TL; DR

Twiboneye imbonankubone ibiba iyo uruzitiro rw'amashanyarazi rudasobanuwe neza. Mu myaka 17 twamaze dukora inkingi z'ubutaka n'inkoni zo gusimbuza, ibibazo bikomeye bishobora kwirindwa bikomoka ku guhitamo nabi ibikoresho by'ubutaka mu gihe cyo kugura ibikoresho.

Impamvu Gutunganya Itaka Bikwiriye Bigena Imikorere y'Uruzitiro

Iyo inyamaswa ikoze ku nsinga y’uruzitiro ruzima, uru ruziga rurangira mu mubiri w’inyamaswa, runyuze mu butaka, rusubira ku nkoni y’amashanyarazi y’uruzitiro ihujwe n’icyuma gitanga ingufu twavuze. Iyo iyo nkoni y’ubutaka idashobora gukwirakwiza neza umuriro mu isi ikikije, ingufu z’amashanyarazi ku ruzitiro ziragabanuka, maze inyamaswa ikagira ikibazo gikomeye. Uruganda rwacu rwagerageje amagana y’imiterere y’ubutaka mu bwoko butandukanye bw’ubutaka, kandi iyo miterere irasubiramo buri gihe: igiti cy’ubutaka kitagenwe neza ni cyo gituma uruzitiro rudakora neza.

Mu ruganda rwacu ruri i Xinchang, dukoraibisate by'ubutaka by'umuringa utunganyemu bugari kuva kuri mm 12 kugeza kuri mm 20 n'uburebure kuva kuri metero 1.2 kugeza kuri metero 3. Mu myaka 17 ishize dukora, twohereje amashanyarazi yo gusimbuza ubutaka ku bacuruzi b'ubuhinzi mu bihugu birenga 40, kandi ibitekerezo dukusanya bihora bigaragaza kimwe mu byagaragaye: abacuruzi bagaragaza umuringa ushingiye ku makuru y'ubutaka yanditswe babona umusaruro muke kandi abakiriya babo barushaho kumererwa neza kurusha abahitamo igiciro gusa.

Dukurikije ibivugwa naUbubiko bw'amakuru bw'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi bwa FAO, amatungo ku isi akomeje kwiyongera, bituma hakenerwa ibikorwa remezo byizewe byo kuzitira uruzitiro. Dukurikije ubunararibonye bwacu mu musaruro, abacuruza amatungo basobanukiwe neza ishingiro ry’ubucukuzi bw’ubutaka biha agaciro nk’abatanga serivisi z’ubujyanama aho kuba abagurisha ibicuruzwa, kandi iryo tandukaniro rituma abakiriya bagumana ubwiherero bwabo.

Ibicuruzwa byacu birimo umuringa w’umwimerere, umuringa upfutse, n’ibiti by’ubutaka bya galvanised kuko buri butaka bumeze neza kandi buri ngengo y’imari isaba igisubizo gitandukanye. Dufasha abakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa guhuza ibikoresho bikwiye n’isoko ryabo.

Inkingi z'umuringa w'umwimerere vs Iz'umuringa zikozwe mu cyuma cya galvanised: Igereranya ry'ibikoresho

Dukora ubwoko bwose butatu bw'inkoni, bityo uko tubona ibintu mu guhitamo ibikoresho bituruka ku bunararibonye bwo kubitunganya aho kuba ibitekerezo byo mu katalogi. Buri gikoresho gifite umwanya ku isoko, kandi umucuruzi ufite amahitamo atatu ashobora gukorera abakiriya benshi. dukora Imbonerahamwe iri hepfo igaragaza imiterere y'ingenzi mu gukoresha uruzitiro rw'amashanyarazi mu gupima ubutaka.

