Amakuru aturuka mu ruganda rwa PV rwa Saudi Arabia rufite imbaraga za MW 150 (electrodes 4.200 za chimique, 3.1 Ω isanzwe yo kurwanya pad) n'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bya ME/Africa/SEA: impamvu inkoni zisanzwe zitwarwa n'amashanyarazi zinanirwa mu butaka bw'umucanga, amabuye n'ubutaka bwa laterite - n'icyo inyandiko y'amasoko ivuga ahubwo.

Ikiganiro nshaka gushimangira iyi nkuru cyabaye muri Kanama 2020, ubwo EPC yo muri Madrid yoherezaga iperereza ryaje kuba umushinga wa PV wa Saudi Arabia wa megawati 150. Amakuru y’iyi nkuru aturuka kuri imeri y’iperereza.inkoni z'ubutaka zikoresha imitiku kibanza cya PV gikoreshwa mu buryo bufatika aho ubushakashatsi ku busugire bw'ubutaka bwari bwagarutse mu gice cya 1.500 kugeza kuri 2.200 Ω·cm. Raporo y'ikoranabuhanga ry'ikirere yari isobanutse neza, EPC yari ishoboye, kandi aho hantu hari hameze nk'aho injeniyeri mukuru yabonye mu mushinga muto muri Shili mu 2018 aho ububiko bw'amazi bwari bwarenze urugero rw'amashanyarazi mu mwaka wa gatatu kubera ko ingendo ebyiri zari ziteganyijwe zo kuhira zasibwe mu gihe cy'amabwiriza yo kunyura muri COVID. Ntiyashakaga gusubiramo ibyo. Ingingo urimo gusoma ni ingingo y'ubuhanga yavuye muri iyo imeri - imiterere y'ubutaka EPC yaje kwandika mu nyandiko y'amasoko, hamwe n'amakuru yo mu murima yavuye mu ruganda rwayikoze.

Iyi mfashanyigisho ni iy'amatsinda ashinzwe amasoko azakira ikibazo nk'iki: ba nyiri imishinga ya ME, Afurika na SEA bafite raporo ya geotech iri ku meza, itsinda ryabo rishinzwe igishushanyo mbonera risaba electrode ya chimique aho kuba inkoni ikoreshwa, kandi inyandiko yabo igomba kwandikwa mu byumweru bibiri biri imbere. Ubwoko butatu bw'ubutaka buri hepfo - umucanga, ibuye na laterite - ni bwo bugaragara cyane muri izo raporo, kandi uburyo bwo gutsindwa buri kimwe muri byo ni bwihariye. Ikidahinduka muri ibyo bitatu ni igisubizo ku ruhande rw'amasoko.

1. Ubutaka bw'umucanga — Insinga zigwa mu kirere

Umucanga wumye ni wo unyuranyije cyane n'uburyo butatu bwo gutsindwa. Ku mpapuro usa n'aho ari ahantu heza cyane ho gucukura ivu: urarekuye, urohama neza, kandi biroroshye kuwucukura. Igishushanyo cya Wenner cy'udupira tune, ariko, kivuga inkuru itandukanye. Umucanga wumutse wo mu butayu ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 1 ukunze kuba hagati ya Ω·cm 3.000 na 10.000; umucanga wo mu misozi ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 1.5 ushobora kuba hejuru ya Ω·cm 20.000 mu gihe kibi cyane. Impamvu ni ionic, ntabwo ari imashini: umucanga wumye nta kintu na kimwe cy'ibumba gifite kandi nta kintu na kimwe cy'ubutare cyashongeshejwe cyatuma umugezi uva ku buso bw'inkoni.

