Buku lotsogolera la woyang'anira ntchitoma welds a exothermic olephera— zifukwa zisanu zomwe zimayambitsa njira, njira yodziwira matenda, ndi njira yodziwira kulephera kwa weld yomwe mungathe kuigwiritsa ntchito musanachotse chilichonse.
- Kulephera kwakukulu kwa "kutentha kwadzidzidzi" kwa exothermic sikuchitika mwadzidzidzi konse: kafukufuku wathu wamkati wa 312-kulephera (2023–2026) adatsata 86% kubwerera ku chimodzi mwa zifukwa zisanu zomwe ogulitsa salemba kawirikawiri - chinyezi chotsekedwa (38%), graphite yosweka (24%), ufa wosakhwima (17%), kukonzekera kwa conductor wodetsedwa (14%), kapena nthawi yoyatsira yozizira (7%).
- Cholumikizira chomwe chikuwoneka cholondola chingathebe kuyeza 800 micro-ohm motsutsana ndi 30–50 micro-ohm yathanzi, chifukwa kuyang'ana maso sikuwona porosity ya mbali ya conductor kapena oxide lamination.
- Ma connection olephera sangatsanuliridwenso m'malo mwake — dulani 50 mm ya kondakitala kudutsa malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi kutentha, dziwani chomwe chimayambitsa, kenako konzaninso ndi nkhungu mkati mwa zenera lake la 50–100 service-cycle.
- PaChidule cha Cadweld cha nVent ERICO, njirayi imapanga mgwirizano wa mamolekyulu, osati wamakina — kotero njira iliyonse yolephera yomwe imapanga mawonekedwe (filimu yonyowa, oxide lamination, void) imagonjetsa ukadaulo wochokera mkati.
- Zathumzere wa nkhungu wowotcherera wa thermitimayesedwa kuti igwire ntchito kwa nthawi 50-100 ndi malo olumikizirana 80-100 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumunda, opangidwa ndi graphite yapamwamba kwambiri kotero kuti dzenjelo likhale lolimba kwa nthawi yayitali - koma nkhungu yomwe ili kunja kwa zeneralo si nkhungunso, ndi vuto.
- Yendetsani njira yolumikiziranaKuzindikira Kulephera kwa Weldpansipa musanadule chiwalo chimodzi — sankhani chizindikiro chomwe mwachiwona pamalopo ndipo dziwani chomwe chingayambitse komanso njira zochizira nthawi yomweyo.
Mwezi watha, magawo awiri anali pa benchi yanga. Onsewa anali ochokera ku ma gridi a earthing a 33 kV substation. Onsewa anajambulidwa pa kukula kwa 10× komweko pansi pa kuwala komweko komweko. Kwa mainjiniya wamng'ono yemwe anali kuwerenga lipoti loyambitsa ntchito, anali ofanana. Kwa wogula yemwe anasaina mapepala oyesera, anali ofanana. Si anali ofanana.
Mmodzi anayeza 28 micro-ohm ndipo anapambana koyamba. Wina anayeza 640 micro-ohm ndipo analephera masana omwewo. Banja lomwelo la nkhungu, wogulitsa ufa yemweyo, anthu awiri omwewo ozungulira. Mkanda womwe uli pazilumikizi zonse ziwiri unkawoneka bwino pamaso pa anthu komanso pa kamera yotenthetsera. Kusiyana kunali mu mamilimita 6 a kondakitala omwe gulu limodzi linapukuta ndi isopropyl pad yopanda lint ndipo linalo linapukuta ndi magolovesi atsopano a chikopa.
Mpata umenewo ndiye umene bukuli likunena. Chifukwa njira yogwiritsira ntchito exothermic ndi yowona mtima kwambiri mwanjira ina - cholakwika chilichonse chomwe chimapanga chimasiya chala pagawo lopingasa - komanso chosawona mtima kwambiri mwanjira ina - mkanda womwe uli pamwamba nthawi zambiri umawoneka bwino ngakhale chala chomwe chili pansipa chili choopsa. Zifukwa zisanu zomwe zimatsatira ndi zala zomwe ndimawona nthawi zonse pa benchi yanga, momwe ndimayendera wogula akadutsa pamene lipoti loyitanitsa lafika molakwika.
Ndayenda maulendo pafupifupi 200 pa mafoni amenewa m'zaka zitatu zapitazi. Ndingakonde kuti maulendo 200 otsatira asachitike. Werengani izi kamodzi musanathirenso kachiwiri — ndizotsika mtengo kuposa kuthiranso kachiwiri, ndipo mayankho ndi omwewo omwe ndimapereka pamasom'pamaso.
Kuwerenga Mkanda Kumapambana Kuwerenga Mkanda
Lipoti lililonse loti ntchito ichitike lomwe limadutsa pa desiki yanga limandiuza chimodzimodzi za kulephera: mgwirizanoanayang'anazolondola pa tsiku lothira. Kuyang'ana maso kwadutsa. Kujambula kwa kutentha kwadutsa. Gawo lodutsa linanena zoona. Iyi ndi njira yomwe ndikukupemphani kuti mugwiritse ntchito - ndipo njira yodziwira matenda yomwe ili pansi pa nkhaniyi yapangidwa mozungulira.
Ndinaphunzira izi m'njira yovuta pakati pa chaka cha 2024. Kampani ina ya ku Ulaya inatitumizira ma connection 23 otulutsidwa kuchokera ku gridi ya earthing ya 110 kV - onse anali atayamba kugwira ntchito miyezi itatu yapitayo, okhala ndi mawonekedwe a bead, thermal scan, komanso milliohm resistance zonse zodziwika bwino. Tinawatsegula masana amodzi okha.17 mwa 23 adawonetsa zilema zazing'ono zomwe zimawonekera pagawo lopingasa: oxide lamination pa 9, ma bowolo opumira pa 5, kudzaza pansi pa 3. Palibe amene akanagwidwa ndi pass yodziwika bwino yoyang'anira. Kampaniyo inali ikusaina ma joints omwe anali kufa mwakachetechete kwa zaka zambiri - koma sanadziwebe.
