Ubuyobozi bw'umugenzuzi w'ikigogusudira exothermic byananiwe— impamvu eshanu z’imikorere, inzira yo gusuzuma, hamwe n’uburyo bwo gusuzuma ikibazo cyo gukoresha weld ushobora gukora mbere yuko ugabanya ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose.
- Impinduka nyinshi mu "gutungurana kwa exothermic weld" ntabwo ari ikintu gitunguranye na gato: igenzura ryacu rya 312-failure audit (2023–2026) ryagaragaje ko 86% bigaruka kuri imwe mu mpamvu eshanu abacuruzi badakunze kwandikaho - ubushuhe bwari bufunze (38%), grafiti yashaje (24%), ifu ntoya (17%), preparation yanduye (14%), cyangwa igihe cyo gutwika ibintu bikonje (7%).
- Agace gasa neza gashobora gupima micro-ohm 800 ugereranije na micro-ohm 30–50 nzima, kuko isuzuma ry’amaso ritabona porosity y’uruhande rw’umuyoboro cyangwa lamination ya okiside.
- Ingingo zangiritse ntizishobora kongera gusukwa mu mwanya wazo — gabanya nibura mm 50 z'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi unyuze mu gace kagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe, umenye impamvu nyamukuru, hanyuma wongere utegure ukoresheje ifumbire mu idirishya ryayo rya serivisi rya 50–100.
- Kuri buriIncamake ya Cadweld ya nVent ERICO, iyi nzira ikora umugozi wa molekile, ntabwo ari uwo mu buryo bwa mekanike — bityo uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gutsindwa bukora ihuriro (firime y'ubushuhe, oxide lamination, void) butsinda ikoranabuhanga riturutse imbere.
- Ibyacuumurongo w'ibumba wo gusudira thermitIfite amanota ku mizunguko 50–100 hamwe n’ingingo 80–100 zikoreshwa mu murima, zikozwe muri grafiti nziza kugira ngo umwobo ukomeze kwihanganira igihe kirekire — ariko ikibumbano kiri hanze y’iryo dirishya ntikikiri ikibumbano, ni ikibazo.
- Koresha uburyo bwo guhuzaGusuzuma ikibazo cyo gushonga kw'ibicuruzwa bidafite ubushobozi bwo gusudirahepfo mbere yo gukata ingingo imwe — hitamo ikimenyetso ubona aho kiri hanyuma umenye impamvu ishoboka cyane hamwe n'ingamba zo guhita ufata.
Mu kwezi gushize hari ibice bibiri byahuriraga ku ntebe yanjye. Byombi byaturutse ku miyoboro y’ubutaka ya 33 kV. Byombi byafotowe ku gipimo kimwe cya 10× munsi y’urumuri rumwe rw’impeta. Ku muhanga mu by’injeniyeri muto wasomaga raporo y’ishyirwaho ry’ibikoresho, byari ibintu bimwe byo gusudira. Ku muguzi wasinyaga impapuro z’ibizamini, byari ibintu bimwe byo gusudira. Ntabwo byari ibintu bimwe byo gusudira.
Umwe yapimye micro-ohm 28 maze atsinda bwa mbere. Undi yapimye micro-ohm 640 maze ananirwa nyuma ya saa sita. Umuryango umwe w'ibimera, umucuruzi umwe w'ifu, abantu babiri bazunguruka. Isaro ku ngingo zombi ryasaga neza ku maso no kuri kamera ikoresha ubushyuhe. Itandukaniro ryari muri milimetero 6 z'umuyoboro umwe wahanaguwe n'agapira ka isopropyl kadafite lint n'undi wahanaguwe n'agapfukamunwa gashya k'uruhu.
Icyo cyuho ni cyo iyi nyandiko ivugaho. Kubera ko inzira yo gusohora amashanyarazi mu buryo budasanzwe mu buryo bumwe bwihariye - buri kosa rikora risiga igikumwe ku gice cy'imbere - kandi mu bundi buryo budasanzwe mu buryo budasanzwe - isaro riri hejuru hafi ya ryose risa neza nubwo igikumwe kiri hasi cyakwica. Impamvu eshanu zikurikiraho ni ibikumwe nkomeza kubona ku ntebe yanjye, mu buryo nkurikirana umuguzi muri byo iyo raporo y'akazi ikoze nabi.
Mu myaka itatu ishize nagenze inshuro 200 muri izi mpinduka. Ndifuza ko 200 zitaha zitabaho. Soma ibi rimwe mbere yo guhamagara undi — birahendutse kuruta kongera guhamagara undi, kandi ibisubizo ni bimwe ntanga imbonankubone.
Gusoma Igishushanyo mbonera Birushaho Kuba byiza Gusoma Igishushanyo mbonera
Raporo yose y'akazi inyura ku biro byanjye imbwira ikintu kimwe ku byananiranye: ihurizoyarebyeni byo ku munsi wo gusohoka. Isuzuma ry'amaso ryaratsinze. Gupima ubushyuhe byaratsinze. Igice cyavuzweho ukuri. Ubu ni bwo buryo nsaba gukoresha - kandi ni bwo bwubatsweho igikoresho cyo gusuzuma kiri hepfo y'iyi nkuru.
Ibi nabimenye mu buryo bugoye hagati mu mwaka wa 2024. Ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cy’i Burayi cyatwoherereje imiyoboro 23 yakuwe mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi wa 110 kV - buri imwe muri zo yari imaze amezi atatu ikora, ifite imiterere y’ubudodo, ubushyuhe, n’ubudahangarwa bwa milliohm byose bikaba ari umwihariko. Twabifunguye ku gicamunsi kimwe.17 muri 23 bagaragaje udukoko duto twagaragaye ku gice cy'imbere: okiside lamination kuri 9, imyobo yo guhumeka kuri 5, kuzuza munsi yayo kuri 3. Nta na kimwe cyari gufatwa n'ikarita isanzwe yo gukoresha amashusho. Iyi sosiyete yari imaze imyaka myinshi ihagarika ingingo zari zimaze igihe gito zipfa bucece - ariko ntibari babizi.
