He aratohu mā te tumuaki o te marangā whakarewa werawera i rahua— ngā take e rima o te tukanga, te aratohu tātaritanga, me tētahi tātaritanga rahunga whakarewa taunekeneke ka taea e koe te whakahaere i mua i te tapahi i tētahi mea.
- Ko te nuinga o ngā rahunga whakarewa "ohorere" ehara i te mea ohorere: ko tā mātou arotake rahunga-312 ā-roto (2023–2026) i whai i te 86% ki tētahi o ngā take tukanga e rima kāore i te maha te tuhi a ngā kaiwhakarato — te makuku kua mau (38%), te karāwhata kua pakaru (24%), te paura iti rawa (17%), te whakarite arataki kua poke (14%), te wā mura o te pokepokea makariri rānei (7%).
- Ahakoa te āhua tika o te hononga, ka taea tonu te ine i te 800 micro-ohm ki te 30–50 micro-ohm hauora, nā te mea kāore e kitea te porosity taha-arahi, te whakakikorua waikura rānei i te tirohanga kanohi.
- Kāore e taea te ringihia anō ki te wāhi tika mēnā kua pakaru ngā hononga — tapahia kia 50 mm te iti rawa o te ara iahiko ki tua atu i te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera, kimihia te pūtake o te take, kātahi ka whakarite anō mā te whakamahi i te pokepokea i roto i tōna matapihi huringa ratonga 50–100.
- Mō iaTe tohutoro a Cadweld a nVent ERICO, ka puta he hononga ngota i te tukanga, ehara i te hononga ā-ringa — nō reira, ko tētahi momo rahunga e hanga ana i tētahi atanga (kiriata makuku, whakakikoruatanga waikura, āputa) ka hinga te hangarau mai i roto.
- Tō mātouraina pokepokea ai te werawerakua whakatauria mō ngā huringa 50–100 me ngā hononga 80–100 e whakamahia ana i te mara, he mea mīhini mai i te karāpeti kounga teitei kia roa ake ai te mau o te ātete ki te poka — engari ko te pokepokea i waho o taua matapihi ehara i te pokepokea, engari he herenga.
- Whakahaerehia te taunekenekeTe Tātaritanga o te Rahunga Whakarewai raro nei i mua i te tapahi i tētahi hononga — tīpakohia te tohu e kitea ana e koe i te wāhi, ka kimihia te pūtake tino tūpono me ngā mahi rongoā tere tonu.
E rua ngā wāhanga whakawhiti i runga i taku paepae i te marama kua taha ake nei. E rua mai i ngā whatunga whenua o te teihana hiko 33 kV. I tangohia ngā whakaahua e rua i te whakanuinga 10× ōrite i raro i te rama porowhita kotahi. Ki tētahi miihini tauhou e pānui ana i te pūrongo whakatūnga, he rite tonu te whakarewanga. Ki tētahi kaihoko e haina ana i ngā pepa whakamātautau, he rite tonu te whakarewanga. Ehara i te rite te whakarewanga.
I ine te kotahi i te 28 maikoro-ohm, ā, i eke ki te taumata tuatahi. I ine te tetahi i te 640 maikoro-ohm, ā, i rahua i taua ahiahi anō. Ko te whānau pokepokea kotahi, ko te kaiwhakarato paura kotahi, ko te hurihanga o ngā kaimahi tokorua. Ko te poroporo i ngā hononga e rua i te āhua tika ki te kanohi tahanga me te kāmera wera. Ko te rerekētanga i noho i roto i te 6 mirimita o te ara iahiko i murua e tetahi o ngā kaimahi ki te papa isopropyl kore-miro, ā, ko te tetahi i murua ki te karapu hiako hou.
Ko te āputa te kaupapa matua o tēnei aratohu. Nā te mea he tino pono te tukanga exothermic i tētahi ara motuhake - ko ia hapa ka puta he tapumati i runga i te whakawhiti - ā, he tino tinihanga i tētahi atu ara - he pai tonu te āhua o te titi i runga ahakoa he mate te tapumati i raro. Ko ngā take e rima e whai ake nei ko ngā tapumati e kitea tonutia ana e au i runga i taku pae, i te raupapa ka ārahi ahau i te kaihoko i roto i aua tapumati ina he te pūrongo tono.
E 200 pea ngā waea kua hikoi atu ahau i roto i ngā tau e toru kua pahure ake nei. He pai kē ki ahau kia kaua e puta ngā waea e 200 e whai ake nei. Pānuihia tēnei i mua i tō ringihanga e whai ake nei — he iti ake te utu i te ringihanga anō, ā, ko ngā whakautu he rite tonu ki ngā whakautu ka hoatu e au ki te kanohi ki te kanohi.
Te Pānui i te Wāhanga Whakawhiti Te Pānui i te Pītiti
Ko ia pūrongo whakatūnga e puta mai ana i taku tēpu e whakaatu ana i te mea kotahi mō ngā ngoikoretanga: te honongatitirotika i te rā ringihia. I paahitia te tirotiro tirohanga. I paahitia te matawai wera. I whakaatu te wāhanga whakawhiti i te pono. Koinei te tikanga e tono atu ana ahau kia whakamahia e koe - ā, koinei te mea e hangaia ana e te widget tātaritanga kei raro o tēnei tuhinga.
I ako ahau i tēnei i te ara uaua i waenganui o te tau 2024. I tukuna mai e tētahi kamupene hiko Pākehā he 23 hononga i tangohia mai i tētahi whatunga whenua teihana hiko 110 kV — kua oti katoa te whakatūnga i ngā marama e toru i mua, me te āhua pītiti, te matawai wera, me te ātete milliohm katoa. I tapahia e mātou i te ahiahi kotahi.17 o ngā 23 i whakaatu i ngā hapa iti e kitea ana i te wāhanga whakawhiti: te whakakikoruatanga waikura i te 9, ngā pūhao pupuhi i te 5, te whakakī-kore i te 3. Kāore tetahi i mau i te whakaaetanga tirotiro noa. Kua roa te kamupene e haina ana i ngā hononga e mate puku ana mō ngā tau - kāore anō kia mōhiotia.
