Zambiri kuchokera ku fakitale ya PV ya Saudi ya 150 MW (ma electrode a mankhwala 4,200, kukana kwapakati kwa 3.1 Ω) ndi kutumiza kunja kwa ME/Africa/SEA: chifukwa chake ndodo zoyendetsedwa bwino zimalephera mu nthaka yamchenga, yamiyala ndi ya laterite - ndi zomwe chikalata chogulira chikunena m'malo mwake.

Kukambirana komwe ndikufuna kuyikapo nkhaniyi kunachitika mu Ogasiti 2020, pomwe bungwe la EPC lomwe lili ku Madrid linatumiza kafukufuku yemwe adasanduka pulojekiti ya PV ya Saudi ya 150 MW yomwe deta ya nkhaniyi imachokera. Imelo yofunsa mafunso idafunsidwa za izi.ndodo zapadziko lapansi zopangidwa ndi mankhwalapa malo ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi (PV) komwe kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi nthaka unabweranso mu gulu la 1,500 mpaka 2,200 Ω·cm. Lipoti la geotech linali lomveka bwino, EPC inali yolondola, ndipo malowo anali m'manja mwa caliche omwe mainjiniya wamkulu adawona pa projekiti yaying'ono ku Chile mu 2018 komwe zinthu zosungiramo madzi zidadutsa malire a mphamvu zamagetsi m'chaka chachitatu chifukwa maulendo awiri okonzekera kuthirira adadukidwa panthawi yoletsa kuyenda kwa COVID. Sanafune kubwereza zimenezo. Nkhani yomwe mukuwerengayi ndi mfundo ya uinjiniya yomwe idachokera mu imelo imeneyo - dongosolo la nthaka lomwe EPC pamapeto pake idalemba mu chikalata chogulira, ndi zambiri za m'munda kuchokera ku fakitale yomwe idapanga.

Bukuli ndi la magulu ogula zinthu omwe afunsidwa mafunso ofanana: eni mapulojekiti a ME, Africa ndi SEA omwe lipoti lawo la geotech lili pa desiki, omwe gulu lawo lopanga mapulani likupempha electrode ya mankhwala m'malo mwa ndodo yoyendetsedwa, ndipo zikalata zawo zogulira ziyenera kulembedwa m'masabata awiri akubwerawa. Mitundu itatu ya nthaka yomwe ili pansipa - mchenga, miyala ndi laterite - ndi yomwe imawonekera nthawi zambiri m'malipoti amenewo, ndipo njira zolephera zimakhala zapadera pa chilichonse. Chomwe sichisintha pa zitatuzi ndi yankho la mbali yogulira.

1. Dothi la Mchenga — Kulephera kwa Waya M'mpweya

Mchenga wouma ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi njira zitatu zolephera. Papepala umawoneka ngati malo abwino kwambiri oyeretsera nthaka: ndi womasuka, umatuluka madzi bwino, ndipo ndi wosavuta kuugwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, kuwerenga kwa Wenner kwa ma pin anayi kumafotokoza nkhani yosiyana. Mchenga wouma wa m'chipululu pa kuya kwa 1 mita nthawi zambiri umawerengedwa pakati pa 3,000 ndi 10,000 Ω·cm; mchenga wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja pa kuya kwa 1.5 mita ukhoza kuwerenga pamwamba pa 20,000 Ω·cm pazochitika zoyipa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake ndi cha ionic, osati cha makina: mchenga wouma ulibe dongo ndipo palibe mchere wosungunuka kuti utulutse mphamvu kuchokera pamwamba pa ndodo.

Chomwe chimasintha mawerengedwe ndi chinyezi pamwamba pa ndodo. A ndodo ya dziko lapansi ya mankhwalaNdi pakatikati pa nthaka yokhala ndi mkuwa mkati mwa 100 mm augered annulus, pomwe annulus yodzazidwa ndi hygroscopic backfill compound (nthawi zambiri bentonite yophatikizidwa ndi magnesium sulfate). Phalalo limayamwa chinyezi chozungulira kuchokera kunthaka komanso chinyezi cha nyengo, limachigwira pamwamba pa ndodo, ndikutulutsa pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka kwa ayoni m'nthaka yomweyo. Zotsatira zake ndi zakuti malo olumikizirana ndi ndodo ndi nthaka amakhala ngati dothi la mwina 200 Ω·cm ngakhale nthaka yozungulira itakhala 8,000 Ω·cm. Maonekedwe a ndodo ya NEMA GR-1 sanasinthe; kusintha komwe kulipo ndi kukhudzana ndi nthaka.

Pa zotumiza zathu ku Middle East pakati pa 2020 ndi 2025, kukana kwapakati pa ma pad pa ma chemical-earth-rod installations mu mchenga wa 2,000 mpaka 8,000 Ω·cm kunafika pa 3.6 Ω motsutsana ndi cholinga cha kapangidwe ka 5 Ω, popanda kuzungulira kwa madzi. Ma powered-rod-only installations m'malo oyandikana nawo mu mzere womwewo anali pakati pa 18 ndi 42 Ω panthawi yogwira ntchito, ndipo anabwezeretsedwanso mkati mwa chaka choyamba. Ndodoyo inali ndi mainchesi ofanana. Kusiyana kwake kunali kudzaza kumbuyo.

