Bayanan fili daga masana'antar PV ta Saudiyya mai karfin MW 150 (ma'aunin sinadarai 4,200, matsakaicin juriyar pad 3.1 Ω) da jigilar kayayyaki na ME/Africa/SEA: dalilin da yasa sandunan da aka sarrafa ba su aiki a cikin ƙasa mai yashi, dutse da kuma laterite - da kuma abin da takardar sayen ta ce a maimakon haka.
TL;DR — Nau'in ƙasa uku, yanayin gazawa uku, amsar gefe ɗaya ta siye
- Ƙasa mai yashiYawanci yana karanta daga 3,000 zuwa 10,000 Ω·cm idan ya bushe. A kan jigilar kayayyaki na ME namu na 2020-2025, wuraren da aka tuƙa sanda kawai a cikin wannan rukunin suna karanta 18-42 Ω lokacin da aka fara aiki kuma an sake ƙara su a cikin shekarar farko; wuraren da ke kusa da sandar sinadarai-ƙasa a cikin rukunin iri ɗaya sun karanta matsakaicin 3.6 Ω.
- Ƙasa mai duwatsutare da layin granite mai kauri ko kuma mai kauri a mita 2-3, an dakatar da tuƙi mai zurfi a kusurwar kudu maso yamma na wurin Saudi MW 150 - kali a mita 3.5. Faifai shida a can sun karanta sama da 4.7 Ω koda bayan faɗaɗa sandar. Canja zuwa na'urorin lantarki biyu masu siffar delta tare da na'urorin ƙasa na graphite na ginshiƙi.
- Ƙasa mai lateriteYana canzawa daga ƴan ɗaruruwan Ω·cm a lokacin damina zuwa sama da 5,000 Ω·cm a lokacin rani. Sanda ta yau da kullun da ta wuce aiki a watan Yuni na iya kasa tagar taɓawa-ƙarfin lantarki nan da watan Fabrairu. Cika bututun sinadarai-ƙasa-da-ƙasa yana riƙe danshi ta hanyar faɗuwar lokacin rani.
Tattaunawar da nake son gabatar da ita a wannan labarin ta faru ne a watan Agusta na 2020, lokacin da wani kamfanin EPC da ke Madrid ya aika da binciken da ya mayar da aikin PV na Saudiyya mai karfin MW 150. Bayanan filin wannan labarin sun fito ne daga imel ɗin binciken da aka yi game da shi.sandunan ƙasa masu sinadaraidon wani wurin samar da wutar lantarki mai girman PV inda binciken juriya ga ƙasa ya dawo a cikin ma'aunin 1,500 zuwa 2,200 Ω·cm. Rahoton fasahar ƙasa a bayyane yake, EPC ta kasance mai ƙwarewa, kuma wurin yana cikin bel mai ƙarfi wanda babban injiniyan da ya gani a wani ƙaramin aiki a Chile a cikin 2018 inda kayan da aka yi da sandar ruwa suka wuce iyakar ƙarfin taɓawa a shekara ta uku saboda an tsallake ziyarar ban ruwa guda biyu da aka tsara a lokacin ƙuntatawa na tafiye-tafiye na COVID. Bai so ya maimaita hakan ba. Labarin da kuke karantawa shine hujjar injiniyanci da ta fito daga wannan imel ɗin - tsarin nau'in ƙasa na EPC daga ƙarshe ya rubuta a cikin takardar siyan, da kuma bayanan filin daga masana'antar da ta samar da shi.
Wannan jagorar ta shafi ƙungiyoyin sayayya waɗanda ke karɓar irin wannan tambaya: masu aikin ME, Afirka da SEA waɗanda rahotonsu na fasaha na ƙasa ke kan tebur, waɗanda ƙungiyar ƙira ke neman na'urar lantarki mai guba maimakon sandar da aka tura, kuma dole ne a rubuta takardar siyan su a cikin makonni biyu masu zuwa. Nau'ikan ƙasa uku da ke ƙasa - yashi, dutse da laterite - su ne waɗanda suka fi bayyana a cikin waɗannan rahotannin, kuma yanayin gazawar ya keɓance ga kowannensu. Abin da bai canza ba a cikin ukun shine amsar ɓangaren siyan.