Tangira n'ikibazo cya mbere, ntabwo ari icya gatatu. Iyo rwiyemezamirimo ampamagaye akoresheje "ingufu zananiwe", ndabimubaza mbere y'ibindi byose:Ese ingingo yigeze ikora ikizamini cyo kwirinda, cyangwa yananiwe kuyikoresha ku nshuro ya mbere yapimwe?Igisubizo gihindura byose, kuko ingingo yangiritse mu mikorere n'ingingo yari ifite inenge kuva kuri pour-day ni ibibazo bibiri bitandukanye cyane bifite impamvu ebyiri zitandukanye rwose.
Nk’uko inyandiko zivuga ku bijyanye n’imicungire y’izabukuru zivuga ku miyoboro y’amashanyarazi yazimye, ibigo by’imari n’amabanki byo muri Amerika bivuga (NUREG-1800, raporo y'amasomo y'ubusaza rusange yigishijwebyakoreshejwe mu gusobanura imyaka myinshi y’ubuzima bw’ibimera), uburyo bwanditse bwo kwangirika kw’ingingo iyo ari yo yose yapfutse ni uguhindagurika kw’ubushyuhe, gushyushya kwa ohmic, guhindagura, no kwangirika - kandi raporo igaragaza neza ko izi ari uburyo bukora ku miyoboro.exothermic welding ntaho ihurira n'imyaka, kubera ko ibyuma biyobora n'umuringa ushongeshejwe biba igice kimwe cy'icyuma gikomeza mu gihe cyo gukora. Rero iyo igice cya exothermike gisutswe neza kinaniwe gukora, gutsindwa ntibiba biri mu cyuma cyo gusukamo amazi ubwacyo - kiba kiri mu gice cy'icyuma cyo gusukamo amazi kitigeze kigeramo, cyangwa mu gice gito cy'ubushyuhe cyasigiwe n'amazi bitewe n'uko umuriro w'ifu wari utari mwiza ku munsi wo gusukamo amazi.
"Inenge yo mu gihe cyo gushwanyaguza" mu by'ukuri igaragara gute mu rubanza rw'ubugenzacyaha
Amasambu magana abiri ya Cebu yanyigishije igishushanyo kimwe cyakomeje kugaragara hafi kuri buri sambu nanyuzemo kuva icyo gihe. Iyo duciye isambu yananiwe tugafungura igice cyayo, tubona imwe muri mikoro eshanu zigaruka, kandi buri imwe ihuza neza na kimwe mu bintu bitanu byateye iyi nkuru mu gice gisigaye:
| Igikumwe cy'urutoki gishyirwa mu gice cy'imbere | Aho kuyishakira | Amakarita yo gutera |
|---|---|---|
| Imyenge y'amazi ihujwe hafi y'ubuso bw'umuyoboro w'amazi | Imbere mu gice cyo gusudira, hagati ya mm 1–2 uvuye ku nkombe y'umuyoboro | Impamvu ya 1 — Ubushuhe (ifu, icyuma gikonjesha, cyangwa ifu ivanze n'ibimera) |
| Lamination ya okiside ijyanye n'umurongo w'ubuyobozi | Uruhande rurerure hagati y'icyuma cyo gusudira n'ubuso bw'icyuma, rugaragara nyuma yo gutogosha | Impamvu ya 4 — Uburyo bwo gutegura icyuma gishyushya (amavuta, okiside isigaye, uruhu rukoraho) |
| Umwobo wuzuyemo ubusa ufite ubuso butwikiriyeho amasaro | Amasahani yo hejuru y'amasaro imbere; umwobo ntukizura cyane nk'uko byagenwe | Impamvu ya 2 — Kwangirika kw'ibihumyo, cyangwa Impamvu ya 3 — Ifu y'ifu idakomeye |
| Umurongo ufunze ukonje aho impande ebyiri z'icyuma zananiwe kwihuza | Ubudahangarwa bukomeye mu miterere y'ibinyampeke bujyanye n'urukuta rw'aho utuye | Impamvu ya 5 — Igihe cyo gutwika kw'ibihumyo bikonje (ibihumyo biri munsi ya ~25 °C igihe cyo gutwika) |
| Gusudira bifatanye n'umwe gusa mu bayobora ibyuma bibiri mu gihe cyo gusimbuka | Igaragara uhereye ku ruhande: isaro ritwikira uruhande rumwe gusa rw'impande zombi | Impamvu ya 3 - Ifu y'ifu iri hasi, cyangwa ifu ihinduka iyo ifunze |
Iyo umaze kumenya gusoma ibi bikumwe bitanu, ikiganiro cyo gukemura ibibazo kireka kuba icyo gukekeranya. Ibisigaye muri iyi nyandiko bikurikiza uko nakurikiranaga aho nakoreye iperereza, hamwe n'intambwe yo kugenzura ibigaragaza mbere yo gukata agace kamwe.
Ese ubushuhe ni cyo kintu gitera ikibazo iyo Thermit Weld inaniwe?
Ubushuhe ni bwo butuma ntabasha kubona icyo nkora kuko ari bwo bukunze kugaragara kandi butanga imbabazi nyinshi. Umuringa ushongeshejwe uturuka ku ngaruka za exothermic ugera kuri 1.083 °C - aho umuringa ushongeshejwe - kandi iyo uhuye n'amazi, ayo mazi arabira cyane agahinduka umwuka kandi akaguka inshuro zigera kuri 1.700 mu bunini. Umuyaga usubira inyuma mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, ugasiga inzira y'imyobo, maze ingingo irangirika mbere yuko ikonja.OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.252 (Gusudira, Gukata, no Gushyiramo icyuma gishyushya - Ibisabwa Rusange), iyi nzira imwe yateje imvune nyinshi zo gutwika no gutwika abakozi kurusha andi makosa yose yo mu buryo bwa exothermic.