Igihindura imibare ni ubushuhe ku buso bw'inkoni. A inkoni y'ubutaka ya shimini igice cy’imbere cy’umuringa kiri mu gasanduku k’amazi gafite uburebure bwa mm 100, aho agasanduku k’amazi gafite imiterere y’ubushyuhe (ubusanzwe gafite bentonite ivanze na magnesium sulfate). Agasanduku k’amazi gafata ubushuhe bwo mu butaka no mu bushyuhe bw’igihe runaka, kagafata ku buso bw’inkoni, kandi gasohora buhoro buhoro ibipimo bya iyoni mu butaka busanzwe. Ingaruka ni uko aho agasanduku k’inkoni kagera ku butaka kameze nk’ubutaka bungana na Ω·cm 200 ndetse n’igihe ubutaka bunini bukikije bwaba bufite uburebure bwa Ω·cm 8.000. Imiterere y’inkoni ya NEMA GR-1 ntabwo ihinduka; impinduka ni uko ubutaka buhura n’ubutaka.

Ku byoherejwe mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati hagati ya 2020 na 2025, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’uduti tw’imiti n’ubutaka mu mugozi w’umucanga wa Ω·cm 2,000 kugeza 8,000 bwageze kuri 3.6 Ω ugereranije n’intego y’igishushanyo mbonera cya Ω 5, nta kuvomerera. Imigozi y’imiti gusa yashyizwe ahantu hegeranye mu mugozi umwe yari hagati ya 18 na 42 Ω mu gihe cyo gutangira, kandi yongeye gushyirwamo umwuka mu mwaka wa mbere. Inkoni yari ifite umurambararo umwe. Itandukaniro ryari iry’inyuma.

2. Ubutaka bw'amabuye — Imboga y'urukiramende rwa Caliche

Urubuga rwa Sawudite rwakoze amakuru y’aho ibintu biherereye muri iyi nkuru rwari rufite urwego rwa caliche kuri metero 3.5 ku mfuruka y’amajyepfo y’uburengerazuba. Icyitonderwa cya mbere cyasabaga inkoni zitwarwa na metero 2.4 - zakoreraga kuri 94% by’inkingi. 6% bisigaye byari kuri caliche cyane ku buryo bitashoboraga kunyuramo kandi byari bigoye kwirengagiza. Udupapuro dutandatu twari muri iyo mfuruka twasaga na 4.7 Ω mu gihe cyo gukora ndetse n’inkoni yagutse kugeza kuri metero 3.0. Twakoze ibintu bibiri: twahinduye electrodes ebyiri za delta-pattern (udupira tubiri twa metero 2.4 mu mpandeshatu zikikije buri mpandeshatu) twongeraho.modules za grafiti y'inkingikuri transformer pads za MV icyarimwe. Igeragezwa ryongerewe mu mwaka wa gatanu ryagarutse kuri 4.7 Ω mbi cyane - mu rwego rwo gushushanya - kuko modules zongereye ubuso bw'ibikoresho ku ruhande aho inzira ihagaze yari yafunzwe.

Ahantu hanini haboneka amabuye mu byiciro bibiri bifatika ku ikipe ishinzwe gutanga amasoko. Ubwa mbere ni amabuye yacitsemo ibice afite icyuho cyuzuyemo ubutaka - ashobora gukoreshwa, ariko inkoni ihura gusa n'igice cy'ubutaka, ntabwo ari amabuye. Ubwa kabiri ni amabuye cyangwa caliche (ubutaka bukozwe muri calcium carbonate) hafi y'ubujyakuzimu bwa electrode, aho gutwara biba bidashoboka cyangwa bitajyanye n'ubukungu. Uburasirazuba bwo Hagati n'uburengerazuba bwa Amerika bibona igice kinini cya kabiri; ibice binini bya Arabiya Sawudite, Qatar na UAE bifite urwego rwa caliche ruri hagati ya metero 2 na 4, kandiAmakuru ku butaka bw'Isi ya ISRICKatalogu ishyira ishusho imwe muri Sahel no mu ihembe rya Afurika mu turere tw’izuba dushingiye ku bihe by’izuba.

