Jagorar bayanai game da filin ga injiniyoyin EPC na hasken rana: yadda na'urorin lantarki 4,200 na sinadarai da aka tura zuwa wani kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 150 na Saudiyya suka riƙe juriyar 3.1 Ω tsawon shekaru biyar a ƙasa mai girman Ω·cm 1,800 - da kuma matakan saye, shigarwa, da kuma duba abubuwan da suka kai mu ga hakan.

Bayanan filin wannan labarin sun fito ne daga wata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Saudi Arabia mai karfin MW 150 wadda ta same mu a watan Agusta na 2020 a matsayin bincike na yau da kullun. EPC da ke Madrid ta koma daga farashi-kowane yanki zuwa takamaiman bayani a cikin imel na biyu - babban injiniyan su ya rayu ta hanyar aikin MW 50 a cikin 2018 inda kayan aikin da aka yi da sandar ruwa suka wuce iyakar ƙarfin taɓawa a shekara ta uku. Abin da ke biyo baya shine jerin siye, shigarwa, da kuma duba wanda ya samar da matsakaicin 3.1 Ω / 4.7 Ω mafi muni / shekaru biyar ba tare da kulawa ba - da kuma rukunin masu samar da kayayyaki guda ɗaya da suka kusan karya shi.

1. Takaddun Bayani Ba Tare da Kulawa Ba Wanda Ya Fara Da Rashin Ingantaccen Shuka Mai Ruwa

Matsalar da aka samu ita ce kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 50 na Chilean PV wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 2018 tare da sandunan jan karfe da aka yi amfani da su a baya da kuma zagayowar ruwan sha na tsawon watanni shida. A shekara ta uku, tagar wutar lantarki ta taɓawa a kan faifan inverter guda shida ta yi kasa da gefen zane saboda an tsallake ziyarar ban ruwa sau biyu da aka tsara a shekarar 2020 (ƙa'idojin tafiye-tafiye na COVID). Sandunan ba su gaza ba - sun bushe. Juriyar kushin ta wuce iyakar 5 Ω akan faifan guda uku daga cikin shida.

Wannan shine gibin aiki wanda na'urar lantarki ta ƙasa ke rufewa. Samfurinmu shine tsakiyar ƙarfe mai rufi da tagulla (17.2 mm zuwa 25.4 mm) a cikin augered augered annulus na 100 mm zuwa 150 mm, wanda aka cika shi da hygroscopic compound - yumbun bentonite wanda aka haɗa da magnesium sulfate da ƙari mai riƙe da danshi. Compound ɗin yana shanye danshi na yanayi kuma yana riƙe shi a saman sandar; magnesium sulfate yana kiyaye ƙarar ƙasa nan take yana aiki. Sakamakon matakin shuka shine cewa tagar taɓawa-ƙarfin lantarki yana kasancewa a cikin gefen ƙira na tsawon shekaru 25 zuwa 30 na ƙira, kuma zagayowar ban ruwa ta faɗi daga tsarin O&M.

Ga aikin Saudiyya, bambancin da ke tsakanin sandar ruwa da na'urar lantarki mai sinadarai shine alkawarin shekaru biyar na O&M da EPC ke rubutawa a cikin kadarar a rana ta farko. Da zarar an sanya wannan tsari a cikin ɗakin, ƙimar kowane yanki ta zama abin da za a iya kare shi.

2. Taswirar Juriyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa wadda ta yanke shawarar lantarki 4,200

Amsar gaskiya gayaushe ne lantarkin sinadarai zai daina zama zaɓishine taswirar juriya ga ƙasa. Ga masana'antar Saudiyya mun gudanar da binciken Wenner mai fil huɗu a kan sawun ƙafar murabba'in kilomita 1.8 tare da fil a zurfin lantarki da aka tsara (bincike na mita 1.5 da mita 3.0). Bayanin da ke ƙasa shine abin da nake amfani da shi lokacin da EPC ta yi tambaya iri ɗaya akan sabon aiki.