Impamvu ibi binanirana bucece ni uko ubushuhe bufite ahantu hatatu ho kwihisha, kandi kimwe muri byo ni cyo kigaragara. Mu igenzura ryacu rya 312-failure, failure zishingiye ku bushuhe zagaragaje ikimenyetso cyo kwirinda: gupima hagati ya micro-ohm 580 na 940 ku ma conductor pairs amwe asanzwe angana na micro-ohm 30 kugeza 50 - drift ya 15 kugeza 25× irokoka thermal scan ariko ntizigera irokoka cross-section cut.
- Ifu itose.Impamvu ikunze gutuma ibintu bigwa nabi cyane. Ifu yoherezwa mu macupa afunze kubera impamvu runaka - iyo icupa rimaze gufungurwa, ibirimo biba bifite hygroscopic kandi bizajya bitwara ubushuhe bwo mu kirere mu gihe cy'amasaha make. Icupa "risa n'iryumye" ntiryumye.
- Amakonderi y'amazi ahumeka.Umugozi w'umuringa n'icyuma gipfutse umuringa byombi bibika ubushuhe mu gice cy'umugozi. Insinga yabitswe idapfutse aho hantu mu gihe cy'imvura igwa iba itose imbere nubwo inyuma hasa n'aho yumye, kandi ubuso bwumye buzongera gukurura ubushuhe mu minota mike mu kirere gikonje.
- Ubukonje buterwa n'ibihumyo.Igikoresho cya grafiti cyakuwe mu bubiko bufite icyuma gikonjesha kuri 18 °C mu gitondo kirimo ubushyuhe bwa 32 °C, 85% by'ubushuhe, kizafata agace k'amazi ku rukuta rwacyo mbere y'uko abakozi bashyiraho umuyobozi w'icyuma. Hanyuma, icyo gikoresho gifata agace k'amazi hagati y'urukuta rw'igikoresho n'icyuma cyashongeshejwe.
Isuzuma ry'urupfu rwa Cebu mu mirongo itatu
Imiyoboro ya Cebu yananiwe kuko ifu yari iri ku cyambu cyari cyuzuyemo imvura, maze abakozi bafungura amacupa mu gitondo cyo gusukura. Bakoresheje ifu uko byagenda kose kuko yasaga n'iyumye - kandi igice cyo hasi cy'agasaro, kuri buri gice cyananiwe, cyagaragazaga imiterere y'umwobo w'amazi uturuka ku mwuka ushyushye usiga inyuma. Isuzuma ry'iminota 20 ku makarito atatu mbere yo gusukura ryari gufata itsinda ryose, kandi abakozi bari kumenya ko bagomba gushyira mu kato ibisigaye.
Ese ifu yawe ya Graphite yangiritse irenga serivisi zayo ziboneye?
Iyi ni yo mpamvu abatanga serivisi bahangana n’ibibazo bikomeye, kuko uburyo bwo gutsindwa butagaragara ku muguzi kandi umubare w’ibihe ni ikintu umutanga serivisi wenyine azi.Ubuvanganzo bw'ibicuruzwa bya Cadweld bya nVent ERICOipima ubujeni bwa grafiti ku ntera iri hagati ya 50 na 100, kandi ku murongo wacu dupimaimashini zo gusudira thermitku nshuro imwe 50 kugeza ku 100, hamwe n'ingingo 80 kugeza ku 100 zikoreshwa mu murima bisanzwe. Nyuma y'ibyo, umwobo uba warangiritse bihagije ku buryo umwobo w'amazi utagipima icyuma cyashongeshejwe neza mu ihuriro.
Ikimenyetso cy'ukuri cy'ibumba ryashaje si agace gato ushobora kubona - ni ikamba ryasuwede ritakaza imiterere yaryo y'umusego rigatangira gusohokera imbere hagati. Ibumba rishya rikora ikamba ritumba buhoro buhoro hejuru y'umuyoboro w'amazi, kuko ifu yuzura gato mu mwobo hanyuma ifu irenze ikajya mu gitereko. Ibumba ryashaje riratumba munsi y'amazi, kuko umwobo wagutse bihagije ku buryo ifu imwe itagifite ikiguzi cyo gusohokera. Abakozi bishyura bongeramo ifu, hanyuma ishyushya cyane umwobo kandi ikihutisha kwangirika - umurongo usubiza ibibazo ufata ifu makumyabiri mbi kugira ngo isenye ibumba burundu.
Uburyo bwo guha amanota ifumbire utaguze kuri twe
Mu 2023, umuguzi yarazwe ibumba 47 n'umucuruzi wari utarakora, adusaba kuzishyira mu byiciro mbere yo kuzisukira ukundi. Twapimye buri bumba dukurikije uburemere bwaryo bw'ibanze, maze dukora igenzura ry'ibice 5 kuri buri bumba rifite ibiro birenga garama 30 munsi yabyo.11 muri 47 bari baratakaje garama zirenga 50— inyuma cyane y’idirishya ryabo rya serivisi — kandi buri kimwe muri ibyo 11 cyakoze imiyoboro ifite ubuso bw’urusaro rwaciwe mu gice cya kabiri cyatsinzwe mu gihe cy’igerageza mu gihe cy’isukari eshatu. Twasimbuje iyo 11, dusubizaho urutonde rw’imiyoboro, maze igipimo cy’inanirwa ry’umuguzi kuri uwo mushinga cyagabanuka kiva kuri 1 kuri 5 kigera kuri 1 kuri 50. Iyo ni yo miterere y’ikibazo ifumbire idafunguye itera.