Yambani ndi funso loyamba, osati lachitatu. Wopanga ntchito akandiitana ndi "chotenthetsera cholephera", ndimafunsa funsoli ndisanayambe china chilichonse:Kodi cholumikiziracho chinapambanapo mayeso a kukana, kapena chinalephera kugwira ntchito nthawi yoyamba yomwe chinayesedwa?Yankho limasintha chilichonse, chifukwa cholumikizira chomwe chawonongeka mu ntchito ndi cholumikizira chomwe chinali ndi vuto kuyambira pour-day ndi mavuto awiri osiyana kotheratu okhala ndi zifukwa ziwiri zosiyana kotheratu.
Malinga ndi mabuku okhudza kukalamba okhudza kulumikizana kwa magetsi komwe mabungwe amagetsi aku US amanena (NUREG-1800, lipoti la Generic Aging Lessons Learnedzomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza chifukwa cha kukulitsa moyo wa zomera kwa zaka zambiri), njira zodziwika bwino zowonongera malo aliwonse obisika ndi kutentha, kutentha kwa ohmic, kugwedezeka, ndi dzimbiri - ndipo lipotilo likunena momveka bwino kuti izi ndi njira zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa malo olumikizirana.chotenthetsera cha exothermic sichimalumikizana ndi ukalamba, chifukwa ma conductor ndi mkuwa wosungunuka zimakhala chitsulo chimodzi chokhazikika panthawi ya reaction. Choncho pamene exothermic joint yothiridwa bwino yalephera kugwira ntchito, kulephera sikuli konse mu weld metal yokha — ili mu gawo la weld lomwe weld sinafikidwepo, kapena mu thermal-cycling micro-gap yomwe weld inasiya chifukwa cha ufa woipa pa tsiku la pour.
Kodi "chilema chochokera ku tsiku lodzaza" chimawoneka bwanji pa kafukufuku wa zamalamulo?
Ma connection mazana awiri a ku Cebu andiphunzitsa njira imodzi yomwe yakhala ikugwira ntchito pa vuto lililonse la ma connection ambiri lomwe ndakhala ndikuyenda kuyambira pamenepo. Tikadula connection yolephera ndikutsegula gawo lopingasa, timawona chimodzi mwa ma microstructure asanu omwe amabwerezabwereza, ndipo chilichonse chimayang'ana bwino chimodzi mwa zifukwa zisanu zomwe zimayambitsa njira yonse m'nkhani ino:
| Chala cha m'mbali | Komwe mungayang'ane | Mapu oyambitsa |
|---|---|---|
| Mabowo otseguka pafupi ndi pamwamba pa kondakitala | Mkati mwa mkanda wothira, mkati mwa 1-2 mm kuchokera m'mphepete mwa kondakitala | Chifukwa 1 - Chinyezi (ufa, kondakitala, kapena kuzizira kwa nkhungu) |
| Kupaka kwa okosijeni kofanana ndi mzere woyendetsa | Kupingasa kwakuthwa pakati pa chitsulo chosungunula ndi pamwamba pa kondakitala, kumawonekera pambuyo popukuta | Chifukwa 4 — Njira yachidule yokonzekera kondakitala (filimu yamafuta, okosijeni wotsalira, kukhudzana ndi khungu) |
| M'bowo lodzaza ndi mikanda yosaphikidwa bwino | Mbale zophimba pamwamba pa mikanda mkati; dzenje silidzadzanso mopitirira muyeso monga momwe linapangidwira | Chifukwa 2 — Kuwonongeka kwa nkhungu, kapena Chifukwa 3 — Kuchuluka kwa ufa |
| Mzere wotsekedwa mozizira pomwe mbali ziwiri zachitsulo zinalephera kusakanikirana | Kusakhazikika kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka tirigu kofanana ndi khoma la m'mimba | Chifukwa 5 — Nthawi yoyatsira nkhungu yozizira (nkhungu pansi pa ~25 °C ikayaka) |
| Cholukidwa chimalumikizidwa ndi m'modzi mwa owongolera awiri okha mu crossover | Kuonekera kuchokera m'mbali: mkanda umaphimba mbali imodzi yokha ya awiriawiri opingasa | Chifukwa 3 - Kukula kwa ufa, kapena kusakhazikika bwino kwa nkhungu pakutseka |
Mukangophunzira kuwerenga zala zisanu izi, kukambirana kothetsa mavuto kumasiya kukhala kongoganizira. Gawo lotsala la bukuli limayenda motsatira ndondomeko yomwe ndingafufuze patsamba lino, ndi sitepe yotsimikizira yomwe imatsimikizira musanadule cholumikizira chimodzi.
Kodi Chinyezi Ndi Choyambitsa Chachikulu Ngati Thermit Weld Yalephera?
Chinyezi ndicho chifukwa chomwe ndimatsogolera chifukwa ndi chomwe chimafala kwambiri komanso chokhululukira kwambiri. Mkuwa wosungunuka wochokera ku exothermic reaction umakhala pa 1,083 °C — malo osungunuka a mkuwa — ndipo nthawi yomwe umakumana ndi madzi aliwonse, madziwo amawira mofulumira kukhala nthunzi ndipo amakula ndi voliyumu pafupifupi 1,700. Nthunzi imabwerera m'mbuyo kudzera mu chitsulo chosungunukabe, imasiya mabowo ambiri, ndipo cholumikiziracho chimawonongeka chisanazizire.Muyezo wa OSHA 29 CFR 1910.252 (Kuwotcherera, Kudula, ndi Kupangira Ma Brazing — Zofunikira Zonse), njira imodziyi yayambitsa kuvulala kwambiri kwa kuyaka ndi kuwotcha kwa ogwira ntchito kuposa cholakwika china chilichonse cha exothermic process.