1. Ƙasa Mai Yashi — Lalacewar Waya a Iska
Yashi busasshe shine mafi kyawun fahimta daga cikin nau'ikan faɗuwa guda uku. A kan takarda yana kama da wani abu mai kyau na ƙasa: yana da santsi, yana matsewa sosai, kuma yana da sauƙin jujjuyawa. Duk da haka, karatun Wenner mai fil huɗu yana ba da labari daban. Yashi busasshe na hamada a zurfin mita 1 yawanci yana karanta tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 10,000 Ω·cm; yashi mai tsayi a zurfin mita 1.5 zai iya karantawa sama da Ω·cm 20,000 a mafi munin yanayi. Dalilin shine ionic, ba na injiniya ba: yashi busasshe ba shi da kusan abun ciki na yumbu kuma kusan babu abun ciki na ma'adinai da ke narkewa don fitar da wutar lantarki daga saman sandar.
Abin da ke canza lissafin shine danshi a saman sandar. A sandar ƙasa mai sinadaraiwani ƙwaya ce mai kama da tagulla a cikin wani ƙwaya mai girman mm 100, tare da annulus ɗin da aka cika da wani abu mai kama da hygroscopic backfill (yawanci bentonite wanda aka haɗa shi da magnesium sulfate). Wannan ƙwaya tana shan danshi daga ƙasa da kuma daga yanayin zafi, tana riƙe shi a saman sandar, kuma a hankali tana sakin abubuwan ionic a cikin ƙarar ƙasa nan take. Sakamakon shine cewa haɗin sandar zuwa ƙasa yana aiki kamar ƙasa mai girman 200 Ω·cm ko da lokacin da ƙasa mai yawa da ke kewaye ta kai 8,000 Ω·cm. Tsarin sandar NEMA GR-1 ba shi da canji; abin da ke canzawa shine hulɗar ƙasa.
A kan jigilar da muka yi zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya tsakanin 2020 da 2025, matsakaicin juriyar kushin da aka yi wa shigarwar sandar sinadarai a cikin sandar yashi mai tsawon 2,000 zuwa 8,000 Ω·cm ya faɗi a 3.6 Ω a kan manufar ƙira ta 5 Ω, ba tare da zagayowar ban ruwa ba. Shigar da sandar da aka tuƙa kawai a wuraren da ke kusa da su a cikin wannan sandar ya kasance tsakanin 18 da 42 Ω lokacin da aka fara aiki, kuma an sake ƙara shi a cikin shekarar farko. Sandar tana da diamita iri ɗaya. Bambancin shine cikar bayan.
2. Ƙasa Mai Dutse — Kwalba Mai Launi na Caliche
Shafin Saudiyya wanda ya samar da bayanan filin a cikin wannan labarin yana da layin caliche a mita 3.5 a kusurwar kudu maso yamma. Asalin ƙayyadaddun ya buƙaci sandunan da aka tuƙa 2.4 m - wanda ke aiki akan kashi 94% na jerin. Sauran kashi 6% sun zauna akan caliche sun yi ƙasa sosai don tuƙi ta cikinsa kuma suna da juriya sosai don a yi watsi da su. Faifan guda shida a wannan kusurwa sun karanta sama da 4.7 Ω a lokacin aiki koda kuwa sandar ta miƙe zuwa mita 3.0. Mun yi abubuwa biyu: mun canza zuwa na'urorin lantarki biyu masu tsarin delta (sanduna biyu masu mita 2.4 a cikin alwatika a kusa da kowane faifan) kuma muka ƙaraModules na ƙasa na graphite na ginshiƙia kan faifan transformer na MV a layi ɗaya. Gwajin shekara ta biyar ya dawo da maki 4.7 Ω mafi muni - a cikin gefen ƙira - saboda kayan aikin sun faɗaɗa saman kayan aiki a gefe inda aka toshe hanyar tsaye.
Wuraren duwatsu sun faɗi cikin rukuni biyu masu amfani ga ƙungiyar sayayya. Na farko shine dutsen da ya fashe tare da gibin da ƙasa ta cika - mai iya jurewa, amma sandar tana taɓa ɓangaren ƙasa ne kawai, ba matrix ɗin dutse ba. Na biyu shine dutsen da ba shi da lahani ko kuma caliche (ƙasar siminti mai sinadarin calcium carbonate) a ko kusa da zurfin lantarki da aka tsara, inda tuƙi ya zama ba zai yiwu ba ko kuma ba shi da tattalin arziki. Gabas ta Tsakiya da yammacin Amurka suna ganin yawancin nau'in na biyu; manyan sassan Saudiyya, Qatar da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa suna da layin caliche tsakanin mita 2 zuwa 4, kumaBayanin Ƙasa na Duniya na ISRICkundin yana sanya irin wannan bayanin a duk faɗin Sahel da kuma kusurwar Afirka a yankunan da ke bushewar yanayi.