Lambar da ke da mahimmanci ita ce karatun juriya a zurfin lantarki da aka tsara, ba karatun saman ba.A shafin Saudiyya, girman allon yana da inci huɗu, kuma an nuna cewa sandar da aka yi amfani da ita ta isa; girman mita 1.5 shine 1,400 Ω·cm, kuma girman mita 3.0 shine 1,800 Ω·cm. Ba tare da binciken da aka yi da yadudduka ba, EPC za ta ƙayyade kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su da sandar da aka yi amfani da su da ruwa.

3. Abin da "Ba a Kula da Shi ba" A Gaskiya Yake Nufi a Rahoton Gwajin Nau'in Mu

Kalmomin suna da tsari na masana'antu amma ba su da tsari, don haka muna rubuta su a rubuce ga kowace jigilar kaya. Na'urar lantarki mai amfani da sinadarai mai kariya a tashar jiragen ruwanmu tana da halaye guda huɗu na injiniya waɗanda suka bayyana a cikin rahoton gwajin nau'in, kuma rahoton shine abin da EPC ya kamata ya nema ya gani kafin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PO.

1. Cika bayan gida mai tsafta (kowace rana)IEC 62561-7).Bentonite wanda aka haɗa shi da magnesium sulfate (ba sodium chloride ba, wanda ke kai hari ga tsakiya mai rufi da jan ƙarfe). Gwajin ionic-stability na kwanaki 60°C / 30 yana kama gajerun hanyoyin masu samar da kayayyaki: mahaɗan da suka dace suna riƙe da ≥80% na raguwar juriya; rukunin masu samar da kayayyaki na 2022 ya ragu zuwa 65%, wanda ke haifar da canjin haɗakarwa a cikin gida.
2. Tushen ƙarfe mai lulluɓe da tagulla zuwaNEMA GR-1, Mafi ƙarancin rufin rufi 254 µm.Yana sarrafa tsatsa ta galvanic. Mun ƙi wani mai samar da kayayyaki na 2021 wanda rufinsa ya kasance 180 µm - a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai don ƙarancin siginar ƙasa amma ya yi siriri sosai don nauyin wutar lantarki da ƙarshen ESE ke ɗauka a lokacin taron yajin aiki.
3. Ramin dubawa na dindindin tare da tagar aunawa mai matsewa.300 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm polymer (ba siminti ba; fasawar siminti a cikin zagayowar busasshiyar da zafi). Karatun mannewa yana bawa ma'aikatan O&M damar sake gwada gwajin shekara ta biyar cikin daƙiƙa 30 a kowace kushin.
4. Babu wani shiri na sake shayar da ruwa a cikin tsarin O&M.Littafin Saudiyya ya yi kira da a dage a shekara ta ɗaya, shekara ta uku, da shekara ta biyar - babu komai a tsakani. Zagayen ruwan sama na watanni shida ko goma sha biyu yana nufin an yi kuskuren ƙayyade wutar lantarki.

Bambanci tsakanin ana'urar lantarki ta ƙasa ta sinadaraida kumasandar ƙasa ta electrolytic ionA cikin layinmu yana da siffar geometric, ba aiki ba — bututun tagulla idan aka kwatanta da tsakiyar ƙarfe mai rufin tagulla, cika ɗaya. Dukansu sun samar da matsakaicin 3.1 Ω iri ɗaya akan maƙasudin 5 Ω akan masana'antar Saudiyya.

4. Ma'auni Huɗu da aka Yi Magana a kansu a cikin Takaddun Shaida na Saudiyya

Tsarin Saudiyya ya yi amfani da ƙa'idodi guda huɗu. Wane ƙa'ida ce ke tantance wane shawara ce ɓangaren da EPCs galibi ke barinwa a ɓoye - ga taswirar aiki.

Ga faifan MV da kuma tashar POI,IEEE 80kumaIEEE 665su ne ƙa'idar ɗaurewa, ba juriyar kushin da ba ta da tushe. Dole ne dukkan jagororin biyu su amince da IEEE 837 kafin kowannensu ya amince.