Tīmata ki te pātai tuatahi, kaua ki te tuatoru. Ina waea mai te kaimahi kirimana ki ahau mō te "whakarewatanga rahua", ka pātai atu ahau i mua i tetahi atu mea:I paahitia e te hononga te whakamātautau ātete, i rahua rānei i te wā i inehia ai i te wā tuatahi?Ka rerekē ngā mea katoa i te whakautu, nā te mea he rerekē rawa ngā raruraru o te hononga kua pakaru te mahi me te hononga kua pakaru i te ua, ā, e rua anō hoki ngā pūtake.
E ai ki ngā tuhinga whakahaere kaumātuatanga mō ngā hononga hiko huna e whakahuatia ana e ngā kamupene hiko o Amerika (NUREG-1800, te pūrongo Akoranga Whānui mō te Kaumātuatanga(e whakamahia ana hei whakamārama i ngā tekau tau o te roanga o te oranga o te tipu), ko ngā tikanga pirau kua tuhia mō tētahi hononga tanumia ko te huringa wera, te whakamahana ohmic, te wiri, me te waikura — ā, e mārama ana te pūrongo he tikanga ēnei e mahi ana i ngā atanga. HeKāore he hononga ki te tawhito o te whakarewa exothermic, nā te mea ka noho ngā kaiārahi me te parahi rewa hei konganuku kotahi tonu i te wā o te tauhohenga. Nō reira, ina pakaru te hononga werawera i ringihia tika i te wā e mahi ana, kāore rawa te pakaru i roto i te konganuku whakarewa tonu — kei roto i tētahi wāhanga o te kaiārahi kāore i tae atu te whakarewa, i roto rānei i tētahi āputa moroiti huringa werawera i mahue i te whakarewa nā te mea i hē te utu paura i te rā ringihia.
He aha te āhua o te "hapa i puta mai i te rā ua" i runga i te tātaritanga tūpāpaku
Nā ngā hononga e rua rau o Cebu i ako mai tētahi tauira kua mau tonu i roto i ngā pakaru maha-hononga katoa kua hikoi ahau mai i taua wā. Ina tapahia e mātou tētahi hononga kua pakaru, ka whakakanapahia te wāhanga whakawhiti, ka kite mātou i tētahi o ngā hanganga iti e rima e hokihoki ana, ā, ka hono pai ia ki tētahi o ngā take tukanga e rima i roto i te toenga o tēnei tuhinga:
| Taputapu tohu whakawhiti-wāhanga | Kei hea te wāhi hei rapu | Ngā mahere hei take |
|---|---|---|
| Ngā pūhao pupuhi e huihui ana i te taha o te mata o te ara iahiko | I roto i te pītiti whakarewa, i roto i te 1–2 mm o te taha o te ara iahiko | Take 1 — Makuku (paura, ara iahiko, hauhautanga pokepokea makariri rānei) |
| Te whakakikoruatanga waikura e whakarara ana ki te tuaka arataki | He papa koi i waenganui i te konganuku whakarewa me te mata o te ara iahiko, e kitea ana i muri i te whakakanapa | Take 4 — Poto whakarite mō te ara iahiko (kiriata hinu, waikura toenga, pā ki te kiri) |
| He kōhao kī tonu me te mata poroporo porotaka | Ngā pereti mata pīrere ki roto; kāore te kōhao e whakakī rawa e ai ki te hoahoa | Take 2 — Te kakahu o te pokepokea ai, Take 3 rānei — Te utu paura iti rawa |
| He arai kati-makariri i kore ai e honoa ngā mata whakarewa e rua | Te koretake o te hanganga o te kōhao e whakarara ana ki te pakitara o te kōhao | Take 5 — Te wā whakakā o te pokepokea ai makariri (te pokepokea ai i raro i te ~25 °C i te whakakā) |
| He mea whakarewa e herea ana ki tētahi o ngā ara iahiko e rua anake i roto i te whakawhiti | E kitea ana mai i te taha: ka taupokina e te pītiti tetahi taha anake o te takirua whakawhiti | Take 3 — He iti rawa te rahi o te paura, he hē rānei te tūnga o te pokepokea ai i te wā e kati ana |
Kia mōhio koe ki te pānui i ēnei tapumati e rima, ka mutu te kōrero rapurongoā hei whakapae noa iho. Ko te toenga o tēnei aratohu e ārahi ana i ia take i roto i te raupapa e tirotirohia ana e au i te wāhi, me te taahiraa manatoko e whakaatu ana i mua i te tapahi i tētahi hononga.
Ko te makuku te tino take ina hē te whakarewanga Thermit?
Ko te makuku te tino take o te rahunga e ārahi ana ahau nā te mea koinei te mea tino noa, ā, ko te mea tino muru hara hoki. Ko te parahi rewa mai i te tauhohenga werawera kei te tata ki te 1,083 °C — te pūwāhi rewa o te parahi — ā, i te wā e tūtaki ai ki tētahi wai, ka koropupū wawe taua wai hei mamaoa, ka whakawhanui ake i te 1,700 ngā wā o te rahinga. Ka hoki anō te mamaoa mā roto i te konganuku whakarewa tonu, ka waiho he ara o ngā pūhao pupuhi, ā, ka pakaru te hononga i mua i te whakamatao. IaPaerewa OSHA 29 CFR 1910.252 (Te Whakarewa, te Tapahi, me te Whakapūmau — Ngā Whakaritenga Whānui), nā tēnei tikanga kotahi i nui ake ai ngā whara mura me ngā weranga o ngā kaimahi i tētahi atu hapa tukanga werawera.
