Uhlobo lomhlabathi | Induku eqhutshwayo ejwayelekile yodwa | Lokho okufanele kudingeke yi-spec |
|---|---|---|
| I-Sandy, 3,000 kuya ku-10,000 Ω·cm | Yehluleka ukusebenza (18-42 Ω ezindaweni eziseduze) | Induku yomhlaba yamakhemikhalinge-hygroscopic backfill ngayinyeI-IEC 62561-7; ithagethi yephedi ngaphansi kwama-Ω angu-5; umbiko wokuhlolwa kohlobo lokugcwalisa unamathiselwe. |
| I-Rocky, i-caliche kumamitha angu-2-3 | Ayikwazi ukufinyelela ekujuleni (4.7 Ω kubi kakhulu ekhoneni laseSaudi SW) | Noma yimaphi ama-electrode aphindwe kabili anephethini ye-delta, avundlileamamojula omhlaba, noma inhlanganisela yentonga yomhlaba yamakhemikhali + imojuli yomhlabathi;I-IEEE 837isixhumi; ukujula kwe-caliche kuqoshwe kulokho okwakhiwe. |
| I-Laterite, 200-5,000 Ω·cm ukujiya kwesizini | Iyaphela imanzi, yehluleka ukoma | Induku yomhlaba yamakhemikhali (nomainduku yomhlabathi ye-ion ye-electrolytickuma-MV pads kanye nama-ESE terminations) ane-hygroscopic backfill chemistry efanayo; uhlelo lwe-O&M ngaphandle komjikelezo wokunisela. |
Izilawuli ezintathu eziseceleni lokuthengwa kwempahla zenza umehluko phakathi kwe-spec exazulula inkinga kanye ne-spec edala inkinga.
- Umbiko wokuhlolwa kohlobo olunamathiselwe kwi-PO.Induku yomhlaba yamakhemikhali akuyona nje ithubhu yethusi - kodwa ikhemikhali engaphakathi kwayo. Umhlinzeki kufanele athumele umbiko wokuhlolwa kwezinhlobo ezine zempahla: isici sokunciphisa ukumelana nomswakama obhekiselwe kuwo, ukuzinza kwe-ionic isikhathi eside ku-60 °C / izinsuku ezingu-30, ukugcinwa komswakama ekomiseni kwezinsuku ezingu-90, kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo kwesigaba se-ESIA. Silahlekelwe yibhetshi ka-2019 ngenxa yengxube ye-sodium-chloride (i-chloride ihlasela ama-cores ambozwe ngethusi ngaphakathi kwe-sheath), kanti iqembu lethu lomhlinzeki lika-2022 lehlulekile ukuhlolwa kokuzinza kwe-ionic ekugcinweni okungu-65% - ngaphansi komkhawulo wethu wangaphakathi ongu-80% - yingakho safanelekela umugqa wokuhlanganisa ngaphakathi endlini. Umhlinzeki ongakwazi ukuthumela lowo mbiko ngumhlinzeki ofika ekupheleni konyaka wesibili nge-imeyili ethi "sine-compound entsha ethuthukisiwe".
- Isixhumi esijwayelekile sikhiyiwe ku-IEEE 837.Ama-clamp omshini ahluleka ukuhlolwa kwe-impulse-current kuI-IEC 62561-1futhi akufanele isetshenziswe kuphrojekthi yesilinganiso sezinsiza. Izinga lokuxhuma liyingxenye yesici esivikela impahla kuyo yonke impilo yokuklama yeminyaka engama-25.
- I-geometry yenduku ngayinyeI-NEMA GR-1.Ububanzi bungu-17.2 mm kuya ku-25.4 mm, ubukhulu be-copper-cladding ≥ 254 µm. Ubukhulu be-cladding bubaluleke kakhulu emithwalweni ye-impulse-current (ama-ESE terminations, ama-MV pads) — i-cladding encane iyahluleka kuqala.
5. Ukuvala — Lokho Okufanele Kubuzwe Uhlangothi Lokuthenga Kuqala
Isitshalo saseSaudi esingu-150 MW esivule lesi sihloko sibuye ngokumelana kwephedi okumaphakathi okungu-3.1 Ω ngokumelene nomgomo wokuklama ongu-5 Ω ekuhlolweni kabusha konyaka wesihlanu, kanti iphedi elibi kakhulu lingu-4.7 Ω ekhoneni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga lapho i-caliche yamisa khona ukushayela ngokuqondile. Azikho kulezo zinombolo ezazikhona njengempikiswano yokuthengwa lapho i-Madrid EPC ithumela i-imeyili yophenyo ka-Agasti 2020 - ziwumphumela wokubhala ikhemistri yokugcwalisa emuva, indinganiso yokuxhuma, i-geometry yenduku kanye nokulandelana kabusha kwethagethi yomhlabathi kudokhumenti efanayo, bese kuvumela iqembu lokufaka ukuthi lenze umsebenzi.
Uma ungumnikazi wephrojekthi eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Afrika noma eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia futhi idokhumenti yokuthenga ivuliwe, umbuzo onquma ukuthi iphrojekthi ihlala ngaphakathi kwefasitela layo lokuklama iminyaka engama-25 ezayo akuyona "yiyiphi induku engiyithengayo" - "yikuphi ukumelana kwenhlabathi ekujuleni kwe-electrode okuhleliwe, nokuthi iyiphi kulezi zindlela ezintathu zokwehluleka ezingenhla ezisebenzayo." Thola impendulo yenhlabathi kuqala; impendulo yomkhiqizo iyalandela. Umbuzo wokuthenga-ke uthi yimuphi phakathi kwemindeni emibili yomkhiqizo -induku yomhlaba yamakhemikhali or imodyuli yomhlabathi we-graphite yekholomu(noma kokubili, ezindaweni eziqine kakhulu) — ifanela ibhendi yomhlabathi kanye nomkhawulo wokujula. Ikhasi eligcwele lesigaba ku-/i-electrode-yokumisa-amakhemikhali/inezinketho ze-geometry, kanyeAbakhiqizi Abahlanu Abaphezulu Be-Electrolytic Ion Ground Rod ka-2025ibhulogi inohlu olufushane lwabaphakeli.
Ukuze uthole iphakethe lesampula kanye nombiko wokuhlolwa kwezinhlobo ezine zempahla kuphrojekthi ethile, indlela esheshayo yi-ikhasi lokuxhumana nathiUkuthunyelwa kwesampula kwamaphrojekthi e-ME, Africa kanye ne-SEA kuvame ukuphuma efektri kungakapheli isonto elifanayo, kanti izimpendulo zobuchwepheshe zingakapheli usuku olulodwa lokusebenza.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-05-2026