Ku kibazo cyimbitse ku bijyanye n'amasoko ku hantu hateye urujijo,Ishami ry'amakuru ajyanye n'imiterere y'ubutaka rya FAOItuma itsinda rishinzwe gutanga amasoko rikora ikarita y'ubutaka bw'akarere mbere yuko rwiyemezamirimo w'ikoranabuhanga atangira gukora ubushakashatsi - ahantu hahendutse ho kumenya niba aho hantu hari hakozwe caliche cyangwa granite yangiritse.Inyandiko y'ifatizo ku byerekeye ubutaka bw'isi ya FAOni urubuga rw'amazina y'ubwoko bw'ubutaka arangira kuri BES (Urupapuro rw'isuzuma ry'ipiganwa).

3. Ubutaka bwa Laterite — Ikibazo cyo Kuzunguruka kw'Igihembwe

Laterite ni ubwoko bw'ubutaka aho inkoni isanzwe ikoresha inyuramo ikagenda ikora hanyuma igahita icika bucece mu gihe cy'izuba. Laterite ni ubutaka busigaye burimo icyuma na aluminiyumu bukunze kuboneka muri Afurika ishyushye (Nijeriya, Gana, Kenya, Mozambike), Aziya y'Epfo (igice kinini cy'Ubuhinde, Sri Lanka, ibice bya Bangladesh) n'ibice bya Amerika y'Epfo (amajyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Brezili, Guyana). Ubutaka butose neza kandi bufite ingano nyinshi ya oxide y'icyuma, ari na byo bibuha ibara ry'umutuku n'umukara.

Ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi ni ukwiyongera kw'ibihe. Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse ku rubuga rwa laterite yo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba busanzwe buvuga ko ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'imvura mu gihe cy'imvura buri hagati ya 200 na 800 Ω·cm - bushobora gukoreshwa neza ku nkoni isanzwe itwarwa - n'ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'imvura mu gihe cy'izuba buri hejuru ya 5,000 Ω·cm - hanze y'ubushobozi bwo gukora ku nkoni imwe. Inkoni itwarwa ntihinduka; ubutaka buyikikije burahinduka. Ihindagurika ry'amezi 6 ryo kuhira rishobora kongera gushimangira isesengura ry'igihe cy'izuba, ariko ikibazo kimwe cyo kuhira kirongera kugaragara: itsinda rivomera ritabonetse mu gihe gikwiye risiga agasanduku imbere mu gasanduku k'idirishya rya voltage mu gihe cy'igihe cy'izuba gisigaye.

Ku bibanza bya SEA laterite, uburyo bumwe bwo gukoresha ibihe by'izuba bukoreshwa mu gihe cy'izuba butandukanye gato: igihe cy'izuba muri Indoneziya no muri Filipine ni gito ariko gikomeye kurusha igihe cy'izuba cyo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, bivuze ko imbaraga ziterwa n'izuba zishyirwa mu idirishya rito. Uburyo bwo gukoresha imiti-inkoni-ibumba - irinda ubushuhe, nta kuhira - bukora muri ibyo bihe byombi.

4. Icyo inyandiko y'amasoko ivuga

Muri ubwo bwoko butatu bw'ubutaka bwavuzwe haruguru, icyemezo cy'ubuhanga ni kimwe: inkoni isanzwe ikoreshwa si yo ikwiye gukoreshwa. Inyandiko y'isoko igomba kugaragaza icyo ari cyo.

Hari uburyo butatu bwo kugenzura ku ruhande rw'amasoko butandukanya ikintu gikemura ikibazo n'ikintu giteza ikibazo.