5. Inda Electrodes ɗin suka tafi a kan jeri

A kan masana'antar Saudiyya, an amsa tambayar "ina zan sanya su" bisa ga zane mai layi ɗaya da EPC ta gyara sau uku kafin a jigilar kwantenar farko. Electrodes na sinadarai sun sauka a nau'ikan wurare daban-daban guda biyar - kuma takardar siyan dole ne ta bayyana wace ma'auni ce ke kula da wane wuri, saboda an ƙayyade yanayin electrode iri ɗaya daban-daban ga kowannensu.

Siffa ta 2 — Na'urar lantarki mai amfani da sinadarin lantarki mai kama da ion a cikin ramin dubawa da aka gama a wani kushin inverter na shukar Saudiyya. An haɗa tsakiyar tagulla da aka lulluɓe da zafi ta hanyar haɗa shi da na'urar da ke sarrafa ƙasa a matakin ramin dubawa.

1. Kushin Inverter.An fara da ɗaya a kowace faifan; an ƙara daƙiƙa ɗaya a kan faifan 14 inda binciken mita 1.5 ya wuce 1,800 Ω·cm (elektrodes 1,316, matsakaicin 3.1 Ω).
2. Faifan transformer na MV.Elektrodes guda biyu a kowace kushin tare da wani yanki na tsakuwa a saman, wanda aka tsara shi akan tagar taɓawa ta IEEE 80 da tafin ƙarfin lantarki na mataki-mataki (pads 84, electrodes 168).
3. Akwatunan haɗa kaya.Kwamfuta ɗaya a kowace akwati (kwamfuta 1,890).
4. Duk ƙarshen babban kayan aikin DC - akwati na ƙasa.Layuka biyu (akwatin akwati 1.4 km).
5. Karewar na'urar rage gudu ta ESE.Tashoshin iska guda 24 na ESE a kan kewayen array da kuma gidan switchgear na MV, kowannensu yana da ƙarshen sandar ƙasa ta electrolytic ion (ikon impulse-current shine ƙuntatawa ta ɗaurewa).

Jimilla: 4,200 na lantarki masu sinadarai, waɗanda suka dace da jadawalin siyan EPC da kwantena da suka bar Xinchang tsakanin Satumba 2020 da Maris 2022. Kuskuren da na fi gani a kan bita na farko shine ɗaukar dukkan nau'ikan wurare guda biyar a matsayin iri ɗaya - ba su da iri ɗaya. Takardar siyan dole ne ta bayyana wace ƙa'ida ce ke kula da wane wuri.

6. Takamaiman Bayanan Sinadarai da Suka Bambanta Mai Kaya

A kan aikin Saudiyya, ƙayyadaddun cikawa ya raba mutane biyu da suka yi nasara a jerin tayin. Ɗaya ya aika da kasida mai shafuka 14 tare da takardar shaidar IEC 62561-7 guda ɗaya a kan murfin baya. Ɗayan kuma ya aika da rahoton gwajin nau'in shafuka 38 wanda ya shafi ma'aunin rage juriya a yanayin danshi huɗu, sakamakon kwanciyar hankali na ionic na kwanaki 60°C / 30, lanƙwasa riƙe danshi na kwanaki 90, da kuma bayanin bin ƙa'idodin muhalli na matakin ESIA. Na biyu shine mai samar da kayayyaki wanda EPC ya rubuta a cikin shirin O&M na shekaru 25.

Harshen siyan da muka rubuta wa Saudiyya ya yi magana game da kadarori guda huɗu — guda huɗu da muke gwadawa a cikin gida don kowane jigilar kaya, da kuma guda huɗu da suka dawo a cikin rahoton gwajin nau'inmu.