Ko te take i tino puku ai tēnei mahi, he toru ngā wāhi huna o te makuku, ā, kotahi anake te mea e kitea ana. I roto i tā mātou arotakenga 312-rahunga, i whakaatuhia e ngā rahunga i ahu mai i te makuku he tohu ātete: ko ngā pānuitanga tono i whakarōpūhia i waenga i te 580 me te 940 micro-ohm i runga i ngā takirua arataki ōrite e ine ana i te 30 ki te 50 micro-ohm - he rerekētanga 15-ki-25× e ora ana i te matawai wera engari kāore e ora i te tapahi whakawhiti-wāhanga.
- Paura mākū.Ko te tino take o te pakaru o te nuinga. He take anō kei te tukuna ai te paura i roto i ngā kēne hiri — ina tuwhera te kēne, he waiora te ihirangi, ā, ka mimiti i te haumākū o te taiao i roto i ngā āhuarangi takutai i roto i ngā hāora. Kāore te kātereti e "ahua maroke" ana, e maroke.
- Ngā kaiārahi haukū.Ka pupuri te aho parahi me te maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi i te makuku i roto i ngā āputa aho. Ahakoa te āhua maroke o waho, ka mākū te roto o te taura kua rongoatia kia kore e hipokina i te ua, ā, ka mimiti anō te makuku i roto i ngā meneti i te hau makuku e te mata kua whakamaroketia ki te rama.
- Te hauhautanga o te pokepokea ai makariri.Ka whakakōpirihia he kiriata wai i runga i te pakitara o tōna kōhao i mua i te whakaurunga o te ara iahiko e te kapa, ka tangohia mai i tētahi pēke hauhautanga i te 18 °C ki roto i tētahi ata haumākū 32 °C, 85% te makuku. Kātahi ka mau te kiriata i waenganui i te pakitara pēke me te konganuku rewa.
Te tūpāpaku o Cebu i roto i ngā rārangi e toru
I pakaru ngā hononga o Cebu nā te mea i tau te paura ki runga i te tauranga i makuku i te ua, ā, i whakatuwherahia e te kapa ngā kēne i te ata o te ringihanga. I whakamahia tonutia e rātou te paura nā te mea he maroke te āhua — ā, ko te taha raro o te poro, i runga i ia hononga pakaru, i whakaatu i te tauira pūnga pupuhi e waiho ana e te mamaoa e peia ana e te makuku. Mā te tirotiro whakamaroke 20-meneti i runga i ngā kātere tauira e toru i mua i te ringihanga kua mau te puranga katoa, ā, kua mōhio te kapa ki te wehe i te toenga.
Kua tawhito kē tō pokepokea aihe i tua atu i tōna wā mahi pono?
Koinei te take e tino kino ai te whakahaere a ngā kaiwhakarato, nā te mea e kore e kitea te aratau rahunga e te kaihoko, ā, ko te kaiwhakarato anake te mea e mōhio ana.Ngā tuhinga hua Cadweld a nVent ERICOe whakatau ana i ngā pokepokea graphite i te 50 ki te 100 huringa ratonga, ā, i runga i tā mātou raina ka whakatauria e mātou ā mātoungā pokepoke whakarewa werai ngā huringa 50 ki te 100, me ngā hononga 80 ki te 100 i te whakamahinga noa i te mara. Whai muri i tēnā, kua tino memeha te kōhao, ā, kāore e taea e te kōhao o te puna te ine tika i te konganuku rewa ki roto i te hononga.
Ehara i te mea he pakaru te tohu pono o tētahi pokepokea kua tawhito — engari ko te poroporo whakarewa e ngaro ana tōna āhua urunga, ā, ka tīmata te whāriki ki roto i te pokapū. Ka puta he poroporo hou e āta whakakī ana i runga i te ara iahiko, nā te mea ka nui rawa te whakakī o te paura i te kōhao, ā, ka whakakīia te nui rawa ki roto i te pūwhakarewa. Ka iti te whakakī o tētahi pokepokea kua tawhito, nā te mea kua nui rawa te kōhao, ā, kāore e nui rawa te paura e whakakīia ana e taua paura anō. Ka whakatikatikahia e ngā kaimahi mā te tāpiri paura, ka wera rawa te kōhao, ka tere ake te pakaru — he porowhita urupare e rua tekau ngā ringihanga kino hei whakangaro katoa i tētahi pokepokea.
Me pēhea te whakatau i tētahi pokepokea ai kāore i hokona mai e koe i a mātou
I te tau 2023, i riro mai i tētahi kaihoko ētahi pokepoke e 47 mai i tētahi kaiwhakarato kua kore e mahi, ā, i tono mai kia whakarōpūtia e mātou i mua i te ringihanga e whai ake nei. I paunatia e mātou ia pokepoke ki tōna taumaha tīmatanga kua whakatauria, ā, i whakahaerehia he tirotiro whakawhiti-hononga e 5 mō ia pokepoke neke atu i te 30 karamu te taumaha iti iho.11 o te 47 i ngaro atu i te 50 karamu— kua hipa kē atu i tā rātou wā mahi pono — ā, i hangaia e ia o aua tekau mā tahi ngā hononga me te mata porotiti kua wehea, ā, i rahua i te whakamātautau whakawhiti i roto i ngā ringihanga e toru. I whakakapia e mātou aua tekau mā tahi, i tautuhi anō i te rārangi huringa, ā, i heke te reiti rahua o te kaihoko i taua kaupapa mai i te tata ki te 1 i roto i te 5 hononga ki raro iho i te 1 i roto i te 50. Koinei te āhua o te raruraru ka puta mai i te pokepokea kāore i te rākauhia.
