Ngā raraunga mara mai i tētahi tipu PV Saudi Arabia 150 MW (4,200 ngā irahiko matū, 3.1 Ω te ātete toharite o te papa) me ngā tuku kaweake ME/Āwherika/SEA: he aha i rahua ai ngā tokotoko hiko paerewa i roto i te oneone onepu, toka me te laterite — me ngā kōrero kē i roto i te tuhinga hoko.
TL;DR — E toru ngā momo oneone, e toru ngā momo rahunga, kotahi te whakautu taha-hoko
- Oneone onepuKo te tikanga he 3,000 ki te 10,000 Ω·cm te whānui ina maroke. I runga i ā mātou tuku ME 2020-2025, ko te 18-42 Ω i te wā i whakatūria ai ngā pae tokotoko-ā-ringa anake i roto i tēnei awhi, ā, i whakahoutia anō i roto i te tau tuatahi; ko te 3.6 Ω te toharite mō ngā pae tokotoko-matū-whenua tata i roto i te awhi kotahi.
- Oneone tokame te paparanga caliche, te paparanga granite kua pakaru rānei i te 2-3 m i mutu ai te taraiwa hohonu ake i te kokonga tonga-mā-uru o te pae 150 MW Saudi — caliche i te 3.5 m. E ono ngā papa i reira i pānuihia i runga ake i te 4.7 Ω ahakoa i muri i te toronga o te tokotoko. Huri ki ngā irahiko takirua tauira-delta me ngā kōwae whenua karāhe pou.
- Oneone lateriteka neke mai i ētahi rau Ω·cm i te wā ua ki runga ake i te 5,000 Ω·cm i te wā maroke. Tērā pea ka rahua te matapihi pā-ngaohiko o te tokotoko paerewa e tika ana kia whakamahia i te marama o Hune i te marama o Pēpuere. Ka pupuri te whakakī matū-oneone-tokotoko i te makuku puta noa i te maturuturunga o te wā maroke.
I puta te kōrero e hiahia ana ahau ki te whakatū i tēnei tuhinga i te marama o Ākuhata 2020, i te wā i tukuna ai e tētahi EPC o Madrid te uiuinga i huri hei kaupapa 150 MW Saudi PV i ahu mai ai ngā raraunga mara o tēnei tuhinga. I pātaihia i roto i te īmēra uiuinga mōngā tokotoko whenua matūmō tētahi pae PV tauine-whaipainga i reira te rangahau ātete-oneone i hoki mai i roto i te awhe 1,500 ki te 2,200 Ω·cm. He mārama te pūrongo hangarau whenua, he pai te EPC, ā, kei roto te pae i tētahi whitiki caliche i kitea e te miihini matua i tētahi kaupapa iti ake i Chile i te tau 2018 i reira kua neke atu te rarangi rakau whakamakuku i te tawhā pā-ngaohiko i te tau tuatoru nā te mea i mahue ngā haerenga whakamakuku kua whakaritea e rua i te wā o ngā here haere COVID. Kāore ia i hiahia ki te whakahoki anō i tēnā. Ko te tuhinga e pānuihia ana e koe ko te tautohe hangarau i puta mai i taua īmēra - te anga momo-oneone i tuhia e te EPC ki roto i te tuhinga hoko, me ngā raraunga mara mai i te tipu nāna i whakaputa.
He aratohu tēnei mā ngā tīma hoko e whiwhi ana i tētahi pātai ōrite: ko ngā rangatira kaupapa o te rohe o te ao whānui, o Āwherika me te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa kei runga i te tēpu tā rātou pūrongo hangarau whenua, kei te tono tā rātou tīma hoahoa mō tētahi hiko matū kaua ki tētahi tokotoko taraiwa, ā, me tuhi tā rātou tuhinga hoko i roto i ngā wiki e rua e whai ake nei. Ko ngā momo oneone e toru i raro nei — te onepu, te toka me te laterite — koia ngā mea e tino kitea ana i roto i aua pūrongo, ā, he motuhake ngā momo rahunga ki ia momo. Ko te mea kāore e rerekē puta noa i ngā mea e toru ko te whakautu taha hoko.