• Ma'aunin rage juriya (bisa ga IEC 62561-7).Daidaitacce: 12:1 a 20% na danshi mai ma'ana.
• Daidaiton ionic na dogon lokaci (60°C / sake gwajin kwanaki 30).Magnesium sulfate akan sodium chloride (chloride yana kai hari ga tsakiya mai rufi da jan ƙarfe); ma'aunin riƙewa ≥80%. Rukunin masu samar da kayayyaki na 2022 ya dawo da kashi 65% - abin da ke haifar da haɗakar abubuwa a cikin gida.
• Rike danshi a cikin zagayowar bushewa ta kwanaki 90.Riƙewa kashi 73% bayan kwana 90 a 35°C / 30% RH - wurin bayanai na EPC da aka yi amfani da shi don saita sake gwajin shekara ta biyar.
• Bin ƙa'idojin muhalli a ESIA.Yana wuce matakin da aka saba amfani da shi wajen fitar da ruwa a ƙasa da 1 mg/L ga ƙarfe masu tsari.

Masana'antar da ke nuna rahoton gwajin nau'in kadarorin guda huɗu ita ce wadda EPC ke rubutawa a cikin tsarin O&M na shekaru 25; wanda ke da takardar girman sanda kawai yana bayyana a shekara ta biyu tare da imel ɗin "sabon ingantaccen mahaɗi".

7. Yadda Muka Bayyana Tsarin Mataki Shida na EPC na Saudiyya

Tsarin tantancewa mai matakai shida da muka bi ta EPC iri ɗaya ne da muke gudanarwa a kan kowane aikin PV na matakin amfani. Ba jerin gama gari ba ne - kowane mataki yana da shawara da aka haɗa da injiniyan EPC zai yanke kan takamaiman aikin da yake yi.

1. Gudanar da wani bincike mai matakai huɗu na juriya ga ƙasa a kan Wenner a duk faɗin sawun da aka tsara.An yi rikodin a zurfin bincike na mita 1.5 da mita 3.0. Bambancin da ke tsakanin saman da zurfin wurin binciken na Saudiyya shine 4× (380 Ω·cm da 1,800 Ω·cm).
2. Saita juriyar manufa ta kowace-fadi daga zane mai layi ɗaya na aikin.Kamfanin Saudi EPC ya saita 5 Ω a kowace na'urar inverter da 1 Ω don jimlar grid ɗin kayan aiki; duka an gudanar da su har zuwa shekara ta biyar da sake gwada su.
3. A rubuta cewa an haɗa da rahoton gwajin nau'in kadarorin guda huɗu.An gwada rukunin masu samar da kayayyaki na shekarar 2022 - rahoton ya gano riƙewar kashi 65% kafin jigilar kaya.
4. Kulle tsarin sandar da kuma ma'aunin mahaɗi.17.2 mm × 2.4 m mai rufi da tagulla don faifan inverter; 25.4 mm × 2.4 m tsarin ion na electrolytic don faifan MV da ƙarewar walƙiya. Haɗawa masu haɗa zafi na waje zuwaIEEE 837, babu maƙallan injina.
5. A sanya a cikin ƙasa mara matsala tare da ma'aunin tsaye na mm 100.Auger iri ɗaya a cikin cikakken jerin — babu kayan aiki na musamman. Cika annulus ɗin kafin rufe ramin dubawa; a guji shigarwa ta cikin ruwan da ke tsaye (bushewar kwanaki 14 kafin shigarwa ita ce ƙa'idar babban yatsa a wannan rukunin yanar gizon).
6. Tabbatar da gwajin da za a yi a lokacin da za a fara aiki da kuma a shekara ta biyar.Bisa ga tsarin IEEE 81; juriyar katako, zafin ƙasa, da danshi. Gwajin da aka yi a shekara ta biyar na masana'antar Saudiyya ya dawo da matsakaicin 3.1 Ω tare da mafi munin pad na 4.7 Ω.

