Ngā Mea e Tonohia Ana e te IEEE 80 ki te Rākau Whenua o te Teihana Irirangi

Ko te IEEE Std 80 — te Aratohu mō te Haumaru i roto i te Whakatakotoranga i te Whenua o te Teihana AC, i whakaūhia houtia i roto i tana putanga 2013 — kei reira hei whakautu i tētahi pātai: i te wā o te hapa whenua, kei raro tonu i ngā rohe e taea ana te whakamanawanui i ngā ngaohiko pā me ngā ngaohiko hiko hiko e pā ana ki te tangata? Ka whakaitihia te paerewa katoa ki te whakataurite i ngā ngaohiko mata me ngā ngaohiko hiko hiko kua tatauhia ki ngā paepae e taea ana te whakamanawanui e whakawhirinaki ana ki te roa o te hapa, te taumaha o te tinana, me te paparanga mata, heiaratohu taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa IEEE 80 mai i te BoP o te pāmu haue kī ana. Kei roto i taua mekameka te tokotoko whenua o tō teihana hiko i ngā pūwāhi e rua: me kawe e ia tana wāhanga o te iahiko hapa ki te wera, ā, me āwhina hoki ki te pupuri i te ātete whatunga kia iti rawa kia taea ai te whakahaere i te pikinga pūmanawa whenua (GPR).

Kotahi te tau e huri ana i ngā mea katoa i raro iho, ā, he maha ngā wā ka ngaro i ngā kaihoko:kāore te iahiko hapa katoa e rere ki roto i tō whatunga hiko.Ka haria tētahi wāhanga e ngā waea whakangungu rakau, e ngā hipoki taura, me ngā taura kūpapa ki te pūtake.Nā te mea ko te wāhanga wehewehe anake o te ia hapa e rere ana i roto i te whatunga ā-rohe, mā te whakataurite i te rahi o ia tokotoko me ia kaiarahi ki te ia hapa ōrite katoa ka nui rawa te parahi e rua ki te rima ngā wā.Ko te pukapuka ā-ringa tātari whenua mai iBentley Systems (Whakamōhiotanga ki te Tātari Whenua, 2024)He tauira whakamiharo tēnei: ​​mō tētahi hapa wāhanga-A 22 kA, ko te 691 A anake i tango i te ara i puta ai te GPR o te pūnaha whenua — ko te toenga i hoki mai mā roto i ngā ārai taura. He aratohu mai iHe aratohu hoahoa whenua mō te teihana raro whenua a Keentel Engineeringka whakanoho i ngā tauwehenga wehenga whatunga noa ki te 20–50% o te tapeke o te iahiko hapa, i runga i te maha o ngā ara parepare me ngā ara kūpapa e wehe atu ana i te teihana.

Hipanga 1 — Tīmata ki te Oneone, Kaua ki te Rakau

Ko ngā tātaitanga whenua katoa kua kite ahau i hē i tīmata mai i tētahi rārangi ingoa, kaua i tētahi rangahau ātete. Ko te ātete oneone (ρ) te whakaurunga tino whai mana i roto i te tukanga IEEE 80 katoa, mai i te 10 Ω·m i roto i te uku mākū ki te neke atu i te 10,000 Ω·m i roto i te toka maroke — he mano ngā horapa, e ai ki te aratohu BoP o te pāmu hau. E rua ngā āhuatanga o te mara e tāpirihia ana e te pukapuka a Bentley Systems: ko ngā wāhi he ātete ōrite ki tētahi hohonutanga tūturu he "ōnge te kitea," ā, i ngā rohe e huka ana te oneone, ka piki ake te ātete nā te mea ka mutu te nekehanga katote. Ko te tau i tāruatia mai i tētahi ripanga pukapuka ako ehara i te inenga wāhi.