1. Oneone Oneone — Te Rahunga Waea-i-te-Hau
Ko te onepu maroke te mea tino rerekē o ngā momo rahunga e toru. I runga i te pepa, he rite ki te mea whenua tino pai: he wetekina, he pai te mimiti, ā, he ngāwari ki te keri. Heoi, he rerekē te kōrero a te pānui Wenner-four-pine. Ko te onepu koraha maroke i te hohonutanga 1 m te tikanga e pānui ana i waenga i te 3,000 me te 10,000 Ω·cm; ko te onepu onepū i te hohonutanga 1.5 m ka taea te pānui i runga ake i te 20,000 Ω·cm i te wā kino rawa atu. Ko te take he ionic, ehara i te miihini: tata kore he uku o te onepu maroke, ā, tata kore he kohuke rewa hei kawe i te iahiko mai i te mata o te tokotoko.
Ko te makuku i te mata o te tokotoko te mea e whakarerekē ana i te tataunga. A tokotoko whenua matūhe matua parahi kei roto i tētahi porowhita augered 100 mm, me te porowhita e whakakīia ana e tētahi matū whakakī hygroscopic (ko te tikanga he bentonite kua whakaranua ki te konupora whanariki). Ka mimiti te matū i te makuku taiao mai i te oneone me te haumākū o te wā, ka pupuri i te reira ki te mata o te tokotoko, ā, ka tuku mārire i te ihirangi ionic ki roto i te rōrahi oneone tonu. Ko te mutunga mai, ka rite te atanga tokotoko-ki-te-oneone ki tētahi oneone o te 200 Ω·cm pea ahakoa te pānui o te oneone papatipu e karapoti ana i te 8,000 Ω·cm. Kāore i rerekē te āhua o te tokotoko NEMA GR-1; ko te mea e rerekē ana ko te pānga o te oneone.
I runga i ā mātou tuku ki te Middle East i waenga i te tau 2020 me te tau 2025, ko te ātete papa waenga i runga i ngā whakaurunga tokotoko matū-whenua i roto i te awhi onepu 2,000 ki te 8,000 Ω·cm i tau ki te 3.6 Ω ki te whāinga hoahoa 5 Ω, kāore he huringa whakamakuku. Ko ngā whakaurunga tokotoko-ārahi anake i runga i ngā wāhi tata i roto i te awhi kotahi i pānui i waenga i te 18 me te 42 Ω i te wā whakatūnga, ā, i whakahoutia te auger i roto i te tau tuatahi. He rite te diameter o te tokotoko. Ko te rerekētanga ko te whakakī anō.
2. Oneone Pōhatu — te Pōtae-Papa Caliche
Ko te pae Saudi Arabia i whakaputa i ngā raraunga mara i roto i tēnei tuhinga he paparanga caliche i te 3.5 m i te kokonga o te rarangi tonga-uru. Ko te whakaritenga taketake i kīia he tokotoko taraiwa 2.4 m — i mahi i runga i te 94% o te rarangi. Ko te toenga 6% i noho ki runga i te caliche he papaku rawa ki te taraiwa mā roto, ā, he ātete rawa ki te kore e arohia. Ko ngā papa e ono i taua kokonga i pānui i runga ake i te 4.7 Ω i te wā i whakatūria ai ahakoa kua toro atu te tokotoko ki te 3.0 m. E rua ngā mea i mahia e mātou: i huri ki ngā irahiko takirua tauira-delta (e rua ngā tokotoko 2.4 m i roto i te tapatoru huri noa i ia papa) ā, i tāpirihiangā kōwae whenua karāhe poui ngā papa whakawhiti MV i te taha whakarara. I puta te whakamātautau anō o te tau rima ki te 4.7 Ω kino rawa atu — i roto i te tawhā hoahoa — nā te mea i toro atu ngā kōwae i te mata ōrite-pūmanawa ki te taha i te wāhi i āraia ai te ara poutū.
E rua ngā wāhanga mahi a ngā wāhi toka mō te tīma hoko. Ko te tuatahi he toka pakaru me ngā āputa oneone - ka taea te whakanui, engari ko te tokotoko anake ka pā ki te wāhanga oneone, ehara i te papa toka. Ko te tuarua he toka ora, he caliche rānei (oneone sima konupūmā kāponāte) i te hohonutanga o te hiko kua whakaritea, i te wāhi e kore e taea te taraiwa, e kore rānei e whai hua. Ko te Middle East me te taha hauauru o te US e kite ana i te nuinga o te wāhanga tuarua; he nui ngā wāhanga o Saudi Arabia, Qatar me te UAE he paparanga caliche i waenga i te 2 me te 4 m, ā, ko teNgā Mōhiotanga Oneone o te Ao ISRICKei roto i te rārangi ingoa te āhua ōrite puta noa i te Sahel me te Horn o Āwherika i ngā rohe maroke o te wā.