8. Tsarin Girman da Ba Mu Yi Daidai Ba a Karo na Farko

An aika da na'urorin lantarki 200 na farko a masana'antar Saudiyya da na'urar auna karfin juyi mai girman mm 75 (injiniyar wurin EPC ta yi amfani da ita a wani aikin da aka yi a baya) kuma karatun filin ya dawo da matsakaicin 5.8 Ω idan aka kwatanta da abin da aka yi niyya na 5 Ω - mahaɗin bai sami wurin da za a sha ruwa ba. Mun koma zuwa mm 100 don sauran na'urorin lantarki 4,000 kuma matsakaicin ya ragu zuwa 3.1 Ω. Ba a sake kunna ramuka 200 marasa girman girma ba; su ne kashi 6% na kushin da ke cikin madaurin "sama da 2,000 Ω·cm" wanda aka yi wa maganin electrode sau biyu.

Bambancin 0.4 Ω tsakanin ma'aunin 75 mm da 100 mm shine mafi girman ma'aunin gefen shigarwa da muka auna - kuma shine ma'aunin da injiniyan wurin EPC ke sarrafawa, ba masana'anta ko sinadaran cika baya ba. Ana iya matse layin haɗawa daga teburin takamaiman; ma'aunin ba zai iya ba.

9. Yadda Wannan Yake Haɗawa da Gina Hasken Rana na Duniya — da Kuma Dalilin da Yasa Yake Da Muhimmanci ga Sayen EPC a 2026

Na'urar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 3.1 Ω ta kamfanin Saudiyya ba ta da wani tasiri. A cikin jigilar kayayyaki na 2020-2025 zuwa PV mai girman amfani a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, da kuma cikin Ostiraliya, matsakaicin juriya ga shigarwar da aka ƙayyade daidai ya faɗi a cikin kewayon 2.8 zuwa 3.6 Ω idan aka kwatanta da maƙasudin 5 Ω. Yaɗuwar 0.8 Ω tana faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa da diamita na auger-rami a gefen shigarwa. Daidaiton sinadaran baya-bayan ...

Wannan tsarin bayanan filin yana kan ginin da ake shigarwa yanzu, ta hanyarBin diddigin IEA-PVPS, sama da GW 400 na sabon ƙarfin PV a kowace shekara.Hoton IEA-PVPS 2024ya tabbatar da cewa tarin PV ya wuce 2 TW;Sabuntawar IEA 2024Rahoton ya yi hasashen cewa ƙarfin lantarki na matakin amfani zai kasance mafi girma wajen samar da sabon ƙarfin sabuntawa har zuwa 2030. Ga ƙungiyoyin sayayya, aikin ƙasa ya koma daga layin sanda da manne na gama gari zuwa wani nau'in takamaiman sikelin amfani - kuma masu samar da kayayyaki waɗanda za su iya samar da rahoton gwajin nau'in kadarorin guda huɗu su ne suka yi nasara a binciken.

10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi daga Ƙungiyoyin Sayen EPC

Menene na'urar lantarki ta ƙasa ta sinadarai don gonar hasken rana?

An sanya sandar ƙarfe mai lulluɓe da tagulla a tsaye kuma an kewaye ta da wani abu mai kama da hygroscopic wanda ke ɗaukar danshi a cikin yanayi, yana daidaita juriyar lantarki tsawon shekaru ba tare da ban ruwa da hannu ba. A kan masana'antar Saudiyya, an aika 4,200 daga 2020-2022 tare da matsakaicin 3.1 Ω a shekara ta biyar.

Me yasa amfani da ƙasa ba tare da kulawa ba yana da mahimmanci ga PV mai girman amfani?

Shuke-shuke sun mamaye hekta goma zuwa ɗari tare da dubban wurare na lantarki. Wutar lantarki ta gargajiya a cikin zagayowar ruwa ta watanni shida ko goma sha biyu ba ta da kariya idan jadawalin ya faɗi. Gina ƙasa ba tare da kulawa ba yana kawar da zagayowar.

Wane juriyar ƙasa ne ya fi ƙarfin sandar da aka tura kawai?