Amakuru yacu ku musaruro agaragaza koinkoni z'ubutaka zikozwe mu muringaHari ahantu hagati abaguzi bamwe batabyumva neza. Gushyiramo ibirungo bitandukanye no gupfuka: urwego rwacu rw'umuringa ni rworoshye (ubusanzwe ruri munsi ya mm 0.1) kandi rutanga uburinzi buke. Buri gihe dusobanura iri tandukaniro n'abafatanyabikorwa mu gukwirakwiza ibirungo kuko gushyiramo ikimenyetso kibi ku gikoresho gipfuka nk'igipfuka bituma habaho kwinubira iyo ibicuruzwa byacu byangiritse mu butaka busharira. Niba abakiriya bawe bahinga mu turere dufite pH y'ubutaka butarimo ubutaka kandi ukaba ushaka uburyo bwo kuzamuka ku giciro, turaberekeza ku byacu.inkoni zo hasi zakozwe mu buryo bwa galvanize or inkoni zo gusya zishyushye za galvanised, bitanga umusaruro mwiza ku giciro gito.

Ku mbuga zifite ibyo zikeneye cyane,icyiciro cy'inkoni y'umuringa w'umwimerereMuri kataloge yacu hakubiyemo uburebure n'ubugari bwose. Dukora kandiinkoni zo hasi zipfutse umuringaku bacuruzi bafite abakiriya bakeneye uburinganire bw'ikiguzi n'ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa. Itsinda ryacu ry'abahanga risuzuma buri gikorwa rikurikije ibisabwa mbere yo gusohora imigabane, kandi tugumana inyandiko zirambuye z'ubuziranenge zishingiye ku byangombwa by'ibikoresho fatizo.

Dukora ibisate by'umuringa byuzuye bifite umurambararo kuva kuri mm 10 kugeza kuri mm 20 n'uburebure kuva kuri metero 1 kugeza kuri metero 3. Ingano ziri hepfo zigaragaza ibyo abafatanyabikorwa bacu bakwirakwiza ubuhinzi bakunze kuvuga ku bijyanye no gushyiramo uruzitiro rw'amashanyarazi.

Kugaragaza Uburebure bw'Inkoni, Umurambararo, n'Icyerekezo cy'Inkoni

Ibipimo bibiri bifatika bituma ubutaka budashobora guhagarara: aho inkoni ihurira n'ubutaka ndetse n'uburyo ubutaka bushobora guhagarara. Kongera uburebure cyangwa umurambararo w'icyuma gica mu butaka bigabanya imbaraga zo guhagarara, ariko uburebure butanga inyungu nini kuri buri giciro cy'ibikoresho. Niyo mpamvu amabwiriza yacu akunda inkoni ziri hagati ya metero 1.5 na metero 2.4 aho kuba iz'uburebure bugufi.

Uruganda rwacu rukora ingano zisanzwe zikurikira, kandi dukoresha uburebure bwihariye iyo tubisabye:

• 12 mm x 1.2 m – Amasambu yo guturamo n'ay'imyidagaduro mito
• 14 mm x 1.5 m – Ibikorwa by’ubworozi mu rwego rwo hagati (ni byo dusanzwe duhitamo)
• 14 mm x 2.0 m – Uruzitiro rusanzwe rw’ubucuruzi mu butaka bw’urubura
• 16 mm x 2.4 m – Amashyamba manini y’amatungo n’uturere tw’ubutaka butose
• 20 mm x 3.0 m – Ibikoresho bitanga ingufu nyinshi ku nyubako zo mu mirima

Iyo usobanurainkoni y'amashanyarazi yo gusimbuza uruzitiromu gukwirakwiza, tugira inama abafatanyabikorwa bacu yo kubika nibura uburebure bubiri: inkoni ya metero 1.5 ku biti rusange n'inkoni ya metero 2.4 ku bakiriya bo mu turere dukunze kugwa imvura nke. Tubihuza naimiyoboro y'umuringa ikoreshwa mu gukurura inkoniAbashyiraho ibikoresho bahuza ibice bibiri kugira ngo babone ubujyakuzimu bw'inyongera badatumije inkoni ndende zidasanzwe ziyongera ikiguzi cyo kohereza.

Itsinda ryacu ry’abahanga risuzuma amakuru ajyanye no kurwanya ubutaka kuri buri karere gashya twinjiyemo. Ubuyobozi bukurikira buturuka ku bunararibonye bwacu mu migabane itanu.