Mena i riro mai i a koe ngā pokepoke i tētahi atu kaiwhakarato, paunatia tētahi ki tētahi pokepoke e mōhiotia ana he rite te āhua. Ka ngaro te matotoru o te pokepoke karāhe i te 3 ki te 8 karamu i ia huringa nā te mimiti wera me te horoi; ko te pokepoke 50 karamu i raro i tōna taumaha tīmatanga kua nui ake ngā huringa i te mea e whakaaetia ana e tōna whakatauranga. Tuarua, tirohia te āhua o te pītiti whakarewa puta noa i ngā ringihanga e rima whakamutunga - ki te mea kua ringihia tetahi o aua mea ki roto, kua panaia te pokepoke ki tua atu i tōna matapihi ratonga pono. IaPaerewa IEEE 837-2014, te anga tohu mō ngā hononga whenua teihana hiko tuturu, ko te āhua o te kōhao whakarewa he wāhanga o ngā taunakitanga tohu — nō reira ehara i te mea he mōrearea kounga anake te pokepokea kua tawhito, engari he mōrearea tutuki i te paerewa i tohua ai te hononga.
Tērā pea ka whakararu puku te paura iti i ō hononga whakarewa?
He take kei te wātea mai te paura i roto i ngā rahi kātereti paerewa.Nā te mea ko te ōwehenga paura-ki-papatipu parahi te taurangi e whakatau ana mēnā ka puta he wera nui i roto i te tauhohenga hei whakarewa katoa i te wāhanga whakawhiti o te ara iahiko, mā te whakaiti i te rahi o te kātere ka puta he hononga e ringihia totoka ana ki waho engari kāore i te tino honoa i te atanga o te ara iahiko.He pai te āhua o te pītiti. E ono marama i muri mai ka kitea te pono o te ātete ina wera te hononga i raro i te iahiko hapa tuatahi.
I tuhia tēnei e mātou i roto i tētahi take i te tau 2024 i Āwherika ki te Hauāuru. I tono tētahi kaimahi kirimana i ngā hononga werawera e 600 mō tētahi whatunga whenua teihana hiko 66 kV, ā, i whakaae ia ki tētahi utu mō ngā kātere #115 me te kore e manatoko i te huinga ara iahiko — he takirua taura 95 mm² / 95 mm² e hiahiatia ana te #150. I tukuna e te kaiwhakarato te #115. I ringihia pai ia hononga. I paahitia ia hononga ki te tono i te 60 ki te 90 micro-ohm āhua hauora. I muri i ngā marama e ono, 38 o ngā hononga tuatahi e 200 i whakamatautauria kua neke ake i te 800 micro-ohm i raro i te kawenga. Kāore mātou i kite i te kore ōrite o te kātere tae noa ki te tukunga mai a te kaihoko i tētahi tauira koretake, ā, ka tapahia e mātou — he pukapuka ako te titi, engari i whakaatuhia e te atanga ara iahiko-ki-te-whakapiri he āputa moroiti tonu tata ki te 0.2 mm te whānui.He tika te pīni; he hē te kātere; i utua e te kaihoko mā te ringihanga anō me ngā haerenga whakamana.E rua ngā putanga o tēnei rahunga — te whakakapinga pono o te kapa me te whakakapinga tinihanga o te kaiwhakarato — ā, ka mutu ngātahi ēnei e rua: he poroporo ataahua, he āputa iti huna i te kaiārahi, me te ātete e piki haere ana i ia tau, i ia tau.
Ko ngā Pokatata Whakarite Arataki te Take Huna o ngā Hononga Ātete-Tiketike?
Kua mātakitaki ahau i ngā kaimahi e rua tekau meneti e horoi ana i te wāhanga e kitea ana o te miro parahi, ā, ka mahue te wāhanga e uru ana ki roto i te kōhao pokepokea ai, nā te mea e kī ana te pepa whakaritenga "ma ki te konganuku kanapa" me te kore e whakamārama me pēhea.Nā te mea ka hangaia te hononga ki te mata o te ara iahiko kei roto i te kōhao i te wā e ringihia ana, ka hangaia he hononga e haere tonu ana te taha waho e te mahi whakarewa, ā, kei roto kua whakakikoruatia ki te waikura.
Ko te paru te mea tino kitea e au i ngā wāhi whakawātea ture ehara i te paru — engari ko te tapumati. Ka whakahaerehia e ngā kaimahi te wāhanga ara iahiko e uru ana ki roto i te pokepokea ai, ka waiho he kiriata hinu angiangi mai i ō rātou kiri, ā, kāore e taea e te parahi rewa te mākū i roto i taua kiriata hei hanumi ki te konganuku turanga. Ko te mutunga he hononga me te papa waikura tonu i waenganui i te konganuku whakarewa me te ara iahiko, ā, ko te papa waikura te momo hononga e tuhia ana e NUREG-1800 hei ara pirau i raro i te huringa wera.
I ārahi ahau i tētahi kaihoko i roto i tētahi whakangungu anō i te tau kua hipa i muri i te whakaputanga o ā rātou teihana tuatoru i ngā hononga neke atu i te 800 micro-ohm i te wā i whakatūria ai - he rite tonu te tapumati i ia wā: he whakakikoruatanga waikura e whakarara ana ki te tuaka o te ara iahiko, e kore e kitea mai i waho o te kōhao. I horoi te kapa i te wāhanga kitea o te ara iahiko ki te ringa karapu, kātahi ka whakatakoto i te miro ki runga i tētahi pahu taura puehu mō te toru tekau meneti i pau ki te whakanoho i te pokepoke ki tōna tūranga. E toru ngā panonitanga i kati ai: he paraihe koi motuhake mō ia rauemi ara iahiko, he tauera isopropyl ki runga i tētahi kakahu kore-miro, me te ture me haere tika te wāhanga kua horoia mai i te paraihe ki roto i te kōhao - kāore he pa ki te kiri, kāore he whakatakoto anō ki runga i te pahu. I heke iho tō rātou reiti ātete teitei mai i te 12% o ngā hononga ki raro iho i te 1% i roto i ngā ringihanga 200 e whai ake nei, ā, ko te 1% i toe mai i ngā mema kapa e rua kāore anō kia uru ki roto i te kaupapa hou.