2. Dothi la Rocky — Bottleneck ya Caliche-Layer

Tsamba la Saudi lomwe linapanga deta ya munda m'nkhaniyi linali ndi gawo la caliche pamtunda wa 3.5 m pakona ya southwest array. Choyambiriracho chinkafuna ndodo zoyendetsedwa ndi 2.4 m - zomwe zinkagwira ntchito pa 94% ya gululo. 6% yotsalayo inali pa caliche yosaya kwambiri kuti idutsemo ndipo inali yolimba kwambiri kuti isanyalanyazidwe. Ma pad asanu ndi limodzi omwe anali mu ngodya imeneyo anali pamwamba pa 4.7 Ω pamene ikugwira ntchito ngakhale ndi ndodo yotambasulidwa kufika pa 3.0 m. Tinachita zinthu ziwiri: tinasintha kukhala ma electrode awiri a delta-pattern (ndodo ziwiri za 2.4 m mu triangle kuzungulira pad iliyonse) ndipo tinawonjezera.ma module a nthaka ya graphitepa ma MV transformer pads motsatizana. Kuyesedwanso kwa chaka chachisanu kunabweranso pa 4.7 Ω yoyipa kwambiri — mkati mwa malire a kapangidwe — chifukwa ma modules adakulitsa malo ozungulira pomwe njira yoyima inali yotsekedwa.

Malo a miyala amagawidwa m'magulu awiri othandiza gulu logula. Loyamba ndi miyala yosweka yokhala ndi mipata yodzaza ndi dothi - yotheka, koma ndodoyo imangolumikizana ndi gawo la dothi, osati miyala. Lachiwiri ndi miyala yosasinthika kapena caliche (dothi lopangidwa ndi calcium carbonate) pafupi kapena pafupi ndi kuya kwa electrode komwe kwakonzedwa, komwe kuyendetsa kumakhala kosatheka kapena kopanda ndalama. Middle East ndi kumadzulo kwa US amawona gulu lachiwiri lalikulu; madera akuluakulu a Saudi Arabia, Qatar ndi UAE ali ndi gawo la caliche pakati pa 2 ndi 4 m, ndipoZambiri za Dziko la ISRICKatalogu imayika mbiri yofanana ku Sahel ndi Horn of Africa m'malo ouma nthawi zina.

Kuti mufunse funso lozama pankhani yogula zinthu m'malo ovuta,Deta ya FAO yogawa nthakaImalola gulu logula zinthu kuti liwone malo a m'deralo asanayambe kontrakitala wa geotech - malo otsika mtengo kwambiri oti mudziwe ngati malowa ali pa caliche kapena pansi pa granite yonyowa.Chikalata chofotokozera za FAO World Soilsndi dzina la mayina a gulu la nthaka lomwe limafika pa BES (Bid Evaluation Sheet).

3. Dothi la Laterite — Vuto la Kugwedezeka kwa Nyengo

Laterite ndi mtundu wa nthaka komwe ndodo yoyendetsedwa bwino imadutsa ikugwira ntchito kenako n’kulephera kugwira ntchito bwino nthawi yachilimwe. Laterite ndi nthaka yotsala yokhala ndi chitsulo ndi aluminiyamu yomwe imapezeka m’madera otentha a ku Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique), South Asia (kwambiri ku India, Sri Lanka, madera ena a Bangladesh) ndi madera ena a South America (kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Brazil, Guyana). Dothi lake lili ndi madzi okwanira ndipo lili ndi iron oxide yambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale ndi mtundu wofiira ndi bulauni.

Vuto lamagetsi ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa pa West Africa laterite nthawi zambiri amanena kuti mphamvu ya madzi imagwira ntchito bwino nthawi yamvula pakati pa 200 ndi 800 Ω·cm — yomwe imagwira ntchito bwino pa ndodo yoyendetsedwa bwino — komanso mphamvu ya madzi nthawi yamvula yoposa 5,000 Ω·cm — kunja kwa mphamvu ya madzi yomwe imagwira ntchito pa ndodo yomweyo. Ndodo yoyendetsedwayo sisintha; nthaka yozungulira imasintha. Kuthirira kwa miyezi 6 kumatha kubwezeretsanso kuwerengera kwa nyengo yamvula, koma vuto lomwelo la kuthirira limabwereranso: gulu lothirira lomwe silibwera panthawi yoyenera limasiya pad mkati mwa band yolephera ya zenera la touch-voltage kwa nthawi yonse yotsala yachilimwe.

Makamaka malo a SEA laterite, mfundo yofanana ya nyengo imagwiranso ntchito ndi nthawi yosiyana pang'ono ya nyengo: nyengo yachilimwe ku Indonesia ndi Philippines ndi yayifupi koma yolimba kuposa nyengo yachilimwe ku West Africa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukana kumakanikizidwa pawindo lolimba. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala-nthaka-ndodo — kubwezeretsa chinyezi, popanda kuthirira — imagwira ntchito m'njira zonse ziwiri.