Imiterere y'ubutaka n'imiterere ya sisitemu yo gusimbuza ubutaka

Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka buratandukana bitewe n'ubushuhe, imiterere y'amabuye y'agaciro, n'ubushyuhe. Twakoranye n'abakwirakwiza ubuhinzi mu mirima yo ku nkombe ya New South Wales (Ositaraliya) aho ubutaka bwunzwe umunyu bufite metero 20 za ohm, ndetse n'abafatanyabikorwa batanga ubworozi muri Texas yo hagati aho ubutaka bwumutse bwumutse burenga metero 500 za ohm. Inkoni imwe y'amashanyarazi ikora neza mu bidukikije bya mbere izananirwa mu bya kabiri keretse umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi agaragaje ko bufite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubutaka.

Itsinda ryacu ritegura inama zo gushushanya ubutaka ku byiciro bitatu by'ubutaka:

Ubudahangarwa buke (munsi ya 100 ohm-m): Ubutaka bukungahaye ku ibumba cyangwa butose. Dukurikije ubunararibonye bwacu mu musaruro, uduti tubiri kugeza kuri dutatu tw'umuringa w'umwimerere dufite uburebure bwa metero 1.5, dutandukanijwe na metero 3, tugera ku budahangarwa buri munsi ya ohm 10 ku bitera imbaraga kugeza kuri joules 6.

Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibimera buringaniye (100-300 ohm-m): Ifite imiterere y’umukungugu hamwe n’igihe cy’izuba. Dukurikije ubunararibonye bwacu mu gukora, inkoni eshatu kugeza kuri eshanu zifite uburebure bwa metero 2.0, hamwe n’ubutaka buhindura (bentonite backfill) nibiba ngombwa. Uruganda rwacu rushobora gutanga imvange y’ubutaka ivanze ku ipantalo iruhande rw’izo nkoni kugira ngo byorohereze abakiriya bawe gukoresha ibikoresho.

Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ibinyabutabire bwinshi (hejuru ya 300 ohm-m): Ubutaka bw'umucanga, amabuye, cyangwa ubwumye. Inkoni esheshatu cyangwa zirenga kuri metero 2.4 cyangwa zirenga, cyangwa guhindura amashanyarazi yo gusya. Dukora amashanyarazi yo gusya ibinyabutabire kuri ibi bihe kandi dushobora kuganira ku miterere yihariye binyuze muitsinda rishinzwe ubufasha mu by'ubwubatsi.

Dushyiramo amabwiriza yo gushyiraho imodoka kuri buri kohereza kuko uburyo bwiza bwo gutwara imodoka bugira ingaruka ku buzima bw'imodoka. Imyitozo iri hepfo ni yo abatekinisiye bacu bakurikiza.

Ibisobanuro by'ingenzi ku bijyanye no gushyiraho ahantu hakorerwa ubuhinzi

Dusura ahantu ho guhinga n'abafatanyabikorwa bacu batanga nibura kabiri mu mwaka, kandi amakosa yo gushyiraho akomeje kuba isoko ya kabiri mu birego by’ibanze (nyuma yo kudasobanura neza). Urutonde rukurikira rugaragaza icyo itsinda ryacu ry’abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi ryigisha muri izo ngendo.

Gutwara uhagaze, ntabwo ari ku nguni. Inkoni ifunze kuri dogere 30 kugeza ihagaze ifite ubujyakuzimu buke bwa 15% kandi ikusanya ubushuhe bwo hejuru aho kugera ku butaka buhamye. Koresha umupfundikizo wo kuyobora kugira ngo urinde umugozi wo hejuru w'inkoni mu gihe cyo kuyishyiraho.

Gushyira inkoni nyinshi hagati yazo nibura kabiri uburebure bwazo. Kuri metero 2.0, komeza icyuho cya metero 4 nibura. Guteranya inkoni hamwe bituma habaho ahantu hahurirana kandi bigatakaza ibintu bidahagije hatagabanyijwe ubukana bwa sisitemu ku buryo bungana.