Ina pātai mai ngā kaihoko me pēhea te tiki i taua tau, ka tohutohu atu ahau i a rātou ki te tikanga Wenner e whā-pine a te IEEE Std 81: e whā ngā pine i te mokowā ōrite a, ka werohia te iahiko mā roto i te takirua o waho, ka pānuihia te ngaohiko puta noa i te takirua o roto, ā, ko ρ = 2πaR. E taunaki ana te pukapuka a Bentley kia whakahaerehia te mokowā pine ki te taha mōrahi o te whatunga, nā te mea ka tirohia e te iahiko whakamātautau te hohonu o te whānui o tō whatunga - ko te oneone tonu e noho ai ō tokotoko.Nā te mea ka whakaritea te ātete o te whenua e te pou oneone e pā ana te tokotoko, ka taea e te tokotoko 3.0 m te roa e kuhua ana ki roto i te paparanga ātete iti te patu i te tokotoko 6.0 m te roa kua mau ki ngā paparanga maroke o runga.

Mō te tauine, ka whakamahia e te tauira mahi BoP o te pāmu hau he teihana hiko tūturu 110 kV: he whatunga 40 m × 65 m, he mokowā hiko 4–7 m, he tanumanga 0.5–0.8 m, me ngā tokotoko parahi kua panaia, tata ki te 3 m te roa i te taha me ngā taputapu matua, i roto i ngā oneone 50–150 Ω·m.

Hipanga 2 — Te Tirotiro Wera: Ka Ora te Toko i te Ia Hapa?

Kāore he pānga o te whārite rahi tuatahi i roto i te IEEE 80 ki te ātete. E pātai ana mēnā ka taea e te kaiārahi te mimiti i te wera o te hapa me te kore e whakamahana, e whakakotahi rānei: A = I × √t₊ / K, ko te pūmau rauemi K ka takai ki roto i te kaha wera, te ātete, me te pāmahana mōrahi e whakaaetia ana o te konganuku. Mō te parahi kua whakamahanahia, ko ngā pūmau Ripanga 1 o te paerewa he tauwehenga wera o te ātete o te 0.00393 /°C, te ātete o te 1.72 μΩ·cm, te kaha wera o te 3.42 J/cm³/°C, me te pāmahana mōrahi o te 1,083 °C — te ira rewa o te parahi, e ai ki te aratohu BoP o te pāmu hau. Whakahaerehia ngā tau me te wā whakawātea hoahoa noa o te 1 s me te taiao o te 40 °C, ā, ko te wāhanga whakawhiti e hiahiatia ana ka tata ki te 7.0 kcmil ia kA o te iahiko hapa — tata ki te 3.55 mm² ia kA.

Koinei te tikanga o tēnā ina oma ahaute rahi o te tokotoko whenua o te au hapamō te kaihoko:

Ka whakahaerehia e au te pou matatika — te iahiko hapa katoa, kāore he nama wehewehe — nā te mea ka taea e te kaihoko e whai ana i taua rahi te tiaki i ngā whakaritenga i roto i tētahi arotake hoahoa.Nā te mea ko te wāhanga rohe anake o te iahiko whatunga ka haria e te tokotoko i roto i te whatunga maha-tokotoko, ā, ko te wāhanga wehewehenga o te hapa katoa ka kitea e te whatunga tonu, he nui rawa te tauwehenga haumaru o te ao tūturu mō te tokotoko parahi here 14.2 mm e ora ana i te tirotiro katoa 40 kA.Koia te take, ina pānui au i tētahi whakaritenga EPC e peke tika ana ki ngā tokotoko 25 mm "mō te iahiko hapa," ka pātai atu au he aha te wā whakakore me te tauwehenga wehewehe i whakaarohia e rātou - ko te whakautu he "kāore".

Kotahi te whakatūpato wera e mau tonu ana ki te hoko - ko te koti. He paparanga parahi iti rawa 0.254 mm (10 mil) kei roto i ngā tokotoko kua whakarārangihia ki te UL 467, ā, e whakaaro ana ahau ko te papa tēnā: he ≥0.254 mm te parakore o tā mātou aho i te ≥99.95%, i whakamanahia e te whakamātautau momo CEPRI.

Hipanga 3 — Roa vs. Diameter: Ko tēhea Rīwai e Neke ana i te Ātete Whatunga?