Niba warazwe n'undi muntu utanga ifumbire, pima imwe ukurikije ifumbire izwi neza ifite imiterere imwe. Ifumbire ya grafiti itakaza garama zigera kuri 3 kugeza kuri 8 kuri buri ruziga bitewe n'ubushyuhe n'isukura; ifumbire ifite garama 50 munsi y'uburemere bwayo bwo gutangira yagize uruziga rurenze urwo isuzuma ryayo ribikwemerera. Icya kabiri, reba imiterere y'isaro ry'ubudodo mu ruziga ruheruka - niba hari imwe muri zo yashyizwe imbere, ifumbire iba yarenze idirishya ryayo ry'ubuziranenge.IEEE Std 837-2014, imiterere y’ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho imiyoboro ihoraho yo gufunga ibyuma, imiterere y’aho amazi acukurwa ni kimwe mu bimenyetso by’ibisabwa - bityo rero, ikibumbano cyashaje si ingaruka z’ubwiza gusa, ahubwo ni ingaruka z’uko umuntu yubahiriza amategeko ugereranyije n’urugero rwagenwe.
Ese ifu ntoya ishobora kwangiza ubushyuhe bwawe mu buryo bucece?
Ifu iza mu ngano zisanzwe za karitoli ku mpamvu runaka.Kubera ko igipimo cy’ifu hagati y’umuringa n’umusemburo ari cyo gihinduka kigaragaza niba igisubizo gitanga ubushyuhe buhagije bwo gushonga neza igice cy’umusemburo, gupima ubunini bw’umusemburo birema igice gisukamo ibintu bikomeye inyuma ariko kikaba kidahuye neza n’umusemburo w’umusemburo.Isaro isa neza. Ubudahangarwa buvuga ukuri nyuma y'amezi atandatu iyo ingingo ishyushye munsi y'umuyoboro wa mbere w'ikosa.
Twanditse ibi neza neza mu rubanza rwo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba rwo mu 2024. Rwiyemezamirimo yatumije imiyoboro 600 ya exothermic kuri 66 kV substation earthing grid maze yemera ibiciro bya karitsiyo #115 atabanje kwemeza imvange y'umuyoboro - mu by'ukuri wari umuyoboro wa 95 mm² / 95 mm² wagombaga #150. Umucuruzi yazanye #115. Buri muyoboro wose wasutse neza. Buri muyoboro watsinze kuri micro-ohm 60 kugeza 90 isa neza. Amezi atandatu nyuma, imiyoboro 38 muri 200 ya mbere yageragejwe yari yarenze micro-ohm 800 munsi y'umutwaro. Ntitwabonye ko karitsiyo ihuye kugeza igihe umuguzi yatwoherereje icyitegererezo cyananiranye maze turagicamo - agace kari igitabo cy'amasomo, ariko umurongo uhuza umuyoboro n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wagaragaje icyuho gihoraho cya micro-hafi ya mm 0.2.Isaro yari ifite ukuri; karito yari ifite amakosa; umuguzi yayishyuye mu gusukura no gusura garantiUbwo buryo bwombi bw'ubu bunani buracyariho — gusimbuza abakozi mu buryo buboneye no gusimbuza abatanga ibikoresho mu buryo butari bwo — kandi byombi birangirira ahantu hamwe: isaro ryiza, icyuho gito cyihishe ku muyobozi w'imodoka, n'ubudahangarwa bugenda bwiyongera umwaka ushize.
Ese inzira ngufi zo gutegura icyuma ni impamvu yihishe itera ingingo zidashobora guhagarara neza?
Nabonye abakozi bamara iminota makumyabiri basukura igice kigaragara cy'umugozi w'umuringa kandi bakirengagiza igice kijya mu mwobo w'ibumba, kuko urupapuro rw'ibanga rwanditseho "gusukura kugeza ku cyuma gishyushye" nta gusobanura uburyo.Kubera ko ubwo bufatanye bubera ku buso bw'umuyoboro w'amazi uri imbere mu mwobo mu gihe cyo gusukwa, igice cyanduye kiri munsi y'uwo mwobo gikora ingingo ikomeza gukorana n'icyuma inyuma naho imbere igashyirwamo okiside.
Ubwandu bukunze kugaragara ku ikoreshwa ry’ubutasi si umwanda - ni igikumwe. Abakozi bafata igice cy’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi kijya mu ibumba, bagasiga agace gato k’amavuta ku ruhu rwabo, maze umuringa washongeshejwe ntushobora kunyura muri iyo firime ngo wifatanye n’icyuma cyo hasi. Ingaruka ni uko icyuma gifatana hagati y’icyuma cyometseho n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, kandi icyuma cyometseho umwuka ni ubwoko bw’aho NUREG-1800 ihurira nk’inzira yo kwangirika mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe.
Nanyuze mu imyitozo yo kongera gutozwa umwaka ushize nyuma y’uko sitasiyo yabo ya gatatu yikurikiranya ikoze ingingo zirengeje micro-ohm 800 mu gihe cyo gutangira - urutoki rumwe buri gihe: okiside lamination ijyanye n’umurongo w’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, itagaragara hanze y’aho iherereye. Abakozi bari bamaze igihe basukura igice kigaragara cya conductor bakoresheje ukuboko gupfutse agapira, hanyuma bashyira umugozi ku ngoma y’umukungugu mu gihe cy’iminota mirongo itatu byatwaye kugira ngo ifumbire igere mu mwanya wayo. Impinduka eshatu zarawufunze: uburoso buhanitse bwagenewe buri gikoresho cy’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, isukura rya isopropyl ku gitambaro kidafite lint, n’itegeko ry’uko igice gisukuwe kigomba kuva kuri burosi kijya mu mwobo - nta ruhu ruhuye narwo, nta kongera gushyirwa ku ngoma. Igipimo cyabo cyo kudakora cyane cyagabanutse kiva kuri 12% by’ingingo kigera munsi ya 1% mu gihe cyo gusukura inshuro 200 zakurikiyeho, kandi 1% byasigaye byagarukiye ku bagize itsinda babiri batari barigeze bamenya neza icyo gikorwa gishya.