Chifukwa chomwe izi zimalepherera mwakachetechete ndichakuti chinyezi chili ndi malo atatu obisala, ndipo chimodzi chokha ndichodziwikiratu. Mu kafukufuku wathu wa 312-kulephera, kulephera koyendetsedwa ndi chinyezi kunawonetsa chizindikiro chotsimikizira kukana: kuwerengera koyambira komwe kumagawidwa pakati pa 580 ndi 940 micro-ohm pa ma conductor awiri ofanana omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala 30 mpaka 50 micro-ohm — kusuntha kwa 15 mpaka 25× komwe kumapulumuka kutentha koma sikupulumuka kudulidwa kwa gawo.
- Ufa wonyowa.Chifukwa chofala kwambiri cha kulephera kwa zinthu zambiri. Ufa umatumizidwa m'zitini zotsekedwa pazifukwa zina - chitini chikatsegulidwa, zomwe zili mkati mwake zimakhala zosalala ndipo zimayamwa chinyezi m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja mkati mwa maola ochepa. Katiriji yomwe "imawoneka youma" si youma.
- Makondakitala onyowa.Chingwe cha mkuwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi mkuwa zonse zimasunga chinyezi m'kati mwa chingwecho. Chingwe chomwe chasungidwa chosaphimbidwa pamalopo panthawi yamvula chimakhala chonyowa mkati ngakhale kunja kukuwoneka kouma, ndipo pamwamba pake pouma ndi nyali zimayamwanso chinyezi mkati mwa mphindi zochepa mumlengalenga wonyowa.
- Kuzizira kwa nkhungu.Chiboliboli cha graphite chotulutsidwa m'sitolo yosungiramo mpweya wozizira pa 18 °C m'mawa wotentha ndi 32 °C, chinyezi cha 85% chidzasungunula filimu ya madzi pakhoma lake lotseguka antchito asanayambe kutsogolera. Kenako kuthirako kumasunga filimuyo pakati pa khoma la chiboliboli ndi chitsulo chosungunuka.
Kufufuzidwa kwa mtembo ku Cebu m'mizere itatu
Malo olumikizirana a Cebu analephera chifukwa ufawo unali pa doko lonyowa ndi mvula ndipo ogwira ntchito anatsegula zitini m'mawa wa kuthira. Anagwiritsa ntchito ufawo chifukwa unkaoneka wouma - ndipo pansi pa mkanda, pa malo aliwonse olumikizirana omwe sanagwire ntchito, panali mawonekedwe enieni a dzenje lopumira lomwe nthunzi yoyendetsedwa ndi chinyezi imasiya. Kuyang'ana kwa mphindi 20 kwa katiriji atatu a zitsanzo asanathire kukanagwira gulu lonse, ndipo ogwira ntchitowo akanadziwa kuti adzipatula ena onse.
Kodi Chikopa Chanu cha Graphite Chatha Kupyola Pawindo Lake Loyenera la Utumiki?
Ichi ndi chifukwa chomwe ogulitsa amasamalira zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa njira yolephera siioneka kwa wogula ndipo kuwerengera kwa nthawi ndi chinthu chomwe wogulitsa yekha ndiye amadziwa.Mabuku a nVent ERICO's Cadweldamayesa mawonekedwe a graphite pa nthawi yogwira ntchito pafupifupi 50 mpaka 100, ndipo pamzere wathu timayesa mawonekedwe athunkhungu zowotcherera za thermitPa nthawi yomweyo ya 50 mpaka 100, ndi malo olumikizirana 80 mpaka 100 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse m'munda. Pambuyo pake, dzenjelo lawonongeka mokwanira kotero kuti dzenje la pombi silimayimanso chitsulo chosungunuka bwino kulowa m'malo olumikizirana.
Chizindikiro chowona cha nkhungu yosweka si mng'alu womwe mungawone - ndi mkanda wothira womwe ukutaya mawonekedwe ake a pilo ndikuyamba kuyika mkati pakati. Nkhungu yatsopano imapanga mkanda womwe umazungulira pang'onopang'ono pa kondakitala, chifukwa mphamvu ya ufa imadzaza pang'ono m'bowo ndipo zochulukirapo zimalowa mu riser. Nkhungu yosweka imadzaza pansi, chifukwa m'bowomo mwakula mokwanira kotero kuti mphamvu ya ufa womwewo siilinso ndi mphamvu yokwanira. Ogwira ntchito amalipira powonjezera ufa, womwe umatentha kwambiri m'bowomo ndikufulumizitsa kuwonongeka - njira yobwezera yomwe imatenga pafupifupi madontho makumi awiri oipa kuti awononge nkhungu kwathunthu.
Momwe mungasankhire nkhungu yomwe simunagule kwa ife
Mu 2023, wogula analandira nkhungu 47 kuchokera kwa wogulitsa yemwe sanagwiritse ntchito ndipo anatipempha kuti tiziyese muyeso tisanathirenso. Tinayesa nkhungu iliyonse poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwake koyambira ndipo tinayesa magawo 5 pa nkhungu iliyonse yolemera kuposa magalamu 30.11 mwa 47 adataya magalamu opitilira 50— kupitirira nthawi yawo yogwira ntchito moona mtima — ndipo chilichonse mwa zinthu 11 zimenezi chinapanga malo okhala ndi mikanda yophwanyika yomwe inalephera mayeso odutsa mkati mwa nthawi zitatu. Tinasintha malo 11 amenewo, tinakonzanso mbiri ya kayendedwe ka zinthu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kulephera kwa wogula pa ntchitoyi kunatsika kuchoka pa malo amodzi mwa asanu kufika pa malo ocheperapo pa malo amodzi mwa 50. Umu ndi momwe vuto lomwe nkhungu yosatsegulidwa imapangidwira.