Kia kati te tirotiro wera,Te whakapūmautanga IEEE 80ka noho hei raruraru ātete. Mō tētahi tokotoko poutū kotahi i roto i te oneone ōrite, ko te whārite ātete o te paerewa ko R = ρ/(2πL) × [ln(8L/d) − 1], me te roa o te tokotoko L i roto i ngā mita me te diameter d i roto i ngā mita. Ko te logarithm te kaupapa katoa: ko te roa te mea e akiaki ana i ngā kupu raina me ngā kupu log; ko te diameter anake te log. Ina whakahaerehia e au i te ρ = 100 Ω·m me tā mātou tokotoko 17.2 mm, ka whiwhi ahau i te 70.6 Ω i te 1.2 m, 50.7 Ω i te 1.8 m, 39.9 Ω i te 2.4 m, me te 33.1 Ω i te 3.0 m.

Ko te rangahau whakatairite o te tau 2025 i roto iNgā Pūtaiao Whaihua MDPI (ngā inenga huānga-mutunga me te mara puta noa i ngā whakaurunga 400 V, 10 kV, me te 35 kV)tau ana ki te whakatau kotahi e hoatu ana e au ki ngā kaihoko, mai i te taha whakatauira: i roto i te oneone ātete-teitei, ka pai ake ngā tokotoko poutū e akiakihia ana e te hohonu i ngā whirihoranga papaku nā te mea ka nui ake te pa atu ki te whenua, ko ngā whatunga whakapae ia ka mahi i te kawenga nui ki te tohatoha i te iahiko hapa puta noa i te papa o te teihana hiko. Ka tuhia hoki e te rangahau ngā whakahekenga ātete atu i te whakakī hiko hiko pēnei i te bentonite, te raima hiko hiko rānei huri noa i te hikohiko - he rīwhi tika ina kore e taea e koe te taraiwa hohonu.

Nā te mea ka heke te ātete whenua i te taha ōkawa, ko te 3.0 m tuatahi o te tokotoko taraiwa te mea e mahi ana i te nuinga o te mahi, ā, ko te mea tino pai mō te tokotoko whenua whatunga whenua tata tonu ko te "diameter paerewa, te roa mōrahi ka taea te taraiwa" kaua ko te "diameter mōrahi, te roa paerewa."E toru ngā wāhi e tirohia ana e au mō te whānui o te rakau: te pakari o te rakau i roto i te oneone mārō, i te oneone kōhatu rānei (he iti iho te piko o te tokotoko 16–19 mm i te tokotoko 14.2 mm i runga i te puku 3.0 m), te pumau o ngā miro i ngā hononga mō ngā oma ka taea te toro atu, me te āheinga ki te waikura i roto i ngā oneone kaha mō te roanga hoahoa 40–50 tau.

Hipanga 4 — Te Tatau o ngā Tokotoko, te Mokowā, me te Wāhi e Haere ai ngā Tokotoko

I roto i ia tahora ka arotakehia e au, ko ngā kaiārahi te tuatahi, ā, ko ngā tokotoko te tuarua. I roto i te āhua tohutoro BoP o te pāmu hau — 40 m × 65 m, te tawhiti o ngā kaiārahi 4–7 m, te tanu 0.5–0.8 m — ka haere ngā tokotoko taraiwa o te 3 m ki te taha me ngā taputapu matua, e mahi rua ana: te heu i te ātete o te whatunga ki roto i te oneone hohonu me te whakau i ngā kokonga kei reira ngā tihi o te ngaohiko whatunga. Ko taku ture tawhiti ki ngā kaihoko he ātaahua, he māmā hoki: ka pupuri ahau i ngā tokotoko tata kia kotahi te roa o te tokotoko, nā te mea ko ngā tokotoko e taraiwahia ana kia tata atu i tō rātou roa ka tohatoha i ngā anga ātete taupatupatu me te parahi para. Ko te aratohu hoahoa a Keentel Engineering e whakaatu ana i te tohu taha-tuatahi kotahi, ā, e kī ana i te wā e kore ai te oneone pāpaku e mahi tahi, ka taea e ngā puna taraiwa hohonu te hora i te nuinga o te kaha hapa — kotahi te take kua tuhia i panaia e ia te 62% o te horapa o te iahiko ki roto i te hiko hohonu.