Ko te take i whakahuatia ai e au ngā huringa, nā te mea kua tuhia kētia ngā huringa katoa. Kāore i arohia te tukanga nā te mea kāore tetahi i kite i te take o te hapa i puta mai i te karapu, ā, kāore i whakamāramahia te hononga i roto i te pepa whakaritenga.Nā te mea ka honoa te mata o te ara iahiko i roto i te kōhao i te wā e ringihia ana, ko te tikanga horoi katoa he mea nui mō ngā mirimita 30 ki te 50 e tomo ana ki te kōhao — ā, koinei anō te wāhi e tino pekehia ai e te kapa tetahi hikoinga.Kāore he tikanga o te ara iahiko e kitea ana, he 200 mm te matotoru, mēnā ka kitea he kiriata waikura, he tapumati rānei i roto i ngā hēkona e ono tekau i mua i te ringihanga i roto i ngā 40 mm whakamutunga i roto i te kōhao.
He aha te take o te korenga o ō mahi i te nekehanga ata i te wā mura o te pokepokea ai te makariri?
Koinei te take kāore tetahi e tuhi ana, nā te mea he rite ki te hapa kaiwhakahaere, kaua ki te hapa tukanga. Ko te mea pono ko te tauhohenga werawera ka whakaritea ki tētahi takai wera motuhake, ā, ko te pokepokea kei raro iho i te 25 °C i te wā o te mura ka rerekē te whanonga mai i te pokepokea kua whakamahanahia i mua. Ka mura te paura tīmatanga, ka horapa te taha o te tauhohenga mā roto i te utu, engari ka ngaro te wera o te parahi rewa ki te karāti matao i te tere ake i te kaha o te tauhohenga ki te whakakī anō, ā, ka tae te konganuku ki te kōhao arataki i raro i te pāmahana hanumi. Kei te hanga tonu te poro. Kāore i oti te hanumi.
He raruraru nui tēnei i te ata i ngā wāhi āhuarangi mātao, makariri rānei, ā, he raruraru nui i te ahiahi i ngā wāhi pārūrū e whakamatao ana ngā kaimahi i ā rātou pokepokea ai i roto i te rokiroki hauhautanga hei "tiaki" i a rātou. Ka puta he tauira pakaru kotahi i roto i tētahi āhuatanga: he rārangi kati-makariri i reira ka tūtaki ngā mata whakarewa e rua engari kāore i tino honoa, ka kitea i te taha whakawhiti hei momotu koi i roto i te hanganga witi e whakarara ana ki te pakitara kōhao. I tētahi kaupapa pokapū raraunga o Hingaiapore i te tau 2024, i puritia e te kaimahi ā rātou pokepokea ai i roto i tētahi rūma rokiroki hauhautanga 19 °C i waenganui i ngā ringihanga hei whakaroa i te waikura o te karāpeti. Ko te wāhi ringihanga tonu i noho ki te 31 °C me te 78% te haumākū. I ine mātou i te pāmahana o te mata pokepokea ai i te mura puta noa i ngā hononga 12 o te taha ata: 8 o te 12 i puta mai i te rokiroki i raro i te 22 °C, ā, 6 o aua 8 i puta he pakaru kati-makariri i te taha whakawhiti. Kotahi te whakarerekētanga o te mahi i whakatikahia — te rokiroki i te pō i roto i te kāpata pāmahana taiao kaua ki roto i te rūma hauhautanga — ā, i heke te auau rahunga i te huringa ata ki te kore i roto i te wiki e whai ake nei. He uaua te pāngarau: i ia 5 °C ka noho te pokepokea ai ki raro i te 25 °C i te wā e mura ana, ka piki ake te auau kati-makariri, ā, i raro i te 20 °C ka noho ko te aratau rahunga matua.
Rārangi Arowhai Tūpāpaku: Me aha ina kore e angitu te mahi tahi
Ina waea mai tetahi kaihoko ki ahau me te pakaru o te hononga, ko te pātai tuatahi ka pātaihia e au ko te mea e whakatau ana i te huarahi katoa:I paahitia e te hononga te whakamātautau ātete, i rahua rānei i te wā i inehia ai i te wā tuatahi?Mā taua whakautu ka whakatau ko tēhea o ngā tirotiro e rima e whai ake nei ka whakahaerehia e au, me te raupapa hoki. Anei te raupapa tuturu ka mahia e au i roto i te waea waea, i te tirohanga ataata rānei — ehara i te tauira whānui, engari ko te raupapa e puta ake ai ngā taunakitanga.
Mena i rahua te hononga i te wā i whakatūria ai:Ka tīmata ahau me te puranga paura. Tata ki te 4 o ia 10 o ngā rahunga o te whakatūnga ka kite ahau i te iti o te makuku kāore i kitea i te rā ringihia, ā, koinei te take tere ki te whakaū, ki te whakakore rānei — e rima meneti i te waea me te tumuaki o te papa mahi me te whakamātautau whakamaroke tere i runga i te kātere tauira e whakaatu mai ana ki ahau mēnā me wehe te puranga katoa. Mena ka ma te paura, ka neke ahau ki te rākau pokepokea ai ka paunatia te pokepokea ai ki tōna taumaha tīmatanga. Mena ka ma ngā mea e rua, ka tapahia e ahau tetahi hononga ki runga i te kani ka titiro ki te whakawhiti — e rima meneti o te mahi e whakatau ana i te 30% o ngā take i waenga i ngā take e whā e toe ana. I roto i te rangahau a Cebu, koinei te ara i haria ai mātou mai i te "200 hononga e marere ana" ki te "makuku katoa o te kēne mai i te kaipuke e whakapaetia ana" i roto i ngā haora e rua o te haereere i te kaihoko i roto i te rārangi arowhai i runga i a WhatsApp.