Ngati munalandira nkhungu kuchokera kwa wogulitsa wina, yesani imodzi motsutsana ndi nkhungu yodziwika bwino ya geometry yomweyo. Nkhungu ya graphite imataya pafupifupi magalamu 3 mpaka 8 pa nthawi iliyonse chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa kutentha ndi kuyeretsa; nkhungu ya magalamu 50 pansi pa kulemera kwake koyambira yakhala ndi nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe imalolera. Chachiwiri, yang'anani mawonekedwe a mkanda wothira m'magawo asanu omaliza - ngati pali iliyonse mwa izo yomwe yayikidwa mkati, nkhunguyo yakankhidwira kudutsa zenera lake lothandiza.IEEE Std 837-2014, dongosolo loyenerera kulumikizana kwa malo okhazikika a pansi, mawonekedwe a dzenje la weld ndi gawo la umboni woyenerera - kotero nkhungu yosweka si chiopsezo cha khalidwe lokha, ndi chiopsezo chotsatira malamulo motsutsana ndi muyezo womwe cholumikiziracho chidafotokozedwa.
Kodi Kuchuluka kwa Ufa Wochepa Kungawononge Mosabisa Ma Weld Anu?
Ufa umabwera mu kukula koyenera kwa makatiriji pazifukwa zina.Popeza chiŵerengero cha ufa ndi mkuwa ndi chosinthika chomwe chimatsimikiza ngati zomwe zimachitikazo zimapanga kutentha kokwanira kuti zisungunuke bwino gawo lonse la kondakitala, kukula kwa katiriji kumapanga cholumikizira chomwe chimathira cholimba kunja koma sichimasakanikirana bwino pa mawonekedwe a kondakitala.Mkanda ukuoneka bwino. Kukana kwake kumasonyeza zoona patatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pamene cholumikiziracho chikutentha chifukwa cha mphamvu yoyamba yolakwika.
Tinalemba izi ndendende mu nkhani ya 2024 ku West Africa. Kontrakitala adalamula ma exothermic joints 600 a gridi ya earthing ya 66 kV substation ndipo adalandira mtengo wa ma cartridges #115 popanda kutsimikizira kuphatikiza kwa conductor - komwe kwenikweni kunali chingwe cha 95 mm² / 95 mm² chomwe chinkafunika #150. Wogulitsa adatumiza #115. Cholumikizira chilichonse chidathiridwa bwino. Cholumikizira chilichonse chidadutsa pa 60 mpaka 90 micro-ohm yowoneka bwino. Patatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ma joints 38 mwa 200 oyamba omwe adayesedwa adayenda pamwamba pa 800 micro-ohm yomwe idayikidwa. Sitinapeze kusiyana kwa cartridge mpaka wogula adatitumizira chitsanzo chomwe sichinagwire ntchito ndipo tidachidula - mkanda unali wa buku, koma mawonekedwe a conductor-to-weld adawonetsa kusiyana kwa micro-gap kosalekeza pafupifupi 0.2 mm mulifupi.Mkanda unali wolondola; katiriji inali yolakwika; wogula adalipira powonjezeranso ndi kuyendera chitsimikizoMitundu yonse iwiri ya kulephera kumeneku ilipo — kusinthana kwa ogwira ntchito moona mtima ndi kusinthana kwa ogulitsa osakhulupirika — ndipo zonse zimathera pamalo amodzi: mkanda wokongola, mpata wobisika pa kondakitala, ndi kukana komwe kumakwera chaka ndi chaka.
Kodi Njira Zachidule Zokonzekera Ma Conductor Ndi Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kusamvana Kwambiri kwa Ma Joints?
Ndaona magulu a anthu akutha mphindi makumi awiri akutsuka gawo looneka la chingwe cha mkuwa ndikudumpha gawo lomwe limalowa mkati mwa chikombole, chifukwa pepala lofotokozera likunena kuti "kuyera mpaka chitsulo chowala" popanda kufotokoza momwe angachitire.Popeza kuti chomangiracho chimapangidwa pamwamba pa kondakitala yomwe ili mkati mwa dzenje panthawi yothira, gawo loipitsidwa pansi pa dzenjelo limapanga cholumikizira chomwe chimakhala chopitilira kunja ndi chopakidwa oxide mkati.
Kuipitsidwa komwe ndimaona kwambiri pa kugwetsa kwa zinthu zobisika si dothi - ndi zala. Ogwira ntchito amagwira gawo la kondakitala lomwe limalowa mkati mwa nkhungu, amasiya filimu yopyapyala yamafuta pakhungu lawo, ndipo mkuwa wosungunuka sunganyowetse kudzera mu filimuyo kuti ugwirizane ndi chitsulo choyambira. Zotsatira zake zimakhala cholumikizira chokhala ndi ndege yopitilira ya oxide pakati pa chitsulo chosungunula ndi kondakitala, ndipo ndege ya oxide ndi mtundu womwe NUREG-1800 imalemba ngati njira yowononga pansi pa kutentha.
Chaka chatha ndinapita kwa wogula kudzera mu maphunziro obwerezabwereza pambuyo poti malo awo achitatu otsatizana adapanga ma connections opitilira 800 micro-ohm poyambitsa - chala chomwecho nthawi zonse: oxide lamination yofanana ndi axis ya conductor, yosawoneka kuchokera kunja kwa dzenje. Ogwira ntchito anali akutsuka gawo looneka la conductor ndi dzanja lovala magolovesi, kenako anaika chingwe pansi pa ng'oma ya chingwe chafumbi kwa mphindi makumi atatu zomwe zinatenga kuti nkhunguyo ilowe m'malo mwake. Kusintha katatu kunatseka: burashi yakuthwa yoperekedwa pa chinthu chilichonse cha conductor, chopukutira cha isopropyl pa nsalu yopanda lint, ndi lamulo lakuti gawo loyeretsedwa liyenera kupita molunjika kuchokera ku burashi kupita m'dzenje - osakhudzana ndi khungu, osasinthidwanso pa ng'oma. Kuchuluka kwawo kolimba kunatsika kuchoka pa 12% ya ma connections kufika pansi pa 1% pa ma 200 otsatira, ndipo 1% yomwe idatsala idachokera kwa ogwira ntchito awiri omwe sanaphunzirepo za njira yatsopanoyi.
