Mō te nuinga o ngā tono whenua whaipainga, ko te ara iahiko maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi (CCS) 40% IACS te kōwhiringa taunoa tika, ā, ko te parahi totoka te kōwhiringa tika anake mēnā e tino hiahiatia ana e te kaha o te iahiko hapa, te matū oneone rānei. E kī ana ahau i muri i te tekau mā rua tau o te tuku i ngā rauemi e rua mai i tō mātou wheketere Xinchang: ka tukuna e te waea 40% IACS CCS te tata ki te 40% o te ara iahiko o te parahi kua whakamahanahia i te rua ki te whā ngā wā o te kaha kume, he paparanga parahi o te 0.25 mm e tautokona ana e ā mātou rekoata whakaputa mō te roanga mahi neke atu i te 50 tau, ā, he iti rawa te uara para e kore e arohia e te nuinga o ngā tahae. Ka toa tonu te parahi totoka 99.97% i runga i te ara iahiko mata - 90% ki te 99.9% IACS ki tā mātou whānuitanga CCS o te 15% ki te 40% IACS - nō reira, ina kore he āputa i roto i tō tataunga iahiko hapa IEEE 80, ko te parahi te whakautu pono. Ko te toenga o tēnei tuhinga e whakamārama ana i ngā āhuatanga e rima e pā ana ki ngā kaiwhakahaere hokohoko ratonga katoa e pātai mai ana ki ahau mō te CCS, te parahi rānei, me ngā tau tuturu mai i ā mātou pūrongo whakamātautau mira kaua ki ngā kereme pukapuka iti.
"Ehara te pātai i te mea 'ko tēhea te ara iahiko pai ake' — engari ko tēhea ara iahiko e pātaihia ana e tō au hapa, tō oneone, me tō tūponotanga ki te tahae."
- Ko te ātete o tētahi ara iahiko maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi 40% IACS he tata ki te 0.0431 Ω·mm²/m, ki te whakataurite ki te 0.017241 Ω·mm²/m mō te parahi parakore kua whakamahanahia — nō reira, ko te taurite o te hapa e hiahiatia ana he tata ki te 2.5 ngā wā o te wāhanga whakawhiti i roto i te CCS.
- Ka tukuna ā mātou aho CCS i te kaha kume 560–1040 MPa puta noa i ngā whirihoranga aho 7–37 mai i te 4.2 mm ki te 22.5 mm te whānui whānui, koia te take ka taea e ngā kapa raina te kukume mai me te kore e totoro me te here e kitea ana i runga i te parahi ngohengohe.
- Kotahi te painga kāore i te rite o ngā kaiārahi whenua parahi totoka: te kaha mō ia diameter,nā te meaKo ia mirimita o te wāhanga whakawhiti e kawe ana i te hiko i te 90–99.9% IACS, kaua ki te uhi o waho anake.
- He mea nui te tahae parahi i roto i ngā tahua tiaki ratonga maha, ā, ka tangohia e te CCS te nuinga o tēnei mea,Nā te mea kāore he uara hoko anō o te aho maitai rua-whakarewa me te matua maitai, kāore he mōrearea o te tahae i te whatunga CCS.
Te Paearu 40% IACS: He aha i puta tonu ai i roto i ngā Whakatakotoranga Ratonga?
Ko te IACS te whakarāpopototanga o te International Annealed Copper Standard, te tikanga o te tau 1913 i whakatau i te kawe hiko o te parahi kua whakamahanahia ki te hokohoko ki te 100%, ā, i whakawhiwhia ki te ātete o te 0.017241 Ω·mm²/m i te 20°C. Ko ia tatauranga kawe hiko o tēnei tuhinga — me ia tatauranga kei runga i ā mātou tiwhikete mira — he ōrau o taua paearu. Ina karangahia he "waea IACS 40%" e tētahi whakatakotoranga, kei te tono ia mō tētahi kaiarahi ko tōna ātete he 0.017241 wehea ki te 0.40, arā, tata ki te 0.0431 Ω·mm²/m. Ki taku whakaaro, ina kite ngā kaihoko i taua wehenga kotahi, ka huri te tautohetohe katoa mō te CCS-versus-parahi hei tātaitanga, kaua ki te hokohoko.