Shyira hafi y'isoko ry'amazi niba bishoboka. Inkoni zishyizwe muri metero 5 uvuye ku muyoboro w'amazi, urugomero, cyangwa aho kuhira zigira ubushuhe bwinshi mu butaka umwaka wose. Iki cyemezo cyo gushyiramo rimwe gishobora kugabanya kimwe cya kabiri umubare w'inkoni zikenewe.

Gushyiramo imvange y'amazi mu bice byumye. Gupfunyika inkoni muri bentonite cyangwa agakoresho gafasha mu gutwara amazi mu buryo bwihariye byongera umurambararo mwiza kandi bigakomeza gufatana n'amazi mu gihe cy'izuba. Dutanga ibikoresho byo gushyiramo amazi mu mifuka ya kg 25 itangwa ku ipantalo imwe n'inkingi.

Guhuza Ingufu zo mu butaka n'ingufu zitanga imbaraga

Ihuriro riri hagati y'inkingi y'ubutaka n'aho icyuma gitanga imbaraga gikorera rifite umuriro w'amashanyarazi, bityo rigomba gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ritarimo gushyushya cyangwa kwangirika. Itsinda ryacu ry'abahanga rirasaba ko 6 mm²(10 AWG) icyuma gikingira umuringa gikoreshwa n'ibikoresho bitanga imbaraga bigera kuri joules 10. Ku bikoresho bitanga umusaruro mwinshi, zamuka ugere kuri mm 10²Umuyobozi w'imodoka (7 AWG).

Dukoraudupira two gushushanyaho umuringabihambira icyuma cyacu ku nkoni nta gupfunyika. Umuringa urwanya ingese ya galvanic iyo uhujwe n'umuringa, uruhurirane itsinda ryacu ry’ubuziranenge ryagerageje cyane mu byumba bitera umunyu. Gukoresha udupira tw'icyuma ku nkoni y'umuringa byihutisha ingese ku ngingo, ikibazo duhura nacyo kenshi iyo dusuzuma ibikoresho byananiranye.

Kugira ngo icyuma gifata amazi kiva ku giti cyo hasi kijye ku gikoresho gitanga ingufu, gitwikire insinga nibura mm 200 munsi y’urwego rwacyo kugira ngo kiyirinde ibinono by’amatungo n’ibikoresho byo mu buhinzi. Aho insinga yinjira mu nyubako, shyiramo agakoresho gafata ingufu aho winjirira. Uru rwego rw’uburinzi rukarinda amashanyarazi kwangiza imikorere y’imbere y’icyuma gitanga ingufu, kandi abafatanyabikorwa bacu bahuza ibikoresho bitanga ingufu bakoresheje ibikoresho byabo byo gusimbuza ingufu bavuga ko nta garanti y’ibikoresho bitanga ingufu ihagije.

Gahunda yo kubungabunga no kugenzura imitungo y'umuringa

Igiti cy'umuringa ntigipfa gushingwa no kwibagirwa. Nubwo umuringa urwanya ingese kurusha icyuma, aho duhuza, icyuma gikingira amashanyarazi, n'imiterere y'ubutaka bukikije byose birahinduka uko igihe kigenda gihita. Turasaba abacuruza amashanyarazi kwigisha abakiriya babo gahunda yoroshye yo kugenzura buri mwaka.

Intambwe ya 1: Pima ubukana bw'ubutaka. Kuramo insinga y'ubutaka ku gikoresho gitanga imbaraga hanyuma ukoreshe icyuma gipima ubukana bw'ubutaka. Ingero z'ibipimo by'uruzitiro rw'ubuhinzi ziri munsi ya ohms 10. Niba ubukana bwazamutse hejuru ya ohms 25 kuva aho ushyiriyeho, ongeramo inkoni cyangwa wongere ubunini bw'inyuma.

Intambwe ya 2: Suzuma imiyoboro igaragara. Shaka niba hari ifu y'icyatsi kibisi ku gikoresho cy'umuringa (gisanzwe) ugereranije n'ifu yera ku bikoresho bya aluminiyumu cyangwa ibyuma (ikimenyetso gitukura). Simbuza ibikoresho byose by'icyuma umuringa cyangwa ibikoresho bya stainless.imiyoboro y'umuringa ikoreshwa mu gukurura inkonikandi udupapuro tworoshya ubu buryo kuko twagenewe gukoranaho hagati y’umuringa n’umuringa.