Mena kua paahitia te hononga engari kua kore e mahi inaianei:Ka karohia e au te tirotiro paura, ka haere tika atu ki te tapahi whakawhiti i runga i tētahi tauira kua whakahokia mai. Ko te hononga i paahitia te tono, tata tonu kei te taha o te ara iahiko te hapa, kaua ki te konganuku whakarewa tonu, ā, mā te tapahi whakawhiti ka whakaatu mai mēnā he hapa whakarite ara iahiko Take 4 i ngaro i te whakamātautau ātete, he pakaru pokepokea rānei Take 2 i waiho ai te pirepire kia paku kore e ki, ā, ka tukua te matū oneone ki roto i tētahi āputa moroiti i roto i ngā tau.
Koinei te aratohu tūturu. Kāore au e whakahaere i ngā tirotiro e rima mō ia hapa, nā te mea 80% o te wā, kotahi, e rua rānei ngā tirotiro ka whakatau i te take — ā, ko te kaihoko e titiro ana ki tētahi pūrongo tono kore angitu, kāore e hiahia ki tētahi rārangi arowhai, engari me whai raupapa mahi.
Mena ka ora tonu te rahunga i ngā ara e rua (he mārama te paura me te pokepokea ai, he mārama te wāhanga whakawhiti), ko te take he mea tino taiao - te matū oneone, ngā ia rere, te waikura rānei o te konukōre i te hononga i mahue i te whakarewa - ā, me neke te kōrero mai i te tukanga ki te hoahoa. Ko taua kōrero anō tōna ake kaupapa.
Te Whakahaunga o te Ringihia Anō: Te Whakaiti, Kaua e Whakarewa Anō ki te Wāhi
Kia pakaru te hononga, ko te whakatikatika tika anake ko te tapahi i tua atu i te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera, me te whakarite anō i te ara iahiko mai i te tīmatanga. Mā te ringihia o te konganuku whakarewa hou ki runga i te hononga pakaru, kāore e honoa pai te konganuku hou ki te mea tawhito, nā te mea kua hangaia kētia e te atanga taketake tana ake mahi whakarewa, ā, ko te porosity kua mau ka waiho hei wāhi whakapūmau mō te pakaru e whai ake nei. Me 50 mm te iti rawa o te ara iahiko ma i ia taha o te hononga taketake, me noho te pokepokea hou ki roto i tana tatau huringa, ā, me ahu mai te puranga paura i tētahi kēne kua whakatuwheratia, kua whakamanahia kua maroke.
He mea nui te whakatakoto utu i konei, nā te mea ko te tikanga iti rawa mō tētahi hononga pakaru ko te waiho me te tumanako. Ko te utu mō te ringihanga anō he hawhe rā o te wā kaimahi, he huringa pokepokea hou, me tētahi kātere paura hou - he iti noa ngā taonga raina i runga i te tahua teihana hiko. Ko te hononga pakaru ka waiho kia whakamahia ka utua he waea whakamana ki te kaiwhakatū, he haerenga ki te whakahou i te mahi, me te ngaronga o te whakapono o te kaihoko ki te tono e whai ake nei; i runga i tētahi whatunga ratonga-tauine ka taea te tikanga he whakakapinga wāhanga o te whatunga me ngā marama o te whakaroa i te tono. Tata tonu te pai o te tātaitanga ki te ringihanga anō hawhe rā, ā, ko te ringihanga tuarua te wāhi maori hei whakapai ake i te pokepokea mena ka tohu te pakaru ki te kakahu. Ka tukuna e mātou ā mātoungā pokepokea whakarewa werawerame tētahi rārangi huringa raupapa kia taea ai e ngā kaihoko te whai i te hītori o ia pokepokea puta noa i tētahi kaupapa, ā, me haere tahi te rārangi kotahi me tētahi pokepokea e neke ana i waenga i ngā wāhi. Ko tētahi pokepokea kāore e taea te whakaaro he pokepokea kāore e taea te whakawhirinaki.
| Take | Ngā mea hei manatoko i te pae | Te wā mō ia hononga |
|---|---|---|
| Makuku | Whakamātautau whakamaroke i runga i te kātere tauira; whakamātautau horoi i te ara iahiko; pāmahana mata pokepokea ai ≥ 30 °C | 2 meneti |
| Te kakahu pokepokea ai | Te rārangi huringa pokepokea ai; te āhua o ngā pītiti puta noa i ngā ringihanga whakamutunga e rima; te taumaha pokepokea ai vs te taumaha tīmatanga | 1 meneti |
| Paura iti rawa | Rahi o te kātereti me te rārangi wā mō te ara iahiko; tirotiro i te pono o te puranga | 1 meneti |
| Te whakarite mō te kaiārahi | Tirotirohia te maitai kanapa o te tirohanga; kaua e pā ki te kiri i muri i te horoinga; ≤ 15 meneti te matapihi tuwhera | 1 meneti |
| Te mura o te makariri | He inemahana whero, he inemahana whakapā rānei kei runga i te pokepokea ai i te wā e mura ana; whakamahanahia i mua mēnā kei raro i te 25 °C | 30 hēkona |
Me pēhea te arotake i tō kaiwhakarato o nāianei me te kore e tawai ki tetahi
Ko te nuinga o ngā waea ka whakautua e au mō tēnei kaupapa, kāore i tīmata me te korenga o te mahi. Ka tīmata me te kaihoko kua tonoa kia tohua he kaiwhakarato hou, he miihini rānei kua riro mai i a rātou tētahi tukanga kāore i hangaia e rātou, ā, e hiahia ana rātou ki te mōhio he aha ngā pātai hei pātai i mua i te korenga o te mahi e whai ake nei. Ko te putanga pono o taua kōrero, tata ki ngā kaiwhakarato katoa ka taea te tuku i tētahi pokepokea e mahi ana i te rā ringihia. Ko te pātai uaua ake, mehemea ka taea e rātou te tuhi i te take i mahi ai ā rātou hua, me te mea ka riro i a rātou te whakautu ina kore e mahi.