Impamvu navuze izi mpinduka by’umwihariko ni uko buri imwe muri zo yari isanzwe iri mu nyandiko yayo. Iyi gahunda yari yarirengagijwe kuko nta muntu wigeze akurikirana ikibazo cyabayeho nyuma yo gukoresha uturindantoki, kandi urupapuro rw’ibyerekeyeho ntirwagaragaje neza isano iri hagati yazo.Kubera ko uruziga rukora ku buso bw'icyuma kiri imbere mu mwobo mu gihe cyo gusukwa, isuku yose ireba gusa milimetero 30 kugeza kuri 50 zinjira mu mwobo — kandi niho abakozi bashobora gusimbuka intambwe.Konvoyeri igaragara neza ya mm 200 ntacyo bivuze niba mm 40 za nyuma ziri mu mwobo zafashe agapira ka okiside cyangwa igikumwe mu masegonda mirongo itandatu mbere yo gusukwa.
Ese igihe cyo gushyushya ibintu mu gihe cy'ubukonje nicyo gitera kunanirwa kwawe mu gitondo no mu gihe cy'akazi?
Iyi ni yo mpamvu nta muntu n'umwe ushyira mu nyandiko, kuko bisa nkaho ari ikosa ry’umukoresha aho kuba ikosa ry’imikorere. Ukuri ni uko reaction ya exothermic ihuzwa n’ibahasha runaka y’ubushyuhe, kandi ifu iri munsi ya 25 °C mu gihe cyo gushya ikora mu buryo butandukanye n’iyashyushye mbere. Ifu yo gutangira irashya, imbere y’irashya ikwirakwira mu muyoboro, ariko umuringa washongeshejwe utakaza ubushyuhe kuri grafiti ikonje vuba kurusha uko reaction ishobora kubyuzuza, kandi icyuma kigera mu mwobo w’ingufu munsi y’ubushyuhe bwa fusion. Isaro iracyakora. Intera ntiyuzuye.
Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye cyane ku birebana n’ihinduka rya mugitondo ahantu hashyuha cyane cyangwa ahantu hakonje cyane, kandi ni ikibazo gikomeye cyane ku birebana n’ihinduka rya nyuma ya saa sita ahantu hashyuha cyane aho abakozi babanza gukonjesha ibumba ryabo mu bubiko bufite icyuma gikonjesha kugira ngo "babukomeze". Ingeso iyo ari yo yose itera imiterere imwe yo gucika: umurongo ukonjesha aho impande ebyiri z’icyuma zahuriraga ariko ntizifatanye neza, bigaragara ku gice cy’impande nk’aho imiterere y’ibinyampeke ihagaze neza ku rukuta rw’aho amazi aherereye. Ku mushinga wa Singapore data center mu 2024, abakozi babikaga ibumba ryabo rya grafiti mu cyumba cy’ububiko gifite icyuma gikonjesha cya 19 °C hagati yo gusuka kugira ngo icyuma gikonjeshe cya grafiti gikomeze gusohoka. Aho basuka ubwaho hari kuri 31 °C na 78% by’ubushuhe. Twapimye ubushyuhe bw’ibumba ku mpande 12 za mugitondo: 8 muri 12 zavuye mu bubiko munsi ya 22 °C, kandi 6 muri izo 8 zatanze gucika intege ku bijyanye n’ihinduka rya cold ku gice cy’impande. Umuti wabaye impinduka imwe mu mikorere - ububiko bw'ijoro mu kabati gafite ubushyuhe bw'ikirere aho kuba mu cyumba gifite icyuma gikonjesha - kandi igipimo cyo gutsindwa mu gitondo cyagabanutse kikagera kuri zeru mu cyumweru cyakurikiyeho. Imibare ni mbi cyane: buri dogere selisiyusi 5, ifumbire iba iri munsi ya dogere selisiyusi 25 iyo umuriro watangiye kwiyongera mu buryo bungana no gufunga ubukonje, naho munsi ya dogere selisiyusi 20 iba uburyo bunini bwo gutsindwa.
Urutonde rw'igenzura ry'ubucamanza: Icyo wakora iyo itsinda ry'abayoboke bananiwe gutanga akazi
Iyo umuguzi ampamagaye afite ikibazo cy’imodoka cyangiritse, ikibazo cya mbere nibaza ni cyo gifata icyemezo cy’uburyo bwose bwo kuyikoresha:Ese ingingo yigeze ikora ikizamini cyo kwirinda, cyangwa yananiwe kuyikoresha ku nshuro ya mbere yapimwe?Icyo gisubizo ni cyo gitegeka igenzura mu magenzura atanu akurikira, kandi ni mu buryo bukurikiranye. Dore uko ibintu bikurikirana mu guhamagara kuri telefoni cyangwa videwo - si icyitegererezo rusange, ahubwo ni uko ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara.
Iyo itsinda ryananiwe gutanga serivisi:Ntangirana n'ifu. Hafi 4 muri buri minsi 10 yo gutangira gukora, mbona ko hari ibizinga by'ubushuhe nta muntu wabonye ku munsi wo gusuka, kandi ni yo mpamvu yihuse yo kwemeza cyangwa guhakana - iminota itanu kuri telefoni n'umugenzuzi w'aho hantu no gusuzuma vuba ikibazo ku gikoresho cy'icyitegererezo bimbwira niba ifu yose igomba gushyirwa mu kato. Iyo ifu ivuyeho, nimukira ku gikoresho cy'ibumba maze npima ifu ikekwaho ihuye n'uburemere bwayo bwo gutangira. Iyo byombi bivuyeho, nca ingingo imwe ku musumeno maze ndeba igice kimwe - iminota itanu y'akazi ikemura izindi 30% by'ibibazo biri hagati y'impamvu enye zisigaye. Mu iperereza rya Cebu, iyi ni yo nzira yatuvanye ku "mirongo 200 yangiritse" ikagera ku "buri gikoresho cyose kivuye ku byoherezwamo bikekwaho kiratose" mu masaha abiri uhereye igihe umuguzi anyuze mu rutonde rw'ibintu kuri WhatsApp.