Don ƙarin bayani game da siyan kayayyaki a wuraren da ke da duwatsu,Cibiyar tattara bayanai kan rarraba ƙasa ta FAOBari ƙungiyar masu saye ta ja taswirar ƙasa ta yankin kafin ɗan kwangilar fasahar ƙasa ya yi aiki - wuri mafi arha don sanin ko wurin yana kan dutse ko kuma dutse mai laushi.Takardar shaidar ƙasa ta duniya ta FAOshine ma'aunin filin don sunayen aji na ƙasa waɗanda suka ƙare akan BES (Takardar Kimanta Bid).
3. Ƙasa ta Laterite — Matsalar Juyawa ta Yanayi
Laterite nau'in ƙasa ne inda sandar da aka yi amfani da ita ta wuce ta hanyar aiki sannan ta lalace a hankali a lokacin rani. Laterite ƙasa ce mai wadataccen ƙarfe da aluminum wadda aka fi sani da ita a faɗin Afirka mai zafi (Najeriya, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique), Kudancin Asiya (yawancin yankunan Indiya, Sri Lanka, sassan Bangladesh) da kuma sassan Kudancin Amurka (a arewa maso gabashin Brazil, Guyana). Tsarin ƙasa yana da ruwa sosai kuma yana da yawan sinadarin ƙarfe mai yawa, wanda shine abin da ya ba shi launin ja-kasa-kasa.
Matsalar wutar lantarki ita ce canjin yanayi. Binciken da aka buga a filin da aka yi a kan laterite na Yammacin Afirka yawanci yana ba da rahoton juriyar lokacin damina a cikin kewayon 200 zuwa 800 Ω·cm - wanda ya dace da sandar da aka saba amfani da ita - da juriyar lokacin rani sama da 5,000 Ω·cm - a wajen kewayon da za a iya amfani da shi don sandar iri ɗaya. Sandar da aka tura ba ta canzawa; ƙasa da ke kewaye da ita tana canzawa. Zagayen ban ruwa na watanni 6 na iya sake daidaita karatun lokacin rani, amma matsalar yanayin ban ruwa iri ɗaya ta sake bayyana: ma'aikatan ban ruwa waɗanda ba su bayyana a daidai lokacin ba suna barin faifan a cikin madaurin gazawar tagar taɓawa-ƙarfin lantarki na sauran lokacin rani.
Musamman ga wuraren da aka yi amfani da su a SEA, irin wannan dabarar yanayi tana aiki tare da ɗan bambancin lokacin yanayi: lokacin rani a Indonesia da Philippines ya fi guntu amma ya fi zafi fiye da lokacin rani na Yammacin Afirka, wanda ke nufin ana matse jujjuyawar juriya a cikin taga mai tsauri. Tsarin aiki na sandar sinadarai - mai riƙe da danshi, babu zagayowar ruwa - yana aiki a duka yanayi biyu.
4. Abin da Takardar Sayayya Take Faɗawa
A cikin nau'ikan ƙasa guda uku da ke sama, shawarar injiniya iri ɗaya ce: sandar da aka saba amfani da ita ba ita ce samfurin da ya dace ba. Takardar siyan dole ne ta bayyana menene.
| Nau'in ƙasa | Sandar da aka tuƙa ta yau da kullun ita kaɗai | Abin da takamaiman ya kamata ya zama dole |
|---|---|---|
| Sandy, 3,000 zuwa 10,000 Ω·cm | Ya kasa aiwatarwa (18-42 Ω akan wuraren da ke kusa) | Sanda mai sinadarai ta ƙasatare da cikewar hygroscopic a kowaneIEC 62561-7; maƙasudin faifan da ke ƙasa da 5 Ω; an haɗa rahoton gwajin nau'in cikawa. |
| Dutse, mai siffar dutse a tsayin mita 2-3 | Ba za a iya isa zurfin ba (4.7 Ω mafi muni a kusurwar SW ta Saudiyya) | Ko dai na'urorin lantarki biyu masu siffar delta, a kwancekayan ƙasa, ko haɗin sinadarai-sanda-ƙasa + na ƙasa-module;IEEE 837mahaɗi; zurfin caliche da aka rubuta a cikin ginin da aka gina. |
| Laterite, 200-5,000 Ω·cm juyawar yanayi | Yana jika, yana bushewa | Sanda mai sinadarai (kosandar ƙasa ta electrolytic iondon faifan MV da ƙarshen ESE) tare da irin wannan sinadarin hygroscopic backfill; tsarin O&M ba tare da zagayowar shayarwa ba. |
Sarrafawa guda uku na gefen siye suna bambanta tsakanin takamaiman da ke magance matsalar da takamaiman da ke haifar da matsalar.