Mō tētahi pātai hōhonu ake mō ngā wāhi toka, ko tePūtake raraunga whakarōpū oneone a te FAOkia taea ai e te tīma hoko te tango i te mahere oneone ā-rohe i mua i te whakaohooho a te kaiwhakatū whenua hangarau — te wāhi iti rawa te utu hei ako mēnā kei runga te papa i te papa caliche, i te papa kirikiri rānei kua pakaru. Ko teTuhinga tohutoro oneone o te ao FAOko te tohutoro āpure mō ngā ingoa akomanga oneone ka mutu ki te BES (Bid Evaluation Sheet).
3. Oneone Laterite — te Raru Hurihuri o te Wā
Ko te laterite te momo oneone e oti ai te whakatūnga o te tokotoko paerewa, kātahi ka ngaro mārire i te matapihi pā-ngaohiko i te wā maroke. Ko te laterite he oneone toenga e whai kiko ana ki te rino me te konumohe e kitea ana puta noa i Āwherika pārūrū (Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique), Āhia ki te Tonga (te nuinga o te whenua raki o Īnia, Sri Lanka, ētahi wāhanga o Bangladesh) me ētahi wāhanga o Amerika ki te Tonga (te raki-mā-rāwhiti o Brazil, Guyana). He pai te rerenga wai o te oneone, ā, he nui te ihirangi waikura rino, koinei te mea e homai ai te tae whero-parauri.
Ko te raruraru hiko ko te huringa o te wā. Ko ngā rangahau mara kua whakaputaina mō te laterite o Āwherika ki te Hauāuru e whakaatu ana i te ātete o te wā ua i roto i te awhe 200 ki te 800 Ω·cm — he tino pai mō te tokotoko taraiwa paerewa — me te ātete o te wā maroke i runga ake i te 5,000 Ω·cm — i waho o te awhe mahi mō te tokotoko kotahi. Kāore te tokotoko taraiwa e rerekē; ko te oneone e karapoti ana i a ia e rerekē ana. Ka taea e te huringa whakamakuku e 6-marama te whakau anō i te pānui o te wā maroke, engari ka puta anō te raruraru whakahaere whakamakuku: ko te kapa whakamakuku kāore e puta mai i te wā tika ka wehe atu i te papa i roto i te awhi rahunga o te matapihi pā-ngaohiko mō te toenga o te wā maroke.
Mō ngā wāhi laterite o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, he rite tonu te kaupapa o te wā engari he rerekē te wā: he poto ake te wā maroke i Initonīhia me ngā Philippines engari he kaha ake i te wā maroke o Āwherika ki te Hauāuru, ko te tikanga ka pēhia te nekehanga ātete ki roto i tētahi matapihi kuiti ake. Ko te tauira whakahaere matū-whenua-rākau — te whakakī-makuku, kāore he huringa whakainu — ka mahi i ngā āhuatanga e rua.
4. Ngā Kōrero o te Tuhinga Hoko
Mō ngā momo oneone e toru i runga ake nei, he rite tonu te whakatau hangarau: ehara te tokotoko taraiwa paerewa i te hua tika. Me whakamārama te tuhinga hoko he aha te mea tika.
| Momo oneone | He tokotoko taraiwa paerewa anake | Ngā mea e hiahiatia ana e te whakaritenga |
|---|---|---|
| Oneone, 3,000 ki te 10,000 Ω·cm | Kāore i angitu te whakatūnga (18-42 Ω i ngā pae tata) | tokotoko whenua matūme te whakakī hygroscopic mō iaIEC 62561-7; te ūnga papa i raro i te 5 Ω; kua tāpirihia te pūrongo whakamātautau momo whakakī. |
| Rocky, caliche i te 2-3 m | Kāore e taea te tae atu ki te hohonutanga (4.7 Ω te mea kino rawa atu i te kokonga tonga-mā-uru o Saudi) | Ngā irahiko takirua tauira-tara, whakapaengā kōwae whenua, he huinga matū-whenua-tokotoko + whenua-mōwae rānei;IEEE 837hononga; te hohonu o te anga i tuhia ki te mea kua hangaia. |
| Laterite, 200-5,000 Ω·cm te piu ā-wā | Ka puta mākū, ka puta maroke | tokotoko oneone matū (raneitokotoko whenua katote hikohikomō ngā papa MV me ngā pito ESE) me te matū whakakī whakamuri hygroscopic ōrite; mahere O&M me te kore he huringa whakamakuku. |
E toru ngā mana whakahaere taha hoko hei wehewehe i waenga i tētahi whakaritenga e whakaoti rapanga ana me tētahi whakaritenga e waihanga ana i te raruraru.