He aha i 40% ai, kaua i te 30%, i te 21% rānei? I roto i ā mātou wheako kaweake, ko te taumata 40% te paerewa mō tētahi take mahi: koinei te taumata kawe hiko teitei rawa atu e ekehia ana e te maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi i roto i ngā taumata paerewa kua hipokina e teASTM B227(Te Taumata 40 HS me te Taumata 40 EHS) me ngā hanganga pae oASTM B228Ki te neke atu i te 40%, kei te tono koe kia matotoru ake te whakakikorua parahi i te mea e hangaia ana te whānau hua kua tāia-mārō, ā, i taua wā ka tere te whakawhāiti i te rerekētanga utu ki te parahi totoka.Nā te matotoru o te whakakikorua e ārahi ana i te utu o ngā rauemi, ka mutu te noho hei huarahi ōhanga hei whakakapi i te parahi totoka mō te kawe hiko CCS neke atu i te 40% IACS.Ka mea atu ahau ki ngā tīma hokohoko kia whakaarohia te 40% IACS hei te taumata teitei o te awhe CCS ōhanga, ā, me whakaarohia te mea kei runga ake i tēnei hei tohu kia whakaritea he utu mō te parahi totoka.
Te Aroturukitanga Rino Parahi i roto i ngā Whatunga Whenua Tuturu: E hia te Nui o tāu Whakarērea?
I runga i te pepa, he tino kino te āhua o te āputa kawe hiko: ka whakamātauhia ā mātou waea parahi parakore ki te 90%–99.9% IACS me te ātete i raro i te 0.017241 Ω·mm²/m, ko te whānuitanga CCS kei te 15%–40% IACS. Heoi, i roto i te whatunga whenua, ehara i te mea ko te kawe hiko te mea nui - engari ko te mea kei te ora tonu te kawe hiko i te ia hapa e tohua ana e tō rangahau ki a ia. Ko te IEEE 80, te paerewa e whakamahia ana e te nuinga o ngā ratonga mō te hoahoa whatunga teihana hiko (Paerewa IEEE 80), ka rahi ngā kaiārahi mā te whakakotahi i te iahiko me te roanga, ehara i te mea mā te ātete anake. Ina whakahaerehia e mātou te hapa 40 kA, 0.5-hēkona mā roto i ngā tātai whakakotahi paerewa, me tata ki te 2.5 ngā wā o te whakawhiti-wāhanga o te parahi e hiahiatia ana e te kaiārahi 40% IACS CCS kia tae atu ki te rohe wera ōrite - koinei te tauwehenga tahuritanga pono, ā, kua tuhia e au ki roto i ia korero ka tukuna e mātou.
He rite tonu te ahua o taua tauwehenga 2.5× ki te mea he mea whakakore i te whakaritenga tae noa ki te wā e utua ai te utu katoa. He iti ake tonu te parahi e whakamahia ana e te CCS i te diameter nui ake,Nā te mea ka mau te matua maitai i te kawenga ā-pūkaha, he paparanga parahi 0.25 mm anake e hiahiatia ana hei whakahaere i te kawe hiko.— ā, i ngā auau hapa 60 Hz, ka rere te mano o te au ki te mata, koinei tonu te wāhi kei reira te parahi. Kua ārahihia e tā mātou tīma hangarau ētahi kaihoko i roto i tēnei tautohe pānga-kiri me ngā tuhi whakawhiti-wāhanga tuturu; ina kite rātou kei te noho te ara o te au me te parahi i te mowhiti o waho kotahi, ka ngawari haere te whakahē kawe hiko.
Ko te wāhi kāore au e tūtohu ana i te CCS ko te tino rerekē: ngā teihana hiko tāone iti, he mea whakarite te whānui o te awaawa me te hohonu o te taraiwa tokotoko, ā, kāore he wāhi e waiho ana e te rangahau hapa hei whakanui ake i te ara iahiko. I roto i aua kaupapa, ka whakahuahia e mātou tā mātou waea parahi parakore 99.97% me te kore whakapāha,nā te meaAhakoa te nui o te painga ā-mīhini e kore e taea te whakakapi i tētahi wāhanga whakawhiti e kore e taea e koe te uru ā-tinana. Ko te kaiwhakarato e pana ana i te CCS ki roto i taua horopaki kei te hoko atu i raro i tāu rangahau hapa, ā, he pai ke ki ahau te ngaro i te ota i te kore e pai te mahi a te whatunga i te tau tuatoru.