Chifukwa chomwe ndatchulira kusinthaku ndichakuti chilichonse mwa izo chinali kale mu ndondomeko yawo yolembedwa. Njirayi sinanyalanyazidwe chifukwa palibe amene adawonapo vuto la magolovesi, ndipo pepala la spec silinafotokoze bwino ulalo.Chifukwa chakuti chomangiracho chimapangika pamwamba pa kondakitala yomwe ili mkati mwa dzenje panthawi yothira, njira yonse yoyeretsera imafunika mamilimita 30 mpaka 50 okha omwe amalowa m'dzenjemo - ndipo pamenepo ndi pomwe ogwira ntchito amatha kudumpha sitepe.Chowongolera choyera cha 200 mm chooneka sichitanthauza kanthu ngati 40 mm yomaliza mkati mwa dzenjelo yatenga filimu ya oxide kapena chala m'masekondi makumi asanu ndi limodzi isanayambe kuthira.
Kodi Kulephera kwa Kugwira Ntchito ndi Nkhungu Yozizira Kumachititsa Kuti Muzilephera Kuchita Zinthu Morning-Shift?
Ichi ndi chifukwa chomwe palibe amene amalemba, chifukwa zimamveka ngati cholakwika cha woyendetsa osati cholakwika cha process. Zoona zake n'zakuti exothermic reaction imakonzedwa ku thermal envelopu inayake, ndipo nkhungu yomwe ili pansi pa 25 °C panthawi yoyatsira imachita mosiyana ndi yomwe yatenthedwa kale. Ufa woyambira umayatsa, reaction front imafalikira kudzera mu charge, koma mkuwa wosungunuka umataya kutentha kupita ku graphite yozizira mwachangu kuposa momwe reaction ingadzazirenso, ndipo chitsulocho chimafika pa conductor cavity pansi pa fusion temperature. Bead imapangidwabe. Kuphatikizika sikukwanira.
Ili ndi vuto lalikulu la kusintha kwa m'mawa m'malo otentha kapena ozizira, ndipo ndi vuto lalikulu la kusintha kwa masana m'malo otentha komwe ogwira ntchito amaziziritsa nkhungu zawo m'malo osungiramo mpweya woziziritsa kuti "azisunge". Chizolowezi chilichonse chimabweretsa njira yofanana yolephera: mzere wotsekedwa mozizira pomwe mbali ziwiri zachitsulo zimakumana koma sizinagwirizane bwino, zomwe zimawoneka pamalo opingasa ngati kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka tirigu molingana ndi khoma la m'mphepete. Pa projekiti ya Singapore data center mu 2024, ogwira ntchitowo adasunga nkhungu zawo za graphite m'chipinda chosungiramo mpweya woziziritsa 19 °C pakati pa kuthira kuti graphite ioxidation ichepe. Malo othira okha anali pa 31 °C ndi chinyezi cha 78%. Tinayesa kutentha kwa pamwamba pa nkhungu pa kuyatsa m'malo 12 am'mawa: 8 mwa 12 adatuluka m'malo osungira pansi pa 22 °C, ndipo 6 mwa 8 amenewo adapanga kulephera kotsekedwa kozizira pamzere wopingasa. Kukonza kunali kusintha kamodzi kokha kwa ntchito — malo osungiramo zinthu usiku wonse m'kabati yotenthetsera m'malo mwa chipinda chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino — ndipo kuchuluka kwa kulephera kwa ntchito m'mawa kunatsika kufika pa zero m'sabata lotsatira. Masamuwo ndi osakhululuka: kutentha kulikonse kwa 5 °C nkhungu imakhala pansi pa 25 °C ikayaka moto imakweza kuchuluka kwa kutseka kozizira, ndipo pansi pa 20 °C imakhala njira yoyendetsera kulephera.
Mndandanda Wowunika Zaupandu: Zoyenera Kuchita Ngati Gulu Logwirizana Lalephera Kutumiza
Wogula akandiyimbira foni ndi cholumikizira cholephera, funso loyamba lomwe ndimafunsa ndi lomwe limasankha njira yonse:Kodi cholumikiziracho chinapambanapo mayeso a kukana, kapena chinalephera kugwira ntchito nthawi yoyamba yomwe chinayesedwa?Yankho limenelo ndi limene limandiuza kuti ndichite macheke ati mwa asanu otsatira, komanso motsatira dongosolo liti. Nayi ndondomeko yeniyeni yomwe ndimagwirira ntchito pafoni kapena kanema wowonera — si chitsanzo chapadera, koma ndi dongosolo lomwe umboni nthawi zambiri umaonekera.
Ngati mgwirizanowu walephera kugwira ntchito:Ndiyamba ndi gulu la ufa. Pafupifupi 4 mwa 10 aliwonse omwe ndayamba kugwira ntchito ndimawona kuti pali chinyezi chomwe palibe amene adachipeza tsiku lothira, ndipo ndicho chifukwa chofulumira kwambiri chotsimikizira kapena kuchotsa - mphindi zisanu pafoni ndi woyang'anira malo ndi kuyesa mwachangu kwa desiccant pa katiriji yachitsanzo kumandiuza ngati gulu lonselo liyenera kuyikidwa m'malo otetezedwa. Ngati ufawo watha, ndimapita ku chipika cha nkhungu ndikuyesa nkhungu yokayikiridwa poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwake koyambira. Ngati zonse ziwiri zatha, ndimadula cholumikizira chimodzi pa bandsaw ndikuyang'ana gawo lodutsa - mphindi zisanu za ntchito zomwe zimathetsa milandu ina 30% pakati pa zifukwa zinayi zotsalazo. Mu kafukufuku wa Cebu, iyi ndi njira yomwe idatitsogolera kuchokera ku "magawo 200 olephera" kupita ku "chidebe chilichonse kuchokera ku katundu wokayikiridwa ndi chonyowa" mkati mwa maola awiri kuchokera pamene wogula adadutsa mndandanda wazomwe zili pa WhatsApp.