4. Zimene Chikalata Chogulira Zinthu Chikunena

Pa mitundu itatu ya nthaka yomwe ili pamwambapa, chisankho cha uinjiniya ndi chimodzimodzi: ndodo yoyendetsedwa ndi muyezo si chinthu choyenera. Chikalata chogulira chiyenera kufotokoza chomwe chili.

Pali njira zitatu zowongolera mbali yogulira zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyana pakati pa chinthu chomwe chimathetsa vutoli ndi chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli.

1. Lipoti la mayeso amtundu wolumikizidwa ku PO.Ndodo ya dziko lapansi ya mankhwala si chubu cha mkuwa chokha - ndi kapangidwe kake kamene kali mkati mwake. Wogulitsayo ayenera kutumiza lipoti la mayeso amitundu inayi: chinthu chochepetsera kukana kwa resistivity pa chinyezi chodziwikiratu, kukhazikika kwa ionic kwa nthawi yayitali pa 60 °C / masiku 30, kusunga chinyezi patatha masiku 90 akuuma, komanso kutsatira malamulo a ESIA. Tinataya gulu la 2019 chifukwa cha sodium-chloride blend (chloride imaukira cores zophimbidwa ndi mkuwa mkati mwa chivundikiro), ndipo gulu lathu la ogulitsa la 2022 linalephera mayeso a ionic-stability pa 65% yosungira - pansi pa malire athu amkati a 80% - ndichifukwa chake tidayenerera mzere wopangira mkati. Wogulitsa yemwe sangatumize lipotilo ndi wogulitsa yemwe amabwera kumapeto kwa chaka chachiwiri ndi imelo ya "tili ndi compound yatsopano yokonzedwa".
2. Cholumikizira chokhazikika chotsekedwa pa IEEE 837.Ma clamp a makina amalephera kuyesa kwa mphamvu ya impulse muIEC 62561-1ndipo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa pulojekiti yofunikira. Muyezo wolumikizira ndi gawo la spec lomwe limateteza katunduyo pa moyo wonse wa kapangidwe ka zaka 25.
3. Ndodo ya geometry paNEMA GR-1.M'mimba mwake ndi 17.2 mm mpaka 25.4 mm, makulidwe a copper-cladding ≥ 254 µm. Kukhuthala kwa cladding ndikofunikira kwambiri pa katundu wa impulse-current (ESE terminations, MV pads) — cladding yopyapyala imalephera poyamba.

5. Kutseka — Zimene Mbali Yogula Zinthu Iyenera Kufunsa Choyamba

Fakitale ya Saudi ya 150 MW yomwe idatsegula nkhaniyi idabweranso pa avareji ya 3.1 Ω yolimbana ndi cholinga chopangidwa ndi 5 Ω pakuyesanso kwa chaka chachisanu, pomwe choyipa kwambiri chinali pa 4.7 Ω kum'mwera chakumadzulo komwe caliche idasiya kuyendetsa molunjika. Palibe nambala iliyonse mwa izi yomwe inalipo ngati mkangano wogula pamene Madrid EPC idatumiza imelo yofunsa ya Ogasiti 2020 - ndi zotsatira za kulemba chemistry ya backfill, muyezo wolumikizira, mawonekedwe a ndodo ndi kutsatana kwa nthaka mu chikalata chomwecho, kenako ndikulola gulu lokhazikitsa kuti ligwire ntchitoyo.

Ngati ndinu mwini wa pulojekiti ku Middle East, Africa kapena Southeast Asia ndipo chikalata chogulira chili chotseguka, funso lomwe limatsimikizira ngati pulojekitiyi ikhala mkati mwa zenera lake la kapangidwe kake kwa zaka 25 zikubwerazi si "ndi ndodo iti yomwe ndikugula" - ndi "kodi nthaka ikulimbana ndi kuya kwa electrode komwe kwakonzedwa, ndipo ndi njira iti mwa zitatu zomwe zalephera pamwambapa yomwe ikugwira ntchito." Pezani yankho la nthaka kaye; yankho la chinthucho likutsatira. Kenako funso logula ndi lakuti ndi banja liti mwa magulu awiri azinthu -ndodo ya dziko lapansi ya mankhwala or gawo la nthaka ya graphite(kapena zonse ziwiri, pamalo ovuta kwambiri) — zikugwirizana ndi mzere wa nthaka ndi malire a kuya. Tsamba lonse la gulu pa/electrode-yothira-mankhwala/ili ndi zosankha za geometry, ndipoOpanga Ndodo 5 Zapamwamba za Electrolytic Ion Ground Rod za 2025Blog ili ndi mndandanda wa ogulitsa.

Pa phukusi lachitsanzo ndi lipoti la mayeso a mitundu inayi ya katundu pa polojekiti inayake, njira yachangu kwambiri nditsamba lolumikizana nafeZitsanzo za kutumiza kwa mapulojekiti a ME, Africa ndi SEA nthawi zambiri zimachoka mufakitale mkati mwa sabata lomwelo, ndipo mayankho aukadaulo mkati mwa tsiku limodzi logwira ntchito.