CCS, Parahi Totoka rānei: Ngā Ahu e Rima hei Whakatau i te Kaiārahi e Toa ana i tāu Whakatakotoranga
Ina tukuna mai e te kaihoko ratonga he RFQ e mea ana "CCS, parahi rānei - tēnā koa whakamōhio mai," kāore au e whakautu me te pepa raraunga. Ka whakautu au me te whakatairite rarangi-rima i raro nei,nā te meaI roto i ngā tau tekau mā rua o ngā ota kaweake, ko te whakatau i tau tonu ki tētahi o ēnei āhuatanga e rima: te kawe hiko, te kaha miihini, te roa o te waikura, te tūponotanga tahae, me te kapinga paerewa. Ko ngā mea katoa he haruru. Nō ā mātou rekoata whakaputa me ngā pūrongo whakamātautau mira ngā tatauranga, ehara i te toharite ahumahi.
| Ahu | Rino Parahi (tō mātou whānuitanga AF-0516) | Koraha Maama (to tatou awhe AF-0531) | Ko tēhea te toa, ā, āhea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Te Aroturukitanga (% IACS) | 15%–40% IACS mā te kōeke; 40% IACS = ~0.0431 Ω·mm²/m | 90%–99.9% IACS; ātete <0.017241 Ω·mm²/m | Parahi, i ngā wā katoa ka whakatikahia te wāhanga whakawhiti e te mahi hapa |
| Te kaha o te kume | 560–1040 MPa (ngā māka i tuhia mārō) | Te akomanga parahi kua whakawerahia, tata ki te hautoru o ngā uara CCS | CCS, i runga i ngā tō roa me ngā whānuitanga o runga |
| Te whānuitanga o te hanganga | 7–37 ngā aho; he monofilament 1.4–3.2 mm; te whānui 4.2–22.5 mm | He totoka, he whiri, he rahi mā te wāhanga whakawhiti | CCS mō te ngāwari o ngā hononga; parahi mō ngā whatunga kiato |
| Te waikura me te roa o te ratonga | Paparanga parahi here 0.25 mm; e tautoko ana ā mātou tuhinga i te neke atu i te 50 tau i roto i ngā oneone noa | Wāhanga parahi katoa; he tino pai te mahi oneone whānui, kia tūpato ki te whenua waikawa nui, ki te whenua whai ammonia rānei | Tāia ngā oneone noa; tirohia te matū o te oneone i ngā wāhi tino kino |
| Te kitea o te tahae me te para | Miro whakarewa rua, uara para iti rawa | Whāinga para uara-katoa i te nuinga o ngā rohe | CCS, i runga i te whakatau, i roto i ngā ara kore haumaru |
| Ngā paerewa whakahaere | ASTM B227 (waea) me ASTM B228 (kaiārahi aho); mira ISO 9001 | Te hanganga ture IEC me te CE i runga i tā mātou whānuitanga parahi | Whakatauritehia te paerewa kua whakahuatia i runga i tō PO |
E rua ngā rarangi o taua tēpu e tika ana kia tirohia anō,nā te meaKo rātou ngā mea e tino whakamuri ana ngā kaihoko. Tuatahi, ehara te kaha kume i te mea pai: i runga i te wiri roa whakapae, i te whānui waea whenua rānei, ka taea e te arataki parahi ngohengohe te totoro me te kaki ki raro i te wā tāutanga, ā, ko te wāhanga kaki ka noho hei wāhi wera i roto i tō whatunga. Ka ārai tā mātou aho CCS i te 560–1040 MPa i ngā kukume ka whakapēke tonu i te parahi kua whakamahanahia, koia te take e tohu ana ngā kapa raina kua tāuta i ngā mea e rua i te CCS i te wā tuarua. Tuarua, te rarangi waikura: ko te pātai e tino rangona ana e au ko te mea ka ora tonu te paparanga parahi 0.25 mm i raro i te whenua, ā, ko tā mātou whakautu ko te roanga o te ora o te turanga kua tāutahia — ehara te whakakikorua piri i te whakakikorua, ā, kāore e pakaru, e piri rānei pērā i te paninga angiangi kua whakakikoruatia.
Arotakenga Tūturu o te Mīhini: Ka taea e te Parahi Totoka te Ora i te Tōia-ki-roto?