Ngati gululo lavomereza ntchito koma tsopano likulephera kugwira ntchito:Ndimasiya kufufuza ufa wonse ndipo ndimapita molunjika ku gawo lodutsa pa chitsanzo chomwe chapezeka. Cholumikizira chomwe chidadutsa ntchito nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi vuto lake kumbali ya kondakitala osati mu chitsulo chosungunula chokha, ndipo gawo lodutsa limandiuza ngati ndi cholakwika cha kukonzekera kondakitala cha Cause 4 chomwe mayeso okana sanachite, kapena kuwonongeka kwa nkhungu ya Cause 2 komwe kudasiya mkanda wosadzazidwa bwino ndikulola dothi kukhala ndi mipata yaying'ono kwa zaka zambiri.
Imeneyo ndiye njira yeniyeni. Sindichita macheke onse asanu pa vuto lililonse chifukwa 80% ya nthawi yomwe macheke amodzi kapena awiri amathetsa vutoli - ndipo wogula akuyang'ana lipoti lolephera la ntchito sakufuna mndandanda wazinthu, amafunikira dongosolo la ntchito.
Ngati vuto silikupitirira njira zonse ziwiri (ufa ndi nkhungu, kuyeretsa mbali zonse), vuto limakhala la chilengedwe - mankhwala a nthaka, mafunde osochera, kapena dzimbiri la galvanic kupeza mawonekedwe omwe weld yasiya - ndipo zokambiranazo ziyenera kusintha kuchoka pa njira imodzi kupita ku ina. Nkhani imeneyo ndi nkhani yakeyake.
Kubwezeranso Chilango: Kuchepetsa, Osati Kubwerezanso Kuwotcherera M'malo Mwake
Cholumikizira chikalephera, kukonza koyenera kokha ndiko kudula kudutsa malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndikukonzanso chowongolera kuyambira pachiyambi. Kuthira chitsulo chatsopano chosungunula pa cholumikizira cholephera sikumaphatikiza chitsulo chatsopano ndi chakale modalirika, chifukwa mawonekedwe oyamba apanga kale zitsulo zake ndipo ma porosity aliwonse otsekeredwa amakhala malo opangira ma nucleation a kulephera kwina. Choduliracho chiyenera kukhala ndi 50 mm ya chowongolera choyera mbali zonse za cholumikizira choyambirira, nkhungu yatsopano iyenera kukhala mkati mwa kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe kake, ndipo ufa uyenera kuchokera ku chidebe chotsegulidwa chatsopano, chowuma chotsimikizika.
Kukonza mtengo ndikofunikira apa, chifukwa chibadwa chotsika mtengo kwambiri pa cholumikizira cholephera ndi kusiya ndikuyembekeza. Kuthiranso kumafuna theka la tsiku la ogwira ntchito, kuzungulira kwatsopano kwa nkhungu, ndi katiriji yatsopano ya ufa - zinthu zochepa zomwe zili mu bajeti ya substation. Cholumikizira cholephera chomwe chasiyidwa chikugwira ntchito chimawononga kontrakitala kuyimba chitsimikizo, kubweranso kwa woyambitsa, komanso kutaya chidaliro cha wogula pa ntchito yotsatira; pa gridi yamagetsi ingatanthauze kusintha pang'ono kwa gridi ndi miyezi yambiri yochedwetsa kuyimitsa. Masamu nthawi zambiri amakonda kuthiranso theka la tsiku, ndipo kuthira kachiwiri ndi malo achilengedwe oti musinthe nkhungu ngati kulephera kukusonyeza kuti kutha. Timatumiza zathunkhungu zowotcherera za exothermicndi zolemba zozungulira zomwe zimasindikizidwa kuti ogula athe kutsatira mbiri ya nkhungu iliyonse pa projekiti, ndipo zolemba zomwezo ziyenera kuyenda ndi nkhungu iliyonse yomwe imayenda pakati pa malo. Nkhungu yomwe simungaganizire ndi nkhungu yomwe simungayikhulupirire.
| Chifukwa | Zoyenera kutsimikizira patsamba lino | Nthawi pa cholumikizira chilichonse |
|---|---|---|
| Chinyezi | Kuyesa kwa desiccant pa katiriji yoyesera; kuyesa kopukuta kwa conductor; kutentha kwa pamwamba pa nkhungu ≥ 30 °C | Mphindi ziwiri |
| Kuvala kwa nkhungu | Chipika cha kuzungulira kwa nkhungu; mawonekedwe a mkanda kudutsa madontho asanu apitawa; kulemera kwa nkhungu poyerekeza ndi kulemera koyambira | Mphindi imodzi |
| Ufa wosakhwima | Kukula kwa katiriji poyerekeza ndi nthawi ya kondakitala; kuwunika umphumphu wa batch | Mphindi imodzi |
| Kukonzekera kwa kondakitala | Kuyang'ana kowala ngati chitsulo; osakhudza khungu mukamaliza kutsuka; ≤ zenera lotseguka la mphindi 15 | Mphindi imodzi |
| Kuzizira kozizira | Thermometer ya infrared kapena yolumikizana nayo pa nkhungu ikayaka; itenthetseni pasadakhale ngati kutentha kuli pansi pa 25 °C | Masekondi 30 |
Momwe Mungayang'anire Wogulitsa Wanu Wamakono Popanda Kunyoza Aliyense
Mafoni ambiri omwe ndimatenga pankhaniyi sayamba ndi kulephera. Amayamba ndi wogula amene wangopemphedwa kumene kuti ayenerere wogulitsa watsopano, kapena mainjiniya amene walandira njira yomwe sanapange, ndipo akufuna kudziwa mafunso oti afunse asanalepherenso. Nkhani yoona mtima ya zokambiranazo ndi yakuti pafupifupi wogulitsa aliyense akhoza kutumiza nkhungu yomwe imagwira ntchito tsiku lothira. Funso lovuta kwambiri ndilakuti kodi angathe kulemba chifukwa chake chinthu chawo chinagwira ntchito, komanso ngati adzakhala ndi yankho pamene sichinagwire ntchito.
