Igihembwe gishize nitabiriye isuzuma ry’igishushanyo mbonera cy’umunara w’amagorofa 28 — ntabwo ari nk’indorerezi, ahubwo ni nk’umucuruzi w’ibicuruzwa byegereje kwandikwa mu buryo burambuye. Umujyanama wa MEP yahindukiye ku rupapuro rwo kurinda inkuba, areba inyandiko y’aho indege zihagarara, maze abaza icyumba ikibazo kimwe:“Ese iyi nkoni koko ikora akazi twayibariye, cyangwa ni ikimenyetso gusa kiri ku gishushanyo?”Nta muntu wasubije mu masegonda icumi. Narebye ituze nk'iryo mu mishinga myinshi, niyo mpamvu nanditse iyi nyandiko.
Dore uko ibintu bimeze mu bucuruzi nkibona ku rundi ruhande rw'uruganda:Iyo ubwoko bw'ikibuga cy'indege bugeze mu buryo bugaragara, ikiganiro cy'ikirango cy'iyo nyubako kiba cyarangiye.Rwiyemezamirimo agura icyo igishushanyo mbonera kivuga, ingano ikurikiza igishushanyo mbonera cy’igisenge, kandi injeniyeri w’isuzuma akareba ko iyubahirizwa ry’amahame umujyanama yavuze rijyanye n’ibyo agomba kubahiriza. Bityo ibyemezo bifatwa ku biro by’ibishushanyo mbonera — urwego rw’uburinzi, uburyo bwo kurinda, ibikoresho byo gushyiramo n’uburebure bwo gushyiraho — ni byo byemezo by’ingenzi. Ikintu cyose gikurikiraho ni ugutanga amasoko.
Maze imyaka 12 ntanga ibikoresho by’indege mu mishinga miremire, kandi abajyanama babonye uburenganzira busesuye bose bagena icyemezo kimwe. Nashyize iyo ngingo mu ngingo enye.
Kosora urwego rw'uburinzi mbere yo gukora ku ipaji y'ibicuruzwa
IEC 62305 igena urwego rwa I–IV rushyiraho umurongo wa metero 20, 30, 45 na 60 - kandi buri gice cyo hasi cy’umubare gihabwa uwo mubare. Ibitaro n’iminara ikoresha amakuru menshi akenshi bigwa ku rwego rwa I cyangwa urwa II; ahantu hanini ho gutura hasanzwe haherereye kuri III cyangwa IV. Iyo urwego rutari rwo, nta kibuga cy’indege ku isi gikiza igishushanyo mbonera.
Hitamo uburyo bwo kwirinda ubigambiriye, atari ukubera akamenyero
Uburyo bwo kurinda bwa dogere 65 (radius ≈ 2.14×h) ni uburyo bwo koroshya bukora ku burebure buciriritse. Hejuru ya metero 60, nsunika buri mujyanama ku buryo bwo kuzunguruka, kuko uburyo bwo kuzunguruka burushaho kurenza uko uburebure bugenda bwiyongera. Kuvanga uburyo ku gishushanyo kimwe ni cyo gitekerezo gikunze kugaragara cyane mu isuzuma mbona.
Garagaza aho terminal iherereye ukurikije ibikoresho n'inshingano, ntabwo ari "inkoni y'umurabyo, oya 1."
Umurongo w’indege ushobora kugaragara urimo ibikoresho (99% by’umuringa cyangwa icyuma gipfutse umuringa), umurambararo (12–15 mm), uburebure (0.5/0.75 m cyangwa umushinga wihariye), ikirere gipima umuyaga (kirenga metero 50/s ku nyubako ndende) n’ibice byo gushyiraho. Inyandiko y’umurongo umwe "inkoni y’umurabyo" iha icyemezo uwatanze igiciro gito cyane.
Andika umupaka wa sisitemu: terminal, down-conductor, earth
Ikibuga cy'umwuka gifata gusa. Igishushanyo kigomba kukihuza na conductors zo hasi n'aho ubutaka bugarukira kuri ohms 10 cyangwa zirenga, hamwe n'ibice byapimwe hakurikijwe IEC 62561. Ikibuga cyiza kiri mu nzira yangiritse ni ikimenyetso cy'uburinzi, si uburyo bwo kurengera.
Kuki Icyicaro cyo Gushushanya ari cyo gihitamo kugura inyubako yose?
Ndashaka kuvuga ukuri kuri ibi, kuko byantwaye imyaka myinshi ku bijyanye n'ibicuruzwa kugira ngo mbibone neza. Mu gihe isoko rigera kuri imeri yanjye, ibyemezo bishimishije biba byamaze gufatwa. Fagitire y'ingano ivuga ngo "icyuma cy'umuringa, mm 14, m 0.75" kuko umujyanama yanditse uwo murongo amezi menshi mbere yaho.Kubera koIbisobanuro birambuye biva ku itegurwa ry’igishushanyo mbonera bikajya mu nyandiko z’ipiganwa mu mishinga myinshi, inyandiko y’umujyanama igena neza icyiciro cy’ibicuruzwa kuri buri gorofa ry’inyubako.
Niyo mpamvu kandi nkoresha umwanya wanjye nsubiza ibibazo by'abajyanama ku buntu. Iyo ikigo cy'ubugeni kibaza niba inguni ya dogere 65 ishobora kwirindwa ku munara wa metero 90, ntabwo mba ndimo gufasha gusa - ndimo gufasha kwandika umurongo uzagurwa inshuro mirongo ine, mirongo inani, magana abiri. Niba uri umujyanama usoma ibi, imbaraga zimwe ziri mu maboko yawe, kandi nta kindi bigutwara uretse kubona ingingo enye neza.
Urunigi rukora gutya: urwego rw'uburinzi rugena imiterere y'ibintu; imiterere y'ibintu igena umubare w'ibice bya nyuma n'uburebure bwabyo; ibikoresho n'ibisobanuro byo gushyiramo bigena ibyo byategetswe.Kubera koIntambwe yose ikuba iyabanjirije, interuro ya mbere idasobanutse neza ntishobora guhindurwa hakoreshejwe amagambo yitonze nyuma - ikosa ryiyongera kuri buri gice cyo hejuru y'inzu.
Inguni yo Kuzunguruka cyangwa Inguni ya Degere 65: Ni ubuhe buryo bukwiriye gushushanywa mu kirere kirekire?
Kataloge yacu ivuga neza inguni yo kurinda — dogere 65, ifite umurambararo w’uburinzi ukubye inshuro 2.14 z’uburebure bw’inkoni. Iyo mibare ni fiziki yemewe mu buryo bwo kurinda inguni, kandi ku gice cy’amagorofa atanu nta kibazo mfite. Ariko ndagira inama abajyanama kutayishyira mu mirimo miremire, kandi dore impamvu zanjye.
Uburyo bw'inguni bufata ko agace karinzwe gakura mu buryo bugororotse hamwe n'uburebure. Uburyo bwo kuzunguruka - ishingiro ryaIEC 62305-1— ntabwo: uruziga rufite metero 20, 30, 45 cyangwa 60 ruzungurutswa hejuru y’inyubako, kandi ikintu cyose uruziga rudashobora gukoraho kirinzwe.Kubera koAho uruziga rugera ruramanuka uko inkoni izamuka ugereranije n'umurambararo w'uruziga, bigatuma uburebure bw'inkingi bukuba kabiri nta n'ubwo bukuba kabiri umurambararo wayo urinzwe. Umujyanama upima isaha 2.14 uzamuka ku buso bwa metero 100 arimo gushushanya uburinzi budashyigikiwe n'imiterere y'ikirere.
| Uburyo | Imiterere y'ikirere iyobora | Ikwiranye neza cyane | Icyemezo cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inguni irinda (65°) | Ubwinshi bw'inkoni ≈ 2.14 × uburebure | Ibisenge bito, byoroheje, inyubako nto zongewemo | Koresha witonze; komeza urebe ko ahantu hatwikiriye hari hejuru ya metero 60 |
| Umubumbe uzunguruka | Uduce r = 20/30/45/60 m ukurikije urwego rw'uburinzi | Inyubako iyo ari yo yose, uburebure ubwo aribwo bwose; isuzuma ry'igishushanyo mbonera risanzwe | Uburyo bw'ibanze busabwa |
| Uburyo bwo gukoresha mesh | Ingano y'urushundura 5×5 m kugeza 20×20 m ukurikije urwego | Ibyuma binini byo ku gisenge, ibyuma biyobora inkingi | Huza n'inkoni ku mfuruka no mu turere tw'ibimera |
Ku minara nyayo simbona uburyo bumwe gusa. Uburyo bwiza mu mishinga dutanga ni icyuma gikingira urukuta, aho ibyuma bihagarara ku mfuruka n'uruganda rurerure, no kugenzura imiterere yose - uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibice.IEC 62305-3isobanura uburyo bwo kurinda umubiri.
Imwe mu ngeso nsaba buri kigo cy’ubugeni nkora: kubika inyandiko y’uburyo bw’urupapuro rumwe iruhande rw’igishushanyo cyandika urwego rw’uburinzi, uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibintu bwatoranijwe hamwe n’umurongo w’ubugari bw’umubumbe wakoreshejwe. Iyo umushinga unyuze mu buhanga bw’agaciro - kandi bizagenda - urwo rupapuro ni rwo rubuza umugenzuzi w’ingano gusimbuza icyiciro cya nyuma nta kongera gukoresha imiterere y’ubutaka. Nabonye uburyo bumwe budafite ibyangombwa bwo gusimbuza bugabanya kabiri igisenge, buboneka gusa mu igeragezwa ry’ihererekanya, kandi ikiguzi cyo kuvugurura cyarenze ibyo byose byazigamwe. Iminota icumi iyo paji ifata ku biro byo gushushanya ni yo bwishingizi buhendutse mu ipaki yose yo kurinda inkuba.
Ni iki umurongo w'ibipimo by'indege ugomba kuvuga mu by'ukuri?
Iyo nsuzuma inyandiko z'ipiganwa, igice cy'intege nke cyane akenshi ni umurongo w'indege ubwawo. "Inkoni y'umurabyo, yuzuye, igice kimwe" ntacyo ibwira utanga isoko kandi ntirinda nyirayo ikintu na kimwe. Umurongo ukomeza kuba umuhanga mu by'agaciro ndetse n'isuzuma ry'igishushanyo mbonera ufite amashami atandatu, kandi nitegereje abasuzuma bagenzura buri kimwe:
| Ikibuga | Urugero rw'ibyinjira | Impamvu umusesenguzi abyitayeho |
|---|---|---|
| Ibikoresho | 99% by'umuringa w'umwimerere, cyangwa icyuma gipfutse umuringa aho ubujura cyangwa ingengo y'imari itegeka | Ingufu ziramba kandi zihuye neza n'igisenge |
| Ingano | 12 / 13 / 13.5 / 14 / 15 mm | Ubukana bwa mekanike n'igice cy'umuyoboro w'amazi gitwara umuyoboro w'amazi |
| Uburebure | 0.5 m / 0.75 m, cyangwa umushinga wihariye | Ishyiraho uburebure bw'isonga ryagenwe n'ibanga ryakoreshejwe mu kubara |
| Ishingiro ry'uburinzi | Umubumbe uzunguruka, Urwego rwa III (r = 45 m) | Ifunga imiterere y'aho terminal iherereye hose yagenzuwe |
| Igipimo cy'umuyaga | Umuvuduko w'umuyaga udashobora kwihanganirwa urenga 50 m/s | Ibisenge birebire bibona umuyaga nyawo; icyuma gipfukamye gihindura umutwe bucece |
| Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'ibice | Byapimwe ubwoko bwabyo kuriIEC 62561-2 | Bigaragaza ko icyuma gikingira indwara cyagenewe gufata |
Reba ikibura muri iyo mbonerahamwe: izina ry'ikirango. Ndabivuga nk'uruganda - imikorere myiza y'amazina ajyanye n'ibicuruzwa kandi bigatuma ibigo bihangana ku bimenyetso.Kubera koUmurongo w’ibipimo ugaragaza ibyemezo by’ibizamini, imenyekanisha ry’ibikoresho n’isuzuma ry’umuyaga uwishyuye agomba gukora, uyungurura abatanga ibicuruzwa neza kurusha abandi bose. Niba ushaka urutonde rwacu rw’ibikoresho, hitamo ibikoresho byacu.inkoni y'icyuma gikingira umwuka w'umuringaimpapuro z'amakuru nk'icyitegererezo cy'imiterere y'imbonerahamwe yawe bwite, nzikoherereza abajyanama igihe cyose mbisabye.
Umuringa w'umwimerere, Icyuma gipfutse umuringa cyangwa urushinge rumwe: Ni gute ibikoresho bihuza amasomo y'umushinga?
Ibikoresho niho mbona abajyanama basobanura ibintu byinshi cyane kandi bakabisobanura mu buryo bungana, reka rero nkubwire ikarita nkoresha iyo ikigo cy’ubugeni kibimbaje mu buryo butaziguye.
99% by'umuringa w'umwimerere— yacuinkoni y'umuringa yuzuyeho urushinge rumweni amahitamo y'ibanze - ibona umwanya wayo ku minara y'icyubahiro, imishinga yo ku nkombe n'ahandi hose umujyanama ashaka inkuru y'imyaka irenga 30 yangiritse kandi ifite amagambo make yo kuyisana. Ihenda cyane, kandi ku nyubako ikomeye igisenge ni cyo kibanza cya nyuma cyo gucunga neza.Icyuma gipfutse umuringa— nk'uko bisanzwe byacuinkoni y'umurabyo w'umuringa— iguha imyitwarire y'ubuso bw'umuringa hejuru y'inkingi y'icyuma irwanya uburibwe busanzwe, kandi ni yo mpamvu nyayo ikoreshwa mu kubaka ibyuma binini byo mu nzu. Icyo nshimangira ni "imirongo y'umuringa" idafite ikimenyetso ku mishinga igenwa hakurikijwe uko bisanzwe: niba igishushanyo kitavuga icyo inkoni ikoze, aho hantu hazahabwa amafaranga make cyane muri uko kwezi.
Indi ngingo ku nyubako ndende: ku burebure bwegereye metero 200 — aho inkoni zacu zishyirwa — mfata uburyo bwo gutunganya ibyuma n’imyitwarire y’umuyaga nk’ibintu byo mu rwego rwa mbere, ntabwo ari ibikoresho. Imashini igonda kuri metero 40/sec yahinduye imiterere y’ibarura ryawe rya rolling-sphere, kandi nta muntu usubiramo imibare nyuma y’inkubi y’umuyaga.
Ibikoresho birebire by'umwuka by'umuringa bifite ishingiro ry'intebe. Ku bisenge birebire, uburyo bwo gufunga n'ubushobozi bw'umuyaga bishyirwa mu ngingo imwe n'inkoni ubwayo.Ni iki Umusesenguzi azagenzura mu by'ukuri mu gihe cyo kwemeza igishushanyo mbonera?
Isuzuma ry’ibyemeza riratandukanye bitewe n’isoko, ariko nyuma y’imyaka 12 nshyigikira ibyo natanze, nshobora guhanura ibibazo bine mfite icyizere.Ni uruhe rwego rwo kwirinda, kandi ni hehe hagenwa ingaruka zibigaragaza?Icya kabiri:Uburyo bwo gushyiramo ni ubuhe, kandi se igishushanyo kigaragaza imiterere y'umubumbe cyangwa inguni?Icya gatatu:ubwoko bw'ibice byapimwe— seti y'icyemezo cya IEC 62561 —cyangwa byasobanuwe gusa?Icya kane:Ese uruhererekane rw'amasezerano rugera ku rwego rwemewe n'amategeko?Mu bipimo byafashwe n'Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, ibibazo bine bimwe biraza byambayeNFPA 780amagambo aho kuba amagambo ya IEC; ubuhanga ni kimwe mu biganiro.
Mfite gahunda ihoraho yo gutanga serivisi z’ubugeni: nyoherereza igishushanyo mbonera cy’igisenge n’urwego rw’uburinzi, hanyuma ngasubiza imiterere y’aho inyubako ziherereye irimo imibare y’intera igaragara - imibare imwe iri mu mfashanyigisho iri hejuru. Twamaze kuganiriza ba nyir’amazu ibintu by’ibanze mu bisobanuro byacu kuriuburyo inkoni z'inkuba zirinda inyubako; verisiyo y'umujyanama w'icyo kiganiro ni iyi nkuru, hamwe n'imibare isigaye. Ku minara isuzuma imiyoboro y'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere aho gukoresha inkoni zisanzwe, nagereranijeUrwego rw'uburinzi rwa ESE na Franklin, ikiguzi n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategekoitwikira icyo cyemezo, kandi urutonde rwuzuye ruri muIcyiciro cy'inkoni y'umurabyo.
Umuryango w’ikigo cy’indege umujyanama ahitamomo: inkoni z’umuringa zifite urushinge rumwe, ibyuma bifite imitwe myinshi n’imitwe ya ESE — buri kimwe gifite icyiciro cy’umushinga gishobora kwirindwa.Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ese nshobora kuvanga uburyo bwo kuzunguruka n'uburyo bwo kurinda ku gishushanyo kimwe?
Ndabagira inama yo kubyanga. Buri buryo buhuza imbere, ariko kubivanga bituma ibirego by’ubwishingizi bitashoboka kugenzurwa mu gihe cyo kubisuzuma. Hitamo uburyo bwo gupfunyika nk'umushinga, kandi ukoreshe ishusho ya dogere 65 gusa nk'igenzura ry'ubwenge ku migereka mito.
Ese ahantu heza ho kuruhukira umwuka hahora ari heza kurushaho ku gisenge kirekire?
Oya. Ku gisenge, imiterere y'umubumbe bivuze ko inkoni ya metero 0.75 iba itwikiriye umurambararo w'ingirakamaro; kuba muremure bituma ubwihisho bugabanuka kandi bikongeraho umuyaga n'ingaruka zawo. Uburebure butuma ikomeza kumera neza mu bice by'ibimera n'imfuruka, ntabwo ari ukuvugurura igitambaro.
Ni ryari uburebure burebure bushobora kuba bwiza ku gice cya ESE aho kuba inkoni zisanzwe?
Iyo igisenge ari kinini ugereranyije n'umubare w'inkingi, inyubako ishobora kwemera, cyangwa iyo umukiriya ashaka umutwe umwe utwikiriye podium-plus-tower. ESE heads ibara radius ikoresheje formula ya NF C 17-102 hamwe n'intambwe yageragejwe; inkoni zisanzwe zoroshye, zihendutse kuri buri ngingo kandi ntizikenera ikoranabuhanga. Zombi zirakenewe - ikanya ni iy'imiterere n'ubushake bwo kubungabunga, ntabwo ari imideli.
Ese ikigo cy’umwuka cy’umuringa gikeneye ubutaka bwabugenewe, cyangwa gishobora gusangira ubutaka n’ubw’inyubako?
Gutera ubutaka bufatanye kandi bufatanye ni igisubizo nyacyo muri IEC 62305 na NFPA 780 — uburyo bwo gutwikira ubutaka bukingira inkuba buhuza n’uburyo bw’ibikoresho by’inyubako. “Isi y’inkuba” itandukanye, yihariye, itera itandukaniro rishobora kwangiza ibikoresho mu gihe cyo kugonga.
Ni diametre zingana iki nkwiye gukoresha mu gihe injeniyeri w’imiterere y’ibintu nta kintu akunda?
Icyuma cy'umuringa cya mm 14 cyangwa icy'umuringa ni cyo nsaba cyane mu mirimo miremire: gikomeye bihagije ku buryo gishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe cy'umuyaga wa metero 0.75 mu gisenge, gifite amashanyarazi meza, kandi gifite ingano isanzwe y'umusaruro aho kuba idasanzwe. Suka kuri mm 12 gusa ku byuma binini bikingiranye.
Igisenge gisanzwe cy'umunara kizakenera terminal zingahe?
Kuramo umufasha uri hejuru kuri buri nkombe y'igisenge n'agace k'ibimera - umubare w'abagera ku mwanya wa mbere akenshi uba uri hagati ya icumi ku ijana by'imiterere ya nyuma. Imfuruka n'igihingwa kinini hafi ya byose bifata aho bihagarara hatitawe ku buryo imibare y'intera yemerera, kandi icyuma gifata imiyoboro cyuzuza igisenge kiri hagati yabyo.
Ohereza Igisenge. Ongera ubone imiterere ya Terminal ifite ikimenyetso.
Uburebure bw'inyubako, igishushanyo mbonera cy'igisenge n'urwego rwo kurinda intego - nibyo byonyine nkeneye. Mu minsi ibiri y'akazi ubona imiterere ya terminal irimo imibare ya rolling-sphere, umurongo w'ibicuruzwa witeguye kugena uko ibintu bimeze, hamwe n'inyandiko z'isuzuma rya IEC 62561 isuzuma ryawe rizasaba.
Maze imyaka 12 nkora akazi ko kurinda inkuba no gufunga ubucuruzi bw'amahanga, igice kinini cyabyo nagiranye kuri telefoni n'abajyanama ba MEP n'ibigo by'ibishushanyo mbonera mu gihe umurongo w'indege uri kwandikwa mu buryo burambuye. Ahantu ho gushushanya niho uburinzi bwiza bw'inkuba buboneka cyangwa bukabura, kandi ni cyo kiganiro nkunda cyane.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-22-2026