Anei tētahi momo rahunga kāore e puta i roto i ngā tūtohi kawe hiko. I ētahi tau kua pahure ake nei, i whakapā mai tētahi kaimahi kirimana ki a mātou i muri i te pakaru kino o te waea whenua parahi kua whakamahanatia mai i tētahi atu pūtake i te wā o te whakaurunga roa o te parau; i kitea noa e te kapa te kino i te wā i puta mai ai ngā pānui ātete whatunga kāore i te ōrite i te wā e oma ana. Ko te whakatikatika he keri ake, he whakakapi i ngā wāhanga katoa. Ka tohaina e au taua kōrero ki ia kaihoko e whakaaro ana ki te kaha kume hei āhuatanga tuarua,nā te meaKo te utu mō te kaiārahi hiko iti rawa te utu mō ia mita ka huri hei utu nui rawa atu mō ia kiromita kua tāutahia ina hiahiatia kia tōia e te kapa kia rua ngā wā.
Ki te CCS, ka rere te āhua o te tinana i tētahi atu taha. Ka mau te matua maitai i te kawenga tāutanga — ka whakamātautauhia ā mātou aho i waenga i te 560 me te 1040 MPa i runga i te taumata — ā, ka haere tonu te whakakikorua parahi mō te haerenga. Ka tūtohu mātou i ngā hanganga aho-7 mō ngā mahi whatunga ā-ringa me ngā aho-19, aho-37 rānei ina uru te oma ki ngā piko, ngā roera, ngā kanohi kume rānei.nā te meaKa piko ngā monofilament angiangi huri noa i tētahi radius iti ake, me te kore e whakapakeke i te paparanga parahi. Koia anō te take e horapa ai tā mātou whānuitanga CCS aho i waenga i te 4.2 mm ki te 22.5 mm te whānui katoa: ka taea e te momo IACS 40% te mahi hei takai pou tohatoha, hei whatunga matua teihana tuku rānei mā te whakarerekē noa i te maha o ngā aho.
Te Whārite Tahae, Para, me te Haumarutanga: He Pānga ki a Koe te Uara Hoko Anō o te Parahi?
Kāore i te maha ngā wā ka whakaurua e ngā kaihoko ratonga hiko te tahae ki te ripanga whakatairite mō ngā ara iahiko hiko, engari e ora tonu ana ā rātou tari tiaki i tēnei āhuatanga. Ko te whenua parahi totoka he whāinga para utu nui i te nuinga o ngā mākete e tukuna ana e mātou, ā, ko te whenua taiapa teihana hiko kua tangohia, ko te whenua tahae rānei o te ara hiko kua tahaetia ehara i te mea he ngaronga rauemi noa iho - he tūponotanga haumaru kia whakahokia rā anō te whatunga hiko. Kua kōrero mai ngā kaihoko tohatoha ki a mātou he nui ake tā rātou tahua whakakapinga parahi ā-tau i te utu rauemi taketake o te whatunga hiko, he rerenga kōrero wairangi tēnei hei pato, ā, koinei te take matua i nekehia ai e ētahi o rātou ngā ara hiko kua kitea, kua taea hoki te uru atu ki CCS.
Ka whakaekea e te CCS te raruraru i te taumata whakatenatena, kaua i te taumata raka: kāore he uara wehewehe o te aho maitai rua-whakarewa me te matua rino i te papa para, nō reira kāore e tahaetia pērā i te tere o te tahae o te parahi totoka.Nā te meaKo te hinganga o te tahae, ka taea hoki e te tahua haumarutanga. Mō ngā teihana hiko whenua hou i roto i ngā papa kua taiepatia, kua tirotirohia, kāore tēnei tautohe i te tino hira, ā, e kī ana mātou koia tēnei — engari mō te whakataurite i ngā ara tuku hiko, ngā papa pou i ngā whāngai whenua, me te whenua rerewē e rere ana i ngā kiromita puta noa i te whenua tuwhera, ki taku whakaaro ko te taha tahae te mea nui, me te nuinga o ngā miihini ratonga kua ora i roto i te wā tango parahi.