- He pūrongo whakamātautau-momo kua tāpirihia ki te PO.Ehara i te mea ko te ngongo parahi anake te tokotoko matū whenua — engari ko te matū kei roto. Me tuku e te kaiwhakarato he pūrongo whakamātautau momo āhuatanga e whā: te tauwehenga whakaiti ātete i te makuku tohutoro, te pumau ionic mō te wā roa i te 60 °C / 30 rā, te pupuri i te makuku i te whakamaroketanga 90-rā, me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao ESIA. I ngaro i a mātou tētahi puranga o te tau 2019 ki te ranunga konutai-hauora (ka whakaekea e te hauora ngā matua parahi i roto i te takotoranga), ā, i rahua e tā mātou puranga kaiwhakarato o te tau 2022 te whakamātautau pumau ionic i te 65% te pupuri — i raro iho i tā mātou paepae ā-roto 80% — koia mātou i whai tohu ai i tētahi raina whakakotahitanga ā-roto. Ko te kaiwhakarato kāore e taea te tuku i taua pūrongo ko te kaiwhakarato e tae mai ana i te mutunga o te tau tuarua me te īmēra "he matū hou kua whakapaitia tā mātou".
- Kua raka te hononga paerewa i te IEEE 837.Kāore i eke ngā rawhi miihini ki te whakamātautau iahiko-whakaoho i roto iIEC 62561-1ā, kaua e whakamahia mō tētahi kaupapa tauine-whaipainga. Ko te paerewa hononga te wāhanga o te whakaritenga e tiaki ana i te rawa puta noa i te roanga o te oranga hoahoa 25-tau.
- Āhuatanga tokotoko mō iaNEMA GR-1.Te whānui 17.2 mm ki te 25.4 mm, te matotoru o te whakakikorua parahi ≥ 254 µm. Ko te matotoru o te whakakikorua te mea nui rawa atu i runga i ngā kawenga iahiko-whakaoho (ngā pito ESE, ngā papa MV) — ka rahua tuatahitia he whakakikorua angiangi.
5. Te Whakamutunga — Ngā Mea Me Pātai Tuatahi e te Taha Hoko
Ko te tipu 150 MW o Saudi i whakatuwhera i tēnei tuhinga i hoki mai ki te ātete papa toharite 3.1 Ω ki te whāinga hoahoa 5 Ω i te whakamātautau anō o te tau-rima, me te papa kino rawa atu i te 4.7 Ω i te kokonga tonga-mā-uru i mutu ai te taraiwa poutū a caliche. Kāore tētahi o aua tau i noho hei tautohe hoko i te wā i tukuna ai e te Madrid EPC te īmēra uiui o Ākuhata 2020 - he hua ēnei o te tuhi i te matū whakakī, te paerewa hononga, te āhua o te tokotoko me te raupapatanga anō o te whāinga oneone ki roto i te tuhinga kotahi, kātahi ka tukuna ki te kapa tāuta te mahi.
Mena he rangatira kaupapa koe i te Middle East, i Āwherika, i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti rānei o Āhia, ā, kei te tuwhera tonu te tuhinga hoko, ko te pātai e whakatau ana mēnā ka noho tonu te kaupapa i roto i tōna matapihi hoahoa mō ngā tau 25 e whai ake nei ehara i te mea "ko tēhea tokotoko ka hokona e au" — engari ko "he aha te ātete oneone i te hohonutanga o te hiko kua whakaritea, ā, ko tēhea o ngā momo rahunga e toru i runga ake nei e tika ana." Tikina te whakautu oneone i te tuatahi; ka whai ake te whakautu hua. Ko te pātai hoko ko tēhea o ngā whānau hua e rua —tokotoko whenua matū or kōwae whenua kauwhata pou(i ngā wāhi tino uaua rānei) — e tau ana ki te awhi oneone me te rohe hohonu. Ko te whārangi kāwai katoa kei/hiko-whakatakotoranga-matū/kei a ia ngā kōwhiringa āhuahanga, me teNgā Kaihanga Rākau Whenua Ion Hikohiko Matua e 5 mō te tau 2025Kei te blog te rārangi poto o ngā kaiwhakarato.
Mō tētahi kete tauira me tētahi pūrongo whakamātautau momo-whenua e whā mō tētahi kaupapa motuhake, ko te ara tere rawa ko tewhārangi whakapā maiKo ngā tauira tuku mō ngā kaupapa ME, Āwherika me te MOANA ka wehe atu i te wheketere i roto i te wiki kotahi, me ngā whakautu hangarau i roto i te kotahi rā mahi.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-05-2026