Mafunso atatu amasiyanitsa wogulitsa weniweni ndi wochepetsa mtengo pa vuto ili, ndipo nditha kuwafotokozera ogula onse motsatira dongosolo ili.
- "Ndiwonetseni chitsanzo chanu cha zolemba za mold cycle."Wogulitsa amene amatsatira kuwerengera kwa ma cycle ndi wogulitsa amene amadziwa kuti nkhungu zimatha. Wogulitsa amene sachita zimenezi ndi woipa kwambiri chifukwa cha vuto lanu.
- "Kodi kutsata kwanu kwa ufa ndi kotani?"Chitini chilichonse chiyenera kukhala ndi nambala ya batch, tsiku lopangidwa, ndi chizindikiro chosindikizidwa cha chidebe. Wogulitsa amene amayikanso ufa wambiri m'zitini zosalembedwa amakhala pachiwopsezo cha chinyezi m'chitini.
- "Kodi maganizo anu ndi otani pankhani yosintha katiriji kakang'ono?"Yankho loona mtima ndi lakuti "timakana oda mpaka mutatsimikizira kukula kwa kondakitala." Yankho loopsa ndi lakuti "tikhoza kutumiza chidebe chaching'ono lero."
Ndaona mafunso onsewa akuletsa wogulitsa kamodzi kokha. Funso 1 linathetsa ubale ndi kampani yogulitsa chaka chatha — sanathe kupanga chitsanzo cha cycle log chifukwa sanapemphepo fakitale yawo, ndipo atafunsa, fakitaleyo sinathenso kupanga imodzi. Funso 2 linayamba kugwira ntchito yokonzanso zinthu mu 2023: wogulitsa m'nyumba anali kugula ufa wolemera pa kilogalamu imodzi ndikuuyika m'mabokosi ang'onoang'ono osapangidwa ndi chizindikiro kuti atumize kunja, opanda nambala ya batch pamabokosiwo komanso opanda chizindikiro chotsekedwa. Tinatulutsa maoda athu sabata yomweyo. Funso 3 ndi lomwe ndimalimbikira kwambiri, chifukwa limayesa ngati wogulitsayo adzasankha kukhulupirika kwa kampani yanu m'malo mwa nthawi yanu yogula — ndipo yankho limakuuzani pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe muyenera kudziwa za zaka zisanu zikubwerazi zogwirira ntchito nawo.
Tapanga zikalata zathu zotumizira kunja motsatira mafunso atatu awa chifukwa ndi mafunso omwe kafukufuku wathu wolephera akupitilizabe kubwereza. Ndi mafunso omwe ndikanatifunsa, ndikanakhala wogula.
Kuzindikira Kulephera kwa Weld — Sankhani Chizindikiro Chomwe Mumachiwona M'munda
Musanadule chiwalo chimodzi, yang'anani izi. Sankhani chizindikiro chomwe chikugwirizana ndi zomwe mukuwona pamalopo - mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe amagetsi, kapena nthawi - ndipo chidacho chimachigwirizanitsa ndi zomwe zingayambitse zinthu zisanu zomwe zili pamwambapa, kukupatsani chidziwitso chodalirika, ndikulemba zomwe mungachite nthawi yomweyo musanachite china. Ichi ndi chisankho chomwe ndimachipereka kwa wogula pafoni pamene foni yalephera.
Mabowo opumira kapena mabowo obisika pamwamba pa mkanda
Mkanda umayikidwa mkati kapena wooneka ngati sunadzazidwe mokwanira pakati
Mzere wakuthwa ukuwoneka pamalo opingasa pomwe mbali ziwiri zachitsulo sizinagwirizane
Cholukidwa chimalumikizidwa ndi kondakitala mmodzi yekha wa awiriawiri ophatikizika
Mkanda umawoneka bwino kwambiri, koma kukana kwake kumakhala kokwera (kupitirira ~200 µΩ) mukayamba kugwira ntchito
Kukana kunali kovomerezeka poyambitsa ntchito koma kumakwera chaka ndi chaka
Zolephera zimasonkhana kokha kumayambiriro kwa ntchito, kenako zimachira pakati pa m'mawa
Kulephera kwa gulu kumapeto kwa gulu la ufa / kutumiza kwina kulikonse
Nkhungu yadutsa mizunguliro 50, kapena mwailandira popanda kulemba za mizunguliro
- Tsimikizirani kukula kwa katiriji motsutsana ndi kuphatikiza kwa kondakitala — mphamvu yochepa kwambiri ndiyo chifukwa chofala kwambiri cha kusalumikizana kosakwanira kwa kondakitala m'modzi.
- Yang'anani momwe nkhungu imayendera: magawo awiriwa ayenera kutseka bwino pakati pa kondakitala popanda kuwala kwa dzuwa.
- Yang'anani diski yachitsulo — iyenera kukhala pakati pa dzenje la pompu isanayambe kuyaka, osasuntha mbali ina.
- Konzaninso chowongolera ndi burashi yatsopano ndi chopukutira cha isopropyl musanathirenso kachiwiri.
- Chithunzi cholumikizira chomwe chalephera ndi momwe chikugwirizana musanachigwetse kuti kutsanulira kotsatira kuwonetsedwe bwino.
Kuzindikira matendawa kumawonetsa chizindikiro chimodzi ku chifukwa chimodzi chomwe chingakhale chotheka kwambiri kutengera mawonekedwe a magawo osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku zolephera 312 zomwe zafufuzidwa ndi fakitale yathu pakati pa 2023 ndi 2026. Ngati zizindikiro ziwiri zikugwirizana, yesani chachiwiri padera - zidzaloza ku chifukwa chomwecho pafupifupi 80% ya milandu yophatikizana.