Niba itsinda ry’abakozi ryaratsinze akazi ariko ubu rikaba rinaniwe gukora:Nsiga isuzuma ry'ifu burundu maze njya ahantu hatandukanye ku gipimo cyabonetse. Igice cyatsinze mu gusimburwa hafi ya buri gihe gifite inenge ku ruhande rw'icyuma aho kuba mu cyuma ubwacyo cyo gusudira, kandi igice cyo hagati kimbwira niba ari ikosa ryakozwe na Cause 4 conductor test ritashoboye, cyangwa ikosa ryakozwe na Cause 2 ryatumye isaro ritagera ku rugero rukwiye maze ubutaka bugahinduka icyuho gito mu myaka myinshi ishize.
Iyo ni yo ngingo nyayo. Sinkora igenzura ritanu kuri buri kibazo kuko 80% by'igihe igenzura rimwe cyangwa abiri rikemura ikibazo - kandi umuguzi ureba raporo y'itangwa ry'inguzanyo yananiranye ntakeneye urutonde rw'ibikorwa, aba akeneye urutonde rw'ibikorwa.
Iyo ikintu cyangiritse kigakomeza inzira zombi (ifu n'ibihumyo bisukuye, isukuye ibice), ikibazo kiba gishingiye ku bidukikije - ubutabire bw'ubutaka, imiyoboro y'amazi itemba, cyangwa ingese ya galvanic ibona aho isudira yasigaye - kandi ikiganiro kigomba guhinduka kuva ku buryo kijya ku bundi. Icyo kiganiro ni ingingo yacyo bwite.
Imyitwarire yo kongera gusuka: Kugabanya, si kongera gusudira mu mwanya wayo
Iyo ingingo imaze kwangirika, gusana neza ni ukugabanya inyuma y’agace kagize ikibazo cy’ubushyuhe no kongera gutegura icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi kuva ku busa. Gusuka icyuma gishya cyongera ubushyuhe ku gice cyangiritse ntibihuza icyuma gishya n’icya kera neza, kuko aho cyakoreshejwe mbere cyamaze gukora icyuma cyacyo bwite kandi imiterere iyo ari yo yose ifata ihinduka ahantu hashobora kwangirika. Aho gukata hagomba kuba nibura mm 50 z’icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi gisukuye kuri buri ruhande rw’igice cya mbere, ifu nshya igomba kuba iri mu mubare wayo, kandi ifu igomba kuba ivuye mu gikombe gishya gifunguye kandi cyumye.
Ibiciro birakenewe hano, kuko ikintu gihendutse ku gice cyangiritse ni ukugisiga ukiringira. Gusubiramo gusohora bisaba igice cy'umunsi cy'abakozi, imashini nshya yo gushushanya, na karitsiye nshya y'ifu - ibintu biciriritse ku ngengo y'imari ya sitasiyo. Igice cyangiritse gisigaye mu kazi gitwara rwiyemezamirimo guhamagara garanti, gusura kongera gutanga akazi, no gutakaza icyizere cy'umuguzi ku isoko ritaha; ku gikoresho cy'amashanyarazi bishobora gusobanura gusimbuza igice cy'icyuma no gutinda gutangira akazi. Imibare hafi ya yose ikunda kongeramo igice cy'umunsi, kandi gusukura kabiri ni ahantu hasanzwe ho kuvugurura imashini niba ikibazo cyagaragaje ko cyangiritse. Tukohereza ibyacu.ibumba zo gusudira zikozwe mu buryo bwa exothermichamwe n'urutonde rw'ibice by'imashini rukurikiranye kugira ngo abaguzi bashobore gukurikirana amateka ya buri mashini mu mushinga, kandi uruziga rumwe rugomba kugendana n'imashini iyo ari yo yose igenda hagati y'aho iherereye. Imashini udashobora gusobanura ni imashini udashobora kwizera.
| Impamvu | Icyo ugomba kugenzura ku rubuga | Igihe kuri buri ngingo |
|---|---|---|
| Ubushuhe | Ikizamini cya desiccant kuri karito y'icyitegererezo; ikizamini cyo guhanagura igikoresho; ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bw'ibihumyo ≥ 30 °C | Iminota 2 |
| Kwambara ifu | Imbonerahamwe y'izunguruka ry'ibihumyo; ishusho y'urusaro ku mavuta atanu ashize; uburemere bw'ibihumyo ugereranije n'uburemere bw'intangiriro | Umunota 1 |
| Ifu ntoya cyane | Ingano ya cartridge ugereranije na gahunda y'umuyoboro w'amazi; igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bw'itsinda | Umunota 1 |
| Gutegura umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi | Igenzura ry'icyuma gishyushye rigaragara; nta ruhu rwahuye narwo nyuma yo gusukura; ≤ iminota 15 idirishya rifunguye | Umunota 1 |
| Gushyushya ubukonje | Temometero ya infrared cyangwa ikoze ku gihumyo igihe cyo gushya; ishyushye mbere y'igihe niba ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 25 °C | Amasegonda 30 |
Uburyo bwo kugenzura umutanga serivisi wawe usanzwe utanga serivisi nta muntu umutuka
Inyinshi mu byifuzo mfata kuri iyi ngingo ntabwo zitangirana n'ibyananiranye. Zitangirana n'umuguzi wasabwe kwemeza umutanga serivisi mushya, cyangwa injeniyeri warazwe inzira atateguye, kandi bashaka kumenya ibibazo byo kubaza mbere y'uko byananirana ukundi. Imvugo y'ukuri y'icyo kiganiro ni uko hafi buri mutanga serivisi ashobora kohereza ifuro rikora ku munsi wo gusuka. Ikibazo gikomeye ni ukumenya niba bashobora kwandika impamvu ibicuruzwa byabo bikora, kandi niba bazabitunga igisubizo mu gihe bitagenze neza.