E toru ngā pātai e wehewehe ana i te kaiwhakarato tūturu me te kaiwhakaheke utu mō tēnei huinga raruraru, ā, ka whakamāramahia e au ia kaihoko i roto i ēnei pātai i tēnei raupapa.
- "Whakaaturia mai tō tauira takiuru huringa pokepokea ai."Ko te kaiwhakarato e aroturuki ana i te tatau huringa, he kaiwhakarato e mōhio ana ka memeha haere ngā pokepokea ai. Ko te kaiwhakarato kāore e aroturuki ana i te tatau huringa, kotahi noa te tawhiti ka memeha haere tō raruraru.
- "He aha te kaha o tō whai i te puranga paura?"Me mau he tau puranga, he rā hanga, me te tohu ipu hiri i roto i ia kēne. He tūponotanga makuku kei roto i te kēne mēnā ka tākai anō te kaiwhakarato i te paura papatipu ki roto i ngā kēne kāore i te whai tapanga.
- "He aha tō whakaaro mō te whakakapinga o ngā kātere iti te rahi?"Ko te whakautu pono ko "ka whakakahoretia e mātou te ota kia whakaūtia rā anō e koe te rahi o te kaiārahi." Ko te whakautu morearea ko "ka taea e mātou te tuku atu i tētahi kēne iti ake i tēnei rā."
Kua mātakitaki ahau i ia o ēnei pātai e whakakore ana i tētahi kaiwhakarato i te iti rawa i te kotahi. I mutu te hononga ki tētahi kamupene hokohoko i te Pātai 1 i tērā tau — kāore i taea e rātou te whakaputa i tētahi tauira rātaka huringa nā te mea kāore anō rātou kia tono i tētahi ki tā rātou wheketere, ā, i tā rātou tono, kāore hoki i taea e te wheketere te whakaputa i tētahi. I mau te Pātai 2 i tētahi mahi tākai anō i te tau 2023: i hoko paura nui tētahi kaihokohoko ā-rohe mā te kirokaramu, ā, i ringihia ki roto i ngā kēne iti kāore he waitohu hei kaweake, kāore he tau puranga i runga i ngā kēne, kāore hoki he tohu ipu hiri. I tangohia e mātou ā mātou ota i taua wiki anō. Ko te Pātai 3 te mea e tino pēhia ana e au, nā te mea e whakamātautau ana mēnā ka whiriwhiri te kaiwhakarato i te pono o tō hononga i tō wātaka hoko — ā, e whakaatu ana te whakautu i ngā mea katoa e hiahia ana koe ki te mōhio mō ngā tau e rima e whai ake nei o te mahi tahi me rātou.
I hangaia e mātou ā mātou tuhinga kaweake i runga i ēnei pātai e toru nā te mea koinei ngā pātai e hokihoki tonu ana ā mātou rangahautanga rahunga. Koinei anō hoki ngā pātai ka pātai atu ahau ki a mātou, mehemea ko au te kaihoko.
Tātaritanga Rahunga o te Weld — Kōwhiria te Tohu e Kite Ana Koe i te Marae
I mua i te tapahi i tētahi hononga, whakahaerehia tēnei tātaritanga. Tīpakohia te tohu e rite ana ki tāu e kite ana i te wāhi — te tirohanga, te hiko, te tauira wā rānei — ā, ka honoa e te taputapu ki ngā tino take e rima i runga ake nei, ka hoatu he pānui māia ki a koe, ā, ka whakarārangihia ngā mahi tonu hei mahi i mua i te ringihanga e whai ake nei. Koinei te rākau whakatau e ārahi ana ahau i tētahi kaihoko mā te waea ina tae mai he waea rahunga.
He pū kōhao, he pū kōhao rānei e kitea ana i runga i te mata o te pīri
Ka whakatakotoria te pīri ki roto, kāore rānei i te tino kī i waenganui
He rārangi koi e kitea ana i te wāhanga whakawhiti i te wāhi i kore ai e hono ngā mata whakarewa e rua
He mea hono noa ki te kotahi ara iahiko o te takirua whakawhiti
He tino pai te āhua o te pītiti, engari he teitei te pānui ātete (neke atu i te ~200 µΩ) i te wā e whakatūria ana.
I whakaaetia te ātete i te wā whakatūnga engari ka piki haere i ia tau
Ka huihui noa ngā hapa i te tīmatanga o te huringa, ā, ka ora ake i waenganui o te ata.
Ka huihui ngā hapa i te mutunga o te puranga paura / kotahi te tuku motuhake
Kua hipa te 50 huringa o te pokepokea ai, kāore rānei i a koe he rārangi huringa i riro mai i a koe
- Manatokohia te rahi o te kātereti ki te huinga ara iahiko — ko te iti o te utu te tino take o te hanumitanga kāore i oti ki te ara iahiko kotahi.
- Tirohia te tūnga o te pokepokea ai: me piri tika ngā haurua e rua ki te rārangi pokapū o te ara iahiko, kia kore ai e kitea te māramatanga o te rā.
- Tirohia te kōpae whakarewa — me noho ki waenganui i te kōhao o te pū i mua i te whakakā, kaua rawa e nekehia ki tua atu o te tuaka.
- Whakapaia anō te takirua ara iahiko mā te whakamahi i tētahi paraihe hou me te tauera isopropyl i mua i te ringihanga e whai ake nei.
- Tangohia he whakaahua o te hononga i rahua me te whakarārangitanga i mua i te wahia kia taea ai te tirotiro anō i te ringihanga e whai ake nei.
Ka maherehia e te tātaritanga tētahi tohu kotahi ki tētahi tino take pea i runga i ngā tauira whakawhiti-wāhanga mai i ngā hapa 312 kua tuhia i tirotirohia e tā mātou wheketere i waenga i te tau 2023 me te tau 2026. Mēnā ka taupatupatu ngā tohu e rua, whakahaerehia te tohu tuarua motuhake - ka tohu rāua ki te pūtake kotahi i roto i te 80% o ngā take whakakotahi.