Mafunso Omwe Amafunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Ma Weld Olephera a Exothermic
Ndingadziwe bwanji ngati chotenthetsera cha exothermic chalephera ngati chikuwonekabe cholimba?
Cholumikizira cha thermit cholephera kugwira ntchito chingawoneke bwino kunja koma chingakhalebe choyipa. Zizindikiro zodalirika ndi zamagetsi: kukana kwa milliohm komwe kumakwera chaka ndi chaka, chithunzi cha kutentha chomwe chimatengedwa pansi pa katundu chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti cholumikiziracho chikuyenda bwino kuposa chowongolera, kapena mphete yowonetsa ya carbonate wobiriwira wamkuwa pamalo otulukira a chowongolera. Kuyang'ana maso kokha kumangowona zolephera zoyipa kwambiri - ma porosity omwe amadutsa pamwamba kapena kudzaza komwe kulibe pa dzenje la pompo.
Kodi chotenthetsera cha exothermic chomwe chalephera chingabwezeretsedwenso pamalo pake, kapena kodi kondakitala ayenera kudulidwanso?
Muyenera kudula chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chadutsa pamalo omwe kutentha kumakhudza ndikukonzekeranso kondakitala watsopano. Kuthira chitsulo chatsopano chosungunuka pa cholumikizira cholephera sikumaphatikiza chitsulo chatsopano ndi mkuwa wakale modalirika chifukwa mawonekedwe oyambawo adapanga kale zitsulo zake ndipo ma porosity aliwonse otsekeredwa amakhala malo oyambira kulephera kwina. Mwachizolowezi, cholumikizira cholephera chimatanthauza kudula kondakitala osachepera 50 mm mbali iliyonse, kutsuka kukhala chitsulo chowala, ndikugwiritsa ntchito nkhungu yatsopano ya graphite - ndipo pokhapokha mutazindikira chomwe chimayambitsa.
Kodi chinyezi chimachita chiyani mkati mwa exothermic weld?
Mkuwa wosungunuka wochokera ku exothermic reaction umakhala pa kutentha kwa pafupifupi 1,083 °C, ndipo madzi aliwonse omwe ali m'bowo la nkhungu, pa kondakitala, kapena mu ufa amawala kuti atuluke nthunzi nthawi yomweyo chitsulocho chikafika. Nthunzi imakula pafupifupi nthawi 1,700 ndipo imatuluka kudzera mu chitsulo chosungunuka, ndikusiya mabowo ndi cholumikizira chokhala ndi oxide. M'milandu yoipitsitsa kwambiri, kuphulika kwa nthunzi kwatulutsa chitsulo chosungunuka kuchokera ku chinthu choyaka ndi chozungulira - ichi ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimachitika kwambiri pa ntchito za OSHA pa ntchito za thermit-weld.
Kodi nkhungu yowotcherera ya graphite exothermic iyenera kukhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Pa mzere wathu timayesa ma graphite molds pa nthawi yogwira ntchito 50 mpaka 100, ndipo ma connections 80 mpaka 100 amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, chifukwa kuthira kulikonse kumawononga dzenje ndikukulitsa pang'onopang'ono dzenje la pompu. Chidebe chomwe chapititsidwa patsogolo pa nthawi yake yozungulira chimayamba kupanga ma connections osadzazidwa bwino, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito amawonjezera ufa - womwe umatentha kwambiri dzenje ndikufulumizitsa kuwonongeka. Chizindikiro chenicheni si mng'alu womwe mungawone; ndi mkanda wothira womwe umataya mawonekedwe ake a pilo ndikuyamba kuyika mkati.
Chifukwa chiyani chotenthetsera changa cha exothermic chimawoneka bwino koma chimayang'ana kwambiri pakuyimitsa?
Kukana kwakukulu pa weld yomwe imawoneka yolondola nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku chimodzi mwa zinthu zitatu: kondakitala sinatsukidwe kukhala chitsulo chowala pansi pa dzenje la weld, mphamvu ya ufa inali yochepa kwambiri pa gawo la kondakitala, kapena nkhunguyo sinali yolunjika bwino kotero chitsulo chosungunuka chinalumikizidwa pakati pa kondakitala m'malo mosakanikirana mu zonse ziwiri. Weld yabwino ndi weld yolimba kwambiri sizili zofanana zokha, chifukwa muyeso wa kukana umatengedwa kudutsa cholumikizira, osati kudzera mu bead. Tawona zolumikizira zokhala ndi mikanda yokongola zimalemera 800 micro-ohm motsutsana ndi 30 mpaka 50 micro-ohm yathanzi pa anansi ofanana.
Kodi kusiyana pakati pa kulephera kwa weld ya exothermic ndi weld yolakwika kuyambira pachiyambi ndi kotani?
Kulephera kwa weld ya exothermic ndi cholumikizira chomwe chimagwira ntchito bwino poyika kenako n’kuwonongeka chikagwiritsidwa ntchito — nthawi zambiri kudzera mu dzimbiri pa conductor interface, weld sinafikepo, kudzera mu kutentha komwe kunatsegula micro-gap, kapena kudzera mu kusokonezeka kwa makina. Weld yolakwika sinali yabwino konse: idathiridwa ndi ufa wonyowa, mpata waukulu, nkhungu yosweka, kapena conductor woipitsidwa, ndipo kulephera kumawonekera pa ntchito kapena kuyesa koyamba kwa katundu. Kusiyanitsa zinthu ziwirizi chifukwa kulephera nthawi zambiri kumasonyeza vuto la chilengedwe, pomwe cholakwika chimasonyeza vuto la njira kapena wogulitsa.
Jane Yang· Woyang'anira Malonda, Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
Zaka 12 mu ntchito yoteteza mphezi ndi kuletsa malonda akunja · Zaka 17 zopanga mafakitale motsatira malangizo onse.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-31-2026