Ibibazo bitatu bitandukanya umutanga serivisi nyawe n'umugabanyirizwa w'ibiciro kuri iki kibazo cyihariye, kandi nabisobanurira buri muguzi muri uru rutonde.
- "Nyereka icyitegererezo cyawe cy'inyandiko z'uruhererekane rw'ibimera."Umucuruzi ukurikirana imibare y'ibicuruzwa ni umucuruzi uzi ko ibihumyo bishira. Umucuruzi utabikora ni umwe mu bantu babi cyane badashobora kureka ikibazo cyawe kikaza kuba icyabo.
- "Ni gute ifu yawe ishobora gukurikiranwa?"Buri gacupa kagomba kuba gafite inomero y'itsinda, itariki kakoreweho, n'ikimenyetso cyerekana ko gafunze neza. Umucuruzi ushyira ifu nyinshi mu macupa adafite ikirango ni ikibazo cy'ubushuhe mu gacupa.
- "Uhagaze ute ku birebana no gusimbuza karitosi munsi y'imashini?"Igisubizo cy'ukuri ni "twanze itegeko kugeza igihe wemeye ingano y'umuyoboro w'amazi." Igisubizo giteye akaga ni "tushobora kohereza agacupa gato uyu munsi."
Nabonye buri kimwe muri ibi bibazo kibuza umutanga serivisi nibura rimwe. Ikibazo cya 1 cyashoje umubano n'ikigo cy'ubucuruzi umwaka ushize - ntibashoboye gukora icyitegererezo cy'inyandiko y'ingendo kuko batari barigeze basaba uruganda rwabo, kandi igihe babajije, uruganda ntirwashoboraga no gukora. Ikibazo cya 2 cyafashe igikorwa cyo kongera gupakira mu 2023: umucuruzi wo mu gihugu yaguraga ifu nini kuri kilo ayishyira mu macupa magufi adafite ikirango cyo kohereza mu mahanga, nta nimero y'itsinda iri ku macupa kandi nta gipimo cy'ibikoresho bifunze. Twakuyemo ibyo twatumije muri icyo cyumweru. Ikibazo cya 3 ni cyo nkunda cyane, kuko gisuzuma niba umutanga serivisi azahitamo ubunyangamugayo bw'umufatanyabikorwa wawe kuruta gahunda yawe yo kugura - kandi igisubizo kikubwira hafi ya byose ukeneye kumenya ku myaka itanu iri imbere yo gukorana nabo.
Twubatse inyandiko zacu zo kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze zishingiye kuri ibi bibazo bitatu kuko ari byo bibazo iperereza ryacu ryananiwe rikomeza kugarukaho. Ni nabyo natubaza iyo mba umuguzi.
Gusuzuma Ikosa ryo Gusuka Ingufu mu Bikoresho by'Uburinzi — Hitamo Ibimenyetso Ubona mu Rugo
Mbere yo gukata ingingo imwe, kora ubu buryo bwo gusuzuma. Hitamo ikimenyetso gihuye n'ibyo ubona aho uri - ishusho, amashanyarazi, cyangwa imiterere y'igihe - hanyuma igikoresho kikigarure ku mpamvu zishobora kuba ari zo zose muri eshanu zavuzwe haruguru, kiguha ubumenyi bwizewe, kandi kikerekana intambwe ugomba gufata mbere y'uko usubira gusuka. Iki ni cyo gipimo kimwe njyana umuguzi kuri telefoni iyo ahamagaye ikibazo.
Uduce tw'imyakura cyangwa utuyobo tugaragara ku buso bw'urushinge
Isaro rishyirwa imbere cyangwa rigaragara ko ryuzuye bike hagati
Umurongo ugororotse ugaragara ku gice cyambukiranya aho impande ebyiri z'icyuma zananiwe kwihuza
Gusudira bifatanye gusa n'umuyobozi umwe w'imashini zihuza ibice bibiri
Isaro isa neza cyane, ariko ubushobozi bwo kuyirwanya buri hejuru (hejuru ya ~200 µΩ) iyo itangiye gukoreshwa
Kurwanya byari byemewe mu gutanga akazi ariko bizamuka uko umwaka ugenda uhita
Ibyananiranye bihurirana gusa mu ntangiriro y'akazi, bigakira bitarenze saa sita za mu gitondo
Itsinda ry'ibinaniranye ku mpera y'itsinda ry'ifu / kohereza rimwe ryihariye
Ibihumyo biba byarengeje ukwezi kwa 50, cyangwa warazwe nta rutonde rw'ibihe
- Genzura ingano ya karitsiyo ukurikije uko kondakita ikora — charge yoroheje ni yo mpamvu ikunze gutuma kondakita imwe idakora neza.
- Genzura uburyo ibimera bihagaze: ibice bibiri bigomba gufunga neza ku murongo wo hagati w'icyuma nta rumuri rugaragara.
- Reba disiki y'icyuma — igomba kuba iri hagati hejuru y'umwobo w'amazi mbere yo gucana, ntigire aho ijya iva.
- Ongera utegure igikoresho cy'amashanyarazi ukoresheje uburoso bushya n'agapira ka isopropyl mbere yo gusukura ubundi.
- Fata ishusho y'aho igice cyangiritse n'uburyo gihagaze mbere yo kugisenya kugira ngo igisigaye cyo gusukwa gishobore kugenzurwa.