Ngā Pātai Auau mō ngā Whakarewatanga Exothermic i Rahua
Me pēhea te mōhio kua rahua te whakarewa werawera mēnā kei te āhua totoka tonu?
Ahakoa he pai te āhua o waho o te hononga wera i rahua, he hononga kino tonu. He hiko ngā tohu pono: he pānui ātete miriōhm e piki haere ana i ia tau, he whakaahua wera i tangohia i raro i te kawenga e whakaatu ana i te hononga e wera ake ana i te ara iahiko, he mowhiti tohu rānei o te parahi kāponāte matomato i te pūwāhi putanga ara iahiko. Mā te tirotiro tirohanga anake ka kitea ngā hapa kino rawa atu - te porosity i pakaru i te mata, te whakakī ngaro rānei i te kōhao o te puna.
Ka taea te whakarewa anō i tētahi whakarewa wera-pāmahana i rahua ki tōna wāhi tika, me tapahi rānei te ara iahiko?
Me tapahi koe i tua atu i te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera, ā, me whakarite anō he ara iahiko hou. Mā te ringihia o te konganuku whakarewa hou ki runga i te hononga pakaru, kāore e hono pono te konganuku hou ki te parahi tawhito nā te mea kua hangaia kētia e te atanga taketake tana ake mahi whakarewa, ā, ko te porousity kua mau ka noho hei wāhi whakapūmau mō te pakaru e whai ake nei. I roto i te mahi, ko te tikanga o te hononga pakaru ko te tapahi i te iti rawa 50 mm o te ara iahiko i ia taha, te horoi ki te konganuku kanapa, me te whakamahi i te pokepokea karāhe hou - ā, i muri i tō tautuhi i te pūtake.
He aha te mahi a te makuku i roto i tētahi whakarewa wera-waho?
Ko te parahi rewa mai i te tauhohenga werawera e noho ana i te 1,083 °C pea, ā, ko te wai katoa e mau ana i roto i te kōhao pokepokea ai, i runga i te ara iahiko, i roto rānei i te paura ka mura tonu ki te korohū i te taenga mai o te konganuku. Ka horapa te korohū tata ki te 1,700 ngā wā i roto i te rōrahi, ā, ka panaia tōna ara ki waho i roto i te konganuku whakarewa tonu, ka waiho he pūhao me te hononga porous, he mea whakakikorua ki te waikura. I roto i ngā take kino rawa atu kua tuhia, kua makahia e te pahūtanga korohū te konganuku rewa ki waho o te para, ā, kua mura te rauemi e karapoti ana - koinei te whara mura tino noa e tuhia ana e OSHA mō ngā mahi whakarewa werawera.
Kia pēhea te roa e tika ana kia ora ai tētahi pokepokea ai he mea whakamahana ki te karāhe?
I runga i tā mātou raina, ka whakatauria e mātou ngā pokepokea karāpeti ki te 50 ki te 100 huringa ratonga, me te 80 ki te 100 hononga i te whakamahinga noa o te mara, nā te mea ka memeha te kōhao i ia ringihanga, ka āta whakanuia te kōhao o te pūwero. Ka tīmata te pokepokea kua panaia ki tua atu i tana tatau huringa ki te whakaputa hononga kāore i te tino kī, ā, ka whakatikatikahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere mā te tāpiri paura - ka wera rawa te kōhao, ka tere ake te pakaru. Ehara i te kapiti e kitea ana e koe te tohu pono; ko te pīrere whakarewa e ngaro ana tōna āhua urunga, ā, ka tīmata te horapa ki roto.
He aha i pai ai te āhua o taku whakarewa werawera engari he teitei te ātete i te wā e whakatūria ana?
Ko te ātete teitei i runga i te whakarewa e āhua tika ana, tata tonu ka hoki ki tētahi o ēnei mea e toru: kāore i horoia te ara iahiko ki te konganuku kanapa i raro i te kōhao whakarewa, he iti te rahi o te paura mō te wāhanga whakawhiti o te ara iahiko, he hē rānei te tūnga o te pokepokea ai, nā reira ka hono te konganuku rewa ki waenga i ngā ara iahiko, kaua ki te hono ki ngā mea e rua. Kāore i te ōrite tonu te whakarewa pai me te whakarewa ātete iti, nā te mea ka tangohia te ine ātete puta noa i te hononga, ehara i te mea mā roto i te titi. Kua kite tātou i ngā hononga me ngā titi ataahua e ine ana i te 800 maikoro-ohm ki te 30 ki te 50 maikoro-ohm hauora i runga i ngā hoa tata ōrite.
He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te rahunga o te whakarewa werawera me te whakarewa hapa mai i te tīmatanga?
Ko te rahunga o te whakarewa werawera he hononga i mahi tika i te wā tāutanga, kātahi ka pakaru i te wā e whakamahia ana - i te nuinga o te wā nā te waikura i te atanga o te ara iahiko kāore i tae atu ki te whakarewa, nā te huringa wera i whakatuwhera i tētahi āputa moroiti, nā te raruraru miihini rānei. Kāore i pai te whakarewa hapa: i ringihia ki te paura mākū, he āputa nui rawa, he pokepokea kua tawhito, he ara iahiko kua poke rānei, ā, ka puta te rahunga i te wā whakatūnga, i te whakamātautau kawenga tuatahi rānei. He mea nui te wehewehe i ngā mea e rua nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka tohu te rahunga i tētahi raruraru taiao, ko te hapa ia e tohu ana i tētahi raruraru tukanga, kaiwhakarato rānei.
Hēni Yang· Kaiwhakahaere Hoko, Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
12 tau i roto i te tiaki uira me te hokohoko whenua ki tāwāhi · 17 tau o te hanga wheketere i muri i ngā taunakitanga katoa.
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Wā tuku: 31 o Ākuhata-2026