Ko tēhea Kaiarataki me Tohua e tō Ratonga? He Anga Whakatau kua Whakamātauria i te Marae
Ina noho tahi mātou me tētahi tīma hokohoko, kāore mātou e tautohetohe ana i ngā rauemi i roto i te whakarāpopototanga — ka whai mātou i tētahi raupapa whakatau poto, ā, ka hoatu e au ki a koe te tikanga e whai ake nei:
- Whakahaerehia te rangahau iahiko-hapa i te tuatahi.Mena ka whakatauhia e tō tātaitanga IEEE 80 te diameter mōrahi o te ara iahiko, ā, ko te parahi anake te rauemi e uru ana ki te whakaritenga iahiko honohono i roto i taua diameter, tohua te parahi ka mutu i reira.
- Tirohia te tikanga tāutanga.Ko ngā arawhata roa, ngā keri ahunga, me ngā whānui o runga e pai ake ai te kaha kume o te CCS i te 560–1040 MPa; ko ngā ara kupenga poto, he mea whakatakoto-ā-ringa i roto i ngā rua tuwhera, he wāhi koretake.
- Whakatauhia te tūponotanga o te tahae me te pono.Teihana ā-pā, he mea tirotiro: he mea koretake. Te ara tuawhenua, ngā papa pou, te whenua o te rēriwe: CCS,nā te meaMā te tango i te uara para ka tangohia te riri.
- Whakamātauria te matū o te oneone.He pai ngā oneone noa mō ngā rauemi e rua, he roa ake te ora hoahoa mō ā mātou CCS i te 50 tau te roa; me kōrero te oneone waikawa nui, te oneone matū kaha rānei i mua i te tukunga o tētahi o ngā rauemi.
- Whakatikahia te paerewa i runga i te PO.Mō te CCS, ingoa ASTM B227 mō te waea, me ASTM B228 mō te ara iahiko kua takahurihia me te taumata ara iahiko (ko te 40 HS te taunoa whaihua); mō te parahi, ingoahia te IEC e hiahiatia ana e koe. Mā te ota hoko e kī ana ko te "ara iahiko whenua" anake ka tonohia he kēmu whakakapinga.
Mātakitaki ki te mea kāore i roto i taua raupapa: te utu mō ia mita. Ka waiho e au hei whakamutunga,nā te meaKo te utu mita anake te tohu pono mō te hoko anō i roto i ngā tau e rima kua kitea e au i roto i tēnei mahi. Me whakatau te utu, engari me whakatau anō i muri i te kitenga o ngā āhuatanga ahupūngao, te tāutanga, me te haumarutanga ki a koe ko tēhea momo rauemi e hokona ana e koe.
Kaiwhakatairite ātete arataki
Tāuruhia tō roa oma me tō wāhanga whakawhiti hei whakatairite i tētahi ara iahiko CCS ki tētahi parahi parakore o te rahi ōrite. Pūtake ātete: 0.017241 Ω·mm²/m i te 100% IACS.
Mō ngā kaupapa e tau ana ki runga i te CCS, ko tā mātouwaea maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahiKo te whānuitanga e kapi ana i te 15%–40% IACS kawe hiko me te paparanga parahi 0.25 mm, te kaha kume mai i te 560 ki te 1040 MPa, te diameter monofilament o te 1.4–3.2 mm, me te diameter whānui o te 4.2–22.5 mm i roto i ngā whirihoranga aho 7–37 — i hangaia i raro i te ISO 9001 me te kaha ia marama o te 100,000 mita, i tākaihia mā te roera ka tukuna mā Ningbo, Shanghai rānei. Ka taea e ngā kaihoko e hiahia ana ki ngā hanganga kua werohia te arotake i ā mātouwhārangi hanga waea CCS kua takahurihia, ā, e noho ana te whānau katoa i raro i a mātoukāwai waea maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi. Ina tohu te rangahau hapa ki tētahi atu huarahi, ko tā tātouWaea parahi parakore 99.97%ngā kaipuke me te IEC me te CE e rite ana ki te rerewē, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te whenua hiko — ā, mēnā kei roto hoki i te kaupapa te hononga o te kaiārahi ki ngā tokotoko, ki te paipa rānei, ko tā mātou aratohu o mua mōte hoko rauemi whakarewa wera mō te tiaki katote o ngā paipae kapi ana i te taha werawera. Mō te papamuri kawe hiko i tua atu i ā mātou ake raraunga mira, ko teTe whare pukapuka tono hiko a te Rōpū Whakawhanake Parahikoinei te tohutoro e tohutohu tuatahitia ana e mātou ki ngā kaihangarau taitamariki.