1. Raporo y'ikizamini cy'ubwoko bw'ibizamini iherekejwe n'iposita.Inkoni y'ubutaka bw'imiti si umuyoboro w'umuringa gusa - ni shimi iri muri yo. Umucuruzi agomba kohereza raporo y'ubwoko bune bw'ibizamini: igabanya ubukana bw'ingufu ku bushyuhe bw'ikigereranyo, ihindagurika ry'ingufu ku bushyuhe bw'igihe kirekire kuri 60 °C / iminsi 30, igumana ubushuhe mu minsi 90 yo kuma, no kubahiriza ibidukikije mu cyiciro cya ESIA. Twatakaje itsinda rya 2019 kubera uruvange rwa sodium-chloride (chloride yibasira ibice by'umuringa biri mu gisenge), kandi itsinda ryacu ry'abatanga ibikoresho ryo mu 2022 ryatsinzwe ikizamini cyo guhagarara kw'ingufu ku bushyuhe bwa 65% - munsi y'umubare wacu wa 80% - niyo mpamvu twujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo dukore imvange y'imvange. Umutanga serivisi udashobora kohereza iyo raporo ni umutanga serivisi uza mu mpera z'umwaka wa kabiri afite imeri ivuga ngo "dufite imvange nshya nziza".
2. Igikoresho gisanzwe cyo guhuza gifunze kuri IEEE 837.Ibikoresho bya mekanike byananiwe gusuzuma ikizamini cy'umuvuduko w'ingufu muriIEC 62561-1kandi ntigomba gukoreshwa mu mushinga w’ibikoresho. Igipimo ngenderwaho cy’umuhuza ni igice cy’ibipimo bikingira umutungo mu gihe cy’imyaka 25 yose y’igishushanyo.
3. Imiterere y'inkoni kuri buriNEMA GR-1.Umurambararo wa mm 17.2 kugeza kuri mm 25.4, ubugari bwa cladding bugizwe n'umuringa ≥ 254 µm. Ubugari bwa cladding ni ingenzi cyane ku mitwaro ya impulse-current (ESE terminations, MV pads) - cladding ntoya ibanza kunanirwa.

5. Isozwa — Icyo uruhande rw'amasoko rugomba kubaza mbere na mbere

Uruganda rwa Saudi Arabia rutanga ingufu za megawati 150 rwafunguye iyi nkuru rwagarutse ku gipimo cya 3.1 Ω cyo kurwanya igipimo cya 5 Ω mu mwaka wa gatanu w’igeragezwa, aho igipimo kibi cyane cyageze kuri 4.7 Ω mu mfuruka y’amajyepfo y’uburengerazuba aho caliche yahagaritse gutwara imodoka ihagaze. Nta na kimwe muri ibyo bipimo cyariho nk’igitekerezo cyo gutanga amasoko ubwo Madrid EPC yoherezaga ubutumwa bwo muri Kanama 2020 - ni ibyavuye mu kwandika chemistry yo mu gihe cyo gusoza, connector standard, rod geometry na resequation y’ubutaka mu nyandiko imwe, hanyuma ikareka abakozi bashyiraho akazi bagakora akazi.

Niba uri nyir'umushinga mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, muri Afurika cyangwa muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba kandi inyandiko y'amasoko ikaba ifunguye, ikibazo kigena niba umushinga uguma mu idirishya ryawo mu myaka 25 iri imbere si "ni iyihe nkoni nguze" - ni "ni iyihe nkoni ishobora kurwanya ubutaka ku bujyakuzimu bwa electrode buteganyijwe, kandi ni ubuhe buryo butatu bwo gutsindwa bukurikizwa haruguru." Banza ubone igisubizo cy'ubutaka; igisubizo cy'umusaruro gikurikiraho. Ikibazo cyo kugura ni ikihe muri iyo miryango ibiri y'umusaruro -inkoni y'ubutaka ya shimi or module y'ubutaka ya grafiti y'inkingi(cyangwa byombi, ahantu hakomeye) — bihuye n'umurongo w'ubutaka n'umupaka w'ubujyakuzimu. Urupapuro rwuzuye rw'icyiciro ruri kuri/electrode-ikoreshwa mu gusya ibinyabutabire/ifite amahitamo ya geometrike, kandiAbakora Inkoni 5 za Electrolytic Ion Ground Rod zo mu 2025Blog ifite urutonde rw'abatanga serivisi.

Ku ipaki y'icyitegererezo na raporo y'ibizamini by'ubwoko bune ku mushinga runaka, inzira yihuse niUrupapuro rwacu rwa hamagaraIngero z'ibyoherezwa ku mishinga ya ME, Afurika na SEA zikunze kuva mu ruganda mu cyumweru kimwe, ibisubizo bya tekiniki mu munsi umwe w'akazi.