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ikimenyetso kimwe ku mpamvu imwe ishoboka cyane hashingiwe ku miterere y’ibice 312 byakozweho ubushakashatsi n’uruganda rwacu hagati ya 2023 na 2026. Niba ibimenyetso bibiri bihuye, koresha icya kabiri ukwacyo - bizagaragaza impamvu imwe mu bantu bagera kuri 80% by’indwara zikunze kugaragara.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa Kubyerekeye Exothermic Welds Yananiwe
Namenya nte ko exothermic weld yananiwe niba ikiri ikomeye?
Ingufu zo gusudira ikirere zangiritse zishobora kugaragara neza inyuma ariko zikaba zitameze neza. Ibipimo byizewe ni amashanyarazi: ishusho y’ubudahangarwa bwa milliohm izamuka umwaka ushize, ishusho y’ubushyuhe ifatwa munsi y’umutwaro igaragaza ko ingingo ishyushye kurusha kondakita, cyangwa impeta y’umuringa w’icyatsi kibisi aho kondakita isohoka. Igenzura ry’amaso ryonyine rifata gusa ibyangiritse bikomeye - ubwiyongere bw’amazi bwanyuze hejuru cyangwa ubwiyongere bw’amazi bubuze ku mwobo w’amazi.
Ese imashini ya exothermic yananiwe ishobora kongera gusudira mu mwanya wayo, cyangwa kondakita igomba gucibwa?
Ugomba kugabanya inyuma y’agace kagize ingaruka ku bushyuhe hanyuma ukongera gutegura icyuma gishya. Gusuka icyuma gishya cyometse ku gice cyangiritse ntibihuza icyuma gishya n’umuringa ushaje neza kuko aho cyakoreshejwe mbere cyamaze gukora icyuma cyacyo bwite kandi porosity iyo ari yo yose iba ahantu hagomba gufatirwa icyuma. Mu by’ukuri, igice cyangiritse bivuze kugabanya nibura mm 50 z’icyuma kuri buri ruhande, gusukura icyuma gishyushye, no gukoresha ifumbire nshya ya grafiti - kandi nyuma yo kumenya impamvu nyamukuru.
Ubushuhe bukora iki mu by'ukuri mu gice cyo gusukamo amazi (exothermic weld)?
Umuringa ushongeshejwe uva mu buryo bwa exothermic uri kuri dogere selisiyusi 1.083, kandi amazi yose afatiwe mu mwobo w'ibumba, ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, cyangwa mu ifu arashya kugira ngo ahindure umwuka ako kanya icyuma kigeze. Umuyaga wiyongera inshuro zigera ku 1.700 mu bunini kandi ugasohoka mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, bigasiga imyobo n'aho umwuka uhurira ufite imyenge. Mu bihe bibi cyane byagaragaye, guturika k'umwuka kwatumye icyuma gishongeshejwe kiva mu cyuma gishongeshejwe n'ibikoresho bikikije umuriro - iki ni cyo kintu gikunze kugaragara cyane mu gushyushya umuriro OSHA ikora ku mikorere ya thermit-welding.
Ibumba rya grafiti exothermic welding rigomba kumara igihe kingana iki?
Ku murongo wacu dupima ibumba rya grafiti ku nshuro 50 kugeza ku 100, n'ingingo 80 kugeza ku 100 mu buryo busanzwe bwo gukoreshwa mu murima, kuko buri gusukamo bikuraho umwobo kandi bigakura buhoro buhoro umwobo w'amazi. Ibumba ryarenze umubare waryo w'ingendo ritangira gukora ingingo zidahagije, kandi abazikoresha bakazishyura bongeramo ifu - hanyuma bigashyushya umwobo kandi byihutisha kwangirika. Ikimenyetso cy'ukuri si ukumenagura ushobora kubona; ni agasaro ko gusudira gatakaza imiterere yako yihariye y'umusego gatangira gushongesha imbere.
Kuki exothermic weld yanjye isa neza ariko igapima imbaraga nyinshi mu kuyikoresha?
Ubudahangarwa bwinshi ku cyuma gisa neza hafi ya byose bugaruka kuri kimwe mu bintu bitatu: icyuma cyasukurwaga kikaba icyuma gishyushye munsi y’aho cyasuwe, ifu yari ntoya cyane ku gice cya kondakita, cyangwa ifu yari yahinduwe nabi bityo icyuma cyashongeshejwe kikinjira mu byuma aho kwivanga byombi. Gusudira neza n’icyuma gishyushye cyoroshye ntabwo ari ikintu kimwe mu buryo bwikora, kuko igipimo cyo kudahangana gifatwa ku gice, ntabwo kinyura mu cyuma. Twabonye ingingo zifite amasaro meza zingana na micro-ohm 800 ugereranije na micro-ohm 30 kugeza kuri 50 nziza ku bice bimwe.
Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yo kunanirwa kwa exothermic weld na weld ifite inenge kuva itangira?
Ikosa ryo gusudira mu buryo bwa exothermic ni igice cyakoraga neza mu gihe cyo gushyiraho hanyuma kikangirika mu gihe cyo gukora — akenshi binyuze mu kwangirika ku murongo w’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, isudi ntizigera igera aho ikorera, binyuze mu gushyuha kwatumye habaho icyuho gito, cyangwa binyuze mu guhungabana kwa mekanike. Isudi ifite inenge ntiyigeze iba nziza: yasukwaga ifu itose, icyuho kinini cyane, ifu yashaje, cyangwa icyuma cyanduye, kandi ikosa rigaragara mu gihe cyo gushyiraho cyangwa ikizamini cya mbere cy’umutwaro. Gutandukanya ibintu bibiri kuko ikosa rikunze kugaragaza ikibazo cy’ibidukikije, mu gihe ikosa rigaragaza ikibazo cy’imikorere cyangwa icy’umutanga serivisi.
Jane Yang· Umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha, Xinchang Shibang New Material Co., Ltd.
Imyaka 12 mu kurinda inkuba no gufunga ubucuruzi bw'amahanga · Imyaka 17 yo gukora uruganda inyuma ya buri nama.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-31-2026