Intambwe ya 3: Kureba aho inkoni zihurira. Isenyuka ry'ubutaka cyangwa ibikorwa by'inyamaswa bishobora gushyira ikimenyetso ku gice cyo hejuru cy'inkoni. Niba uburebure bwa mm 150 z'inkoni buri hejuru y'urwego, shyiramo ubutaka buto cyangwa imvange y'amazi kugira ngo ubungabunge urwego rw'ubushuhe dupima aho inyamaswa zihurira.

Intambwe ya 4: Kwandika ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Uruganda rwacu rutanga inyandiko y’ibijyanye no kubungabunga buri kintu cyoherejwe irimo imirima isuzuma ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibicuruzwa, imiterere y’aho bihurira, n’uburyo inkoni zishyirwa. Abatanga iyi nyandiko baha abakiriya babo byongera imyumvire y’ubunyamwuga kandi bakagabanya umubare w’abahamagara ubufasha.

Iyubahirizwa ry'Amahame Mpuzamahanga y'Ishingiro

Uruzitiro rw'amashanyarazi mu buhinzi rukorera mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kandi butandukanye bitewe n'igihugu, kandi abafatanyabikorwa bacu mu gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bagomba gusobanukirwa amahame agenga ibicuruzwa bagurisha. Urwego rukurikira rutanga amabwiriza y'ibanze agenga iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko ku bijyanye n'amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi.

UL 467igenga ibikoresho byo gufunga no gufatanya ibintu muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Uruganda rwacu rufite icyemezo cya UL cy’urwego rwacu rw’umuringa, kandi buri kohereza rikubiyemo itangazo ry’uko UL yujuje ibisabwa. Abacuruza ibicuruzwa binjiza muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cyangwa muri Kanada bagomba gushimangira ko UL 467 itangwa n’abatanga ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa kuko inzego za gasutamo n’ibigo bigenzura bagenzura izi mpapuro aho binjirira.

Amabwiriza agenga umutekano w'amashanyarazi ya OSHAbisaba ko sisitemu zo gufunga ubutaka mu bucuruzi n'inganda zuzuza ibisabwa byihariye. Nubwo OSHA yibanda ku mutekano w'aho bakorera aho kwibanda ku ruzitiro rw'ubuhinzi ubwarwo, imitungo ikoresha abakozi hafi y'uruzitiro rw'amashanyarazi yungukira mu kugaragaza ko ikurikiza ibisabwa na OSHA 1910 Subpart S.

ItsindaIEC 60335-2-76 isanzweikubiyemo ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bitanga ingufu ku ruzitiro hamwe n'uburyo bwo gufunga ubutaka ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Mu Burayi,ibisabwa kuri sisitemu yo gutwika ubutakank'uko bivugwa muri IEC 62305 ku bijyanye no kurinda inkuba, biranakoreshwa aho abayobora uruzitiro basangiye ibikorwa remezo byo hasi n'inkoni z'inkuba. Turagira inama abafatanyabikorwa bose bo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi gusaba raporo z'ibizamini muri laboratwari zemewe zigaragaza ingingo zisanzwe zijyanye n'isoko ryabo.

Sisitemu yacu yo gucunga ubuziranenge ya ISO 9001 igenzura buri cyiciro cy'umusaruro, kuva ku nkoni z'umuringa zinjira kugeza ku gushushanya, gukora, guca imigozi, gupakira no kohereza. Dufite inyandiko z'uburyo buri nkoni irangiye ihuza n'umubare wayo w'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho fatizo, urwego rw'inyandiko rushimisha ndetse n'abagenzuzi b'amasoko bakomeye. Kugira ngo umenye byinshi ku bushobozi bw'uruganda rwacu n'impamyabushobozi, sura iyi nkuru yacu.urupapuro rwo guhamagaragusaba umwirondoro w'ikigo cyacu na raporo z'ibizamini by'ibicuruzwa.