- Rahoton gwajin nau'i da aka haɗa da PO.Sanda mai sinadarai ba wai kawai bututun jan ƙarfe ba ne - shi ne sinadaran da ke cikinsa. Mai samar da kayayyaki dole ne ya aika da rahoton gwajin nau'in kadarori guda huɗu: ma'aunin rage juriya a danshi mai ma'ana, kwanciyar hankali na ionic na dogon lokaci a 60 °C / kwanaki 30, riƙe danshi a bushewa na kwanaki 90, da kuma bin ƙa'idodin muhalli na matakin ESIA. Mun rasa rukunin 2019 sakamakon cakuda sodium-chloride (chloride yana kai hari ga tsakiya masu lulluɓe da tagulla a cikin murfin), kuma rukunin masu samar da kayayyaki na 2022 ya gaza gwajin kwanciyar hankali na ionic a riƙewa 65% - ƙasa da matakinmu na ciki na 80% - shi ya sa muka cancanci layin haɗa abubuwa a cikin gida. Mai samar da kayayyaki wanda ba zai iya aika wannan rahoton ba shine mai samar da kayayyaki wanda ya zo a ƙarshen shekara ta biyu da imel "muna da sabon ingantaccen mahaɗi".
- Ma'aunin haɗin yana kulle a IEEE 837.Maƙallan injina sun kasa gwajin halin yanzu na impulse-current a cikinIEC 62561-1kuma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi a kan aikin sikelin amfani ba. Ma'aunin haɗin shine ɓangaren takamaiman da ke kare kadarar a tsawon tsawon shekaru 25 na ƙira.
- Tsarin sandar kowaceNEMA GR-1.Diamita 17.2 mm zuwa 25.4 mm, kauri mai rufi da jan ƙarfe ≥ 254 µm. Kauri mai rufi yana da mahimmanci musamman akan nauyin wutar lantarki (ƙarewar ESE, MV pads) - siraran rufin ya gaza da farko.
5. Rufewa — Abin da Bangaren Sayayya Ya Kamata Ya Yi Tambaya Da Farko
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 150 na Saudiyya wanda ya bude wannan labarin ya dawo da matsakaicin juriyar pad 3.1 Ω akan manufar ƙira ta 5 Ω a gwajin shekara ta biyar, inda mafi munin pad ya kai 4.7 Ω a kusurwar kudu maso yamma inda caliche ya dakatar da tuki a tsaye. Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan lambobin da suka kasance a matsayin hujjar siye lokacin da Madrid EPC ta aika imel ɗin bincike na watan Agusta 2020 - sakamakon rubuta sinadaran cikawa, ma'aunin haɗin, yanayin sandar da kuma sake tsara tsarin ƙasa a cikin takarda ɗaya, sannan kuma ya bar ma'aikatan shigarwa su yi aikin.
Idan kai mai aikin ne a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka ko Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kuma takardar siyan a buɗe take, tambayar da ke tantance ko aikin zai ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tagar ƙirarsa na tsawon shekaru 25 masu zuwa ba "wane sanda zan saya" ba ne - ita ce "mene ne juriyar ƙasa a zurfin lantarki da aka tsara, kuma wanne daga cikin hanyoyin gazawa uku da ke sama ya dace." Nemi amsar ƙasa da farko; amsar samfurin ta biyo baya. Tambayar siyan ita ce wanne daga cikin iyalan samfura biyu -sandar ƙasa mai sinadarai or module ɗin ƙasa na graphite na ginshiƙi(ko duka biyun, a wuraren da suka fi wahala) — ya dace da ma'aunin ƙasa da kuma iyakar zurfin. Cikakken shafin rukuni a/sinadarin-ƙasa-electrode/yana da zaɓuɓɓukan geometric, da kumaManyan Masana'antun Sandar Ƙasa guda 5 na Electrolytic Ion na 2025blog ɗin yana da jerin sunayen masu samar da kayayyaki.
Don samfurin fakiti da rahoton gwajin nau'in kadarori huɗu akan wani takamaiman aiki, hanya mafi sauri ita ceshafin tuntuɓar muSamfurin jigilar kayayyaki na ayyukan ME, Afirka da SEA yawanci suna barin masana'antar a cikin mako guda, tare da amsoshin fasaha a cikin rana ɗaya ta aiki.
Lokacin Saƙo: Oktoba-05-2026