Ka kati au i ngā arotakenga katoa o te whatunga me te paparanga mata. E ai ki ngā whārite ngaohiko manawanui o te IEEE 80, he paparanga toka pakaru nā te mea kei waenganui i ngā pūtu o te kaimahi me te oneone taketake tōna ātete 2,000–10,000 Ω·m; ko ngā uara hoahoa noa he 3,000–5,000 Ω·m i te matotoru 0.1–0.2 m. Ka ine te tauira mahi BoP o te pāmu hau i te mea e tūpono ana: tangohia te kirikiri, ā, ka heke te ngaohiko pā manawanui i roto i taua iari 110 kV mai i te 1,314 V ki te 222 V pea — i raro iho i te ngaohiko mata 880 V kua tatauhia, ko te tikanga ka pakaru te iari.Nā te mea ka whakareatia e te paparanga toka te rohe e taea ana te whakamanawanui kia maha ngā whakarea, i te wā e pupuri ana te whatunga i te ngaohiko tuturu ki raro, kāore e oti te whakatakotoranga tokotoko whenua o te teihana hiko kia riro mai rā anō i tetahi te whakatakotoranga kirikiri.

Ngā Mea e Hangaia ana e Tātou e Whakatutuki ana i Aua Tau

Ko te hangarau te kaiwhakatau i te whānui me te roa; ko taku mahi he whakarite kia ōrite te tokotoko e tae mai ana ki te pepa whakaritenga. I tō mātou wheketere i Xinchang, ka tirotirohia e au te taha kaweake o tētahi raina e whakaputa anangā tokotoko whenua maitai parahi honoi roto i ngā diameter 14.2–25 mm me te roa 1.2–3.0 m, me te paparanga parahi whakakikoruatia hiko ≥0.254 mm i te ≥99.95% parakore i runga i te matua maitai waro-iti (~0.15% C). He mea nui ngā mahi miihini i runga i te puku 3.0 m: ka mau mātou i te kaha kume ≥580 N/mm², te tika i roto i te 1 mm/m, me te koki ira 27.5° ± 2.5°, ā, ka ora ia puranga i te piko 90° i te radius 100 mm me te kore whati parahi, te kiri rānei — te aratau rahunga e patu ana i ngā tokotoko iti te utu i roto i te whenua kohatu.

Mō ngā oma hōhonu ka taea te toro atu — te rongoā ātete-teitei o te rangahau MDPI — tā mātoungā tokotoko whenua maitai parahi here hiko mirohonoa ngā wāhanga 1.2 m ki roto i ngā irahiko 3–6 m me te kore e ngaro te āhua o te koti i te hononga. Mēnā he rerekē te huarahi whakakikorua e hiahiatia ana e te whakatakotoranga, ko tetokotoko whenua whakakikoruatia ki te parahie hipokina ana e te whānuitanga te matapihi diameter kotahi, ā, ko te katoakāwai tokotoko whenuae whakarārangi ana i ngā huinga whānui-roa katoa kei a mātou. Ko te kaha e 50,000 ngā wahi ia marama, ka tukuna atu i a EXW, FOB, CIF, DDU rānei mai i Ningbo, i Shanghai rānei.

Ko ngā kereme katoa o runga ake nei he mea tautoko e ngā pepa: te pūnaha wheketere ISO 9001, te rārangi UL 467, me te pūrongo whakamātautau momo CEPRI e kapi ana i te matotoru o te paparanga parahi, te piri, me te mahi piko. E ono ngā kuaha e whakahaerehia ana e tā mātou QC ā-roto mai i te maitai e tae mai ana ki te tukunga i mua i te tukunga, ā, ko ngā rekoata puranga te huinga raraunga kei muri i ngā tau e whakahuatia ana e au i roto i tēnei tuhinga. Mena me hiahia he rerekētanga o tō whakaritenga - he roa tauhou, he whāriki matotoru ake, he whakamātautau mai i te hunga tuatoru - he kōrero tēnā mā mātou ia wiki, ā, ka taea e koe te tīmata i runga i tā mātouwhārangi whakapā.