Ngā Pātai Auau: Ngā Pātai a ngā Kaihoko Ratonga mō te CCS me te Parahi
He pai te maitai parahi whakakikoruatia ki te 40% IACS mō te whakapūmau i te whenua o ngā teihana hiko?
I te nuinga o te wā, āe. Ko te ātete o te ara iahiko 40% IACS CCS he tata ki te 0.0431 Ω·mm²/m, nō reira e 2.5 ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te whakawhiti-wāhanga o te parahi mō te mahi hapa kotahi - engari ina tika te rahi ka tutuki ki ngā whakaritenga IEEE 80 me te kaha kume teitei ake. Ka tūtohu mātou kia whakaūhia te tataunga o te iahiko honohono i te tuatahi; ki te pai te diameter e hiahiatia ana ki tō tahora awaawa me te tokotoko, ko te 40% IACS CCS te taunoa oro.
Me pēhea taku manatoko i te kawe hiko o te maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi mai i te pūrongo whakamātautau mira?
Pātaihia kia toru ngā uara kei runga i te tiwhikete: te ōrau IACS (te ātete rānei i roto i te Ω·mm²/m i te 20°C), te matotoru o te paparanga parahi, me te kaha kume. E whakaatu ana tā mātou mira i te kawe hiko i roto i te awhe IACS 15%–40% mā te taumata, te whakakikorua 0.25 mm, me ngā uara kume i waenga i te 560 me te 1040 MPa, ka taea te whai i ngā mea katoa ki te puranga whakaputa. Mena kāore e taea e te kaiwhakarato te hono i aua tau ki te tau puranga, whakaarohia te tiwhikete hei rauemi hokohoko.
He aha ngā whirihoranga aho e wātea ana mō ngā ara iahiko whenua CCS?
Kei roto i ā mātou awhe he 7 ki te 37 ngā aho, ā, ko te whānui o ngā monofilament he 1.4–3.2 mm te whānui, ā, ko te whānui katoa he 4.2–22.5 mm. Ko te tikanga, e tūtohu ana mātou kia 7-aho mō ngā mahi whatu ā-ringa, me te 19-aho, 37 rānei mō ngā mahi piko, hurihuri, tō rānei, nā te mea ka piko ngā aho angiangi ki ngā radius piri, me te kore e pēhi i te paparanga parahi.
Ka mau te paparanga parahi 0.25 mm i raro i te whenua?
Āe, mena ka herea ki te konganuku, kaua ki te whakakikoruatia ki te hiko. E tautoko ana ā mātou rekoata whakaputa i te roanga mahi neke atu i te 50 tau i roto i ngā oneone noa. Ka honoa te whakakikorua ki te matua maitai e te tukanga honohono, nō reira kāore he paninga e pakarukaru, e poka iti, e waikura rānei i raro i te kiriata pērā i te āhua o te paninga angiangi.
Ka taea te whakarewa i ngā CCS mā te whakamahi i te werawera pērā i te parahi totoka?
Āe — ka mahi ngā hononga exothermic (CAD weld) i runga i ngā rauemi e rua, ā, koinei te tikanga honohono e taunakihia ana e mātou mō ngā hononga whatunga tuturu. Ka ōrite te paura weld me te pokepokea ki te rahi o te ara iahiko me te maha o ngā whenu, nō reira, ina tono koe, me kī mai ki a mātou te diameter me te whirihoranga o te CCS, ā, mā mātou e tohu te kete weld tika i te taha o te ara iahiko.
Me ASTM B227, ASTM B228 rānei te ingoa o taku ota hoko?
Whakahuatia ngā ingoa e rua mēnā e tika ana: Ko te ASTM B227 te kaiwhakahaere o te waea maitai parahi kua whakakikoruatia ki te mārō, ko te ASTM B228 te kaiwhakahaere o te taura hiko porowhita i hangaia mai i aua waea. Tāpirihia te tohu kawe hiko — 40 HS mō te akomanga IACS 40% whaipainga noa — me te maha o ngā taura, ā, kāore he wāhi mō te whakakapinga i roto i tō PO.
Tukuna mai tō rangahau iahiko hapa, tō pūrongo oneone, tō whānui me te roa o te oma rānei o tō ara iahiko — ka whakahokia mai e tā mātou tīma hangarau he taunakitanga CCS-parahi-ranei-me ngā raraunga whakamātautau mira i roto i te kotahi rā mahi.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-11-2026