Sama da kusan Ω·cm 1,000, sandar jan ƙarfe guda ɗaya da aka ɗora ba za ta iya isa ƙasa da Ω 5 a kan faifan ba tare da adadin sandunan da ba su dace ba ko shigarwa mai zurfi sosai. A masana'antar Saudiyya, kashi 73% na jerin suna cikin kewayon Ω·cm 1,000-2,000; kashi 6% sama da Ω·cm sun sami electrodes na tsarin delta.

Wadanne ka'idoji ne suka shafi amfani da sinadarin fermentation a kan masana'antun PV?

IEEE 837don masu haɗawa,IEEE 80 / IEEE 665don ƙirar tsarin substation,IEC 62561-7don mahaɗan ƙasa, da kumaNFPA 70 (NEC) Mataki na 690don tsarin PV grounding.NEMA GR-1ya rufe sandar da kanta.

Har yaushe ne na'urar lantarki mai sinadarai za ta yi aiki?

Na'urar lantarki da aka ƙayyade daidai tana ba da damar juriya mai ƙarfi ga tsawon shekaru 25 zuwa 30 na ƙira. Rufin jan ƙarfe yana sarrafa tsatsa ta galvanic; abin da ke cike bayan ya ci gaba da aiki saboda yana da hygroscopic. Ba a sake shayar da na'urorin lantarki 4,200 na masana'antar Saudiyya ba tun lokacin da aka shigar da su.

Shin na'urorin lantarki masu sinadarai sun cika buƙatun NEC 690?

Eh.NFPA 70 (NEC) Mataki na 690ya rufe tsarin PV grounding; wani lantarki mai sinadarai mai core mai jan ƙarfe daIEEE 837kayan aiki sun cika buƙatun.

Ta yaya sinadaran cikawa ya bambanta da bentonite kaɗai?

Tsarkakken bentonite yana da hygroscopic amma yana rage sinadarin ionic a lokacin busasshiyar yanayi. Cikowa ba tare da kulawa ba yana ƙara fakitin gishirin electrolyte (yawanci magnesium sulfate) tare da ƙarin sinadarin riƙe danshi.

Ina ya kamata a sanya na'urorin lantarki masu sinadarai a kan jerin PV?

A kan masana'antar Saudiyya: 1,316 a inverter pads, 168 a MV pads, 1,890 a akwatunan haɗawa, 2 a duka ƙarshen akwati na DC mai tsawon kilomita 1.4, 24 a ƙarshen walƙiyar ESE - jimilla 4,200. Geometry ya bambanta da wurin.

Mene ne bambanci tsakanin na'urar lantarki mai sinadarai da kuma sandar ƙasa ta ion mai electrolytic?

Ana amfani da shi a cikin takardun bayanai da yawa.layinmu, na'urar lantarki ta sinadarai tana amfani da bututun tagulla;sandar ƙasa ta electrolytic ionyana amfani da core mai rufi da tagulla.

11. Rufewa — Abin da Muka Roki Hukumar EPC ta Saudiyya da Ta Aiko Mu a Rana ta Daya

Idan kai ne injiniyan aikin EPC wanda takardar siyan take buɗe, mafi ƙarancin abin da zai ba mu damar yin kwatancen ba tare da madaidaitan bayani na makonni shida ba shine abubuwa shida da ƙungiyar Madrid ta aika a watan Agusta 2020: zane mai layi ɗaya tare da wuraren lantarki, binciken Wenner mai layi a zurfin da aka tsara, maƙasudin juriya na per-pad da per-grid, ma'aunin haɗin (yawanciIEEE 837), ma'aunin hadadden cikawa (IEC 62561-7), da kuma ƙa'idodin ESIA.

Ga wani aiki kai tsaye, hanya mafi sauri ita ceShafin samfurin na'urar lantarki ta ƙasa ta sinadarai, dasandar ƙasa ta electrolytic ionkumaɓangaren ƙasashafuka, ko kuma shafukan yanar gizo,Manyan 5shafin yanar gizo.Tuntuɓi teburin fitar da kaya namudon tattaunawa kai tsaye.