Ngā Mea e Toru i Whakarērea e te RFQ ka Tukuna e Au ki ngā Kaihoko

Ko te mea tino utu nui kāore i whakaurua ko te tauwehenga wehewehe. Ko te nuinga o ngā RFQ e whakatuwheratia ana e au e kī ana ko te iahiko hapa - hei tauira, 40 kA - kāore he mea kē atu, e akiaki ana i ia tokotoko me ia kaiārahi kia rite te rahi me te mea ka uru te 40 kA katoa ki te whatunga. Kāore.Nā te mea ko ngā waea whakangungu rakau me ngā hipoki taura te nuinga o te iahiko hapa e kawe ana ki te pūtake, ko te whakatakotoranga i tuhia me te kore o te tauwehenga iahiko ka hanga i te parahi e rua ki te rima ngā wā nui atu i te kaha e tukuna ana e te papa.— Ka whakatakotohia e te take mahi a Bentley Systems ngā tau tūturu ki runga: 22 kA o te hapa, 691 A ki roto i te whatunga. Nō reira, ehara taku whakautu tuatahi ki tētahi RFQ i te whakahua; he tono mō ngā tau e whā: 3I₀, te ōwehenga X/R, ngā wā whakawātea tuatahi me te tārua, me te tauwehenga wehewehe, te whirihoranga waea-whakamarumaru rānei e hiahiatia ana hei tatau. Ka whiwhi ngā kaihoko kei a rātou he tauwhāititanga tiaki; ngā kaihoko kāore e whiwhi i te pou tiaki, ā, ka utua ki te parahi.

Ko te tuarua o ngā mea i mahue ko tētahi tauira oneone i whakakakahuhia hei uara oneone. E whakaatu ana tētahi rārangi e kī ana "ātete oneone: 100 Ω·m" i whakatuwherahia e tētahi pukapuka ako, nā te mea he mārama te pukapuka a Bentley, kāore i te kitea he maha ngā wāhi ātete ōrite, ā, ka piki ake te ātete ina tio te oneone hotoke. I mua i taku whakatau i te roa o te tokotoko, ka tono ahau mō ngā whiti e whā-pine a Wenner — he maha ngā wāhi, he tawhiti te titi ki te whakarara roa rawa atu o te whatunga, tata ki te 76 m mō te iāri 40 m × 65 m. Ka whakatauhia e te rangahau mēnā e hiahiatia ana he tokotoko 2.4 m, he tokotoko 3.0 m, he aho miro rānei ka taea te toro atu ki tētahi paparanga hohonu ake; kāore e taea e te rārangi pukapuka.

Ko te tuatoru o ngā mea kāore i te mōhiotia ko ngā mea haumaru e rua kāore tetahi e pupuri ana. Ko tētahi ko te tikanga hononga: waiho kia kore e tohua, ā, ka tāutahia e te kaiwhakatū he hononga waikura ki runga i te taraka, ā, ka noho ko te hononga waikura kotahi te wāhi wera kāore i whakaarohia e te IEEE 80 - koia ahau i tuhi ai i te whakarewa exothermic ki roto i te raina RFQ kotahi me te tokotoko. Ko tētahi atu ko te paparanga toka-kurua, e kiia ana e te hoko he whenua whakapaipai, ko te pāngarau ngaohiko-taunakitanga e kiia ana he taputapu haumaru: tangohia, ā, ka heke te tauira 110 kV kua mahihia mai i te 1,314 V taunakitanga ki te 222 V ki te ngaohiko mata 880 V. I tua atu i ēnei e toru, me hiahia tonu te RFQ ki āna mea raina noa - te diameter, te roa, te paparanga parahi ≥0.254 mm, te kume ≥580 N/mm² - me ngā paparanga e toru o ngā taunakitanga whakamātautau kua hipokina i roto i te